1、第三章 选择词汇,一、汉语和英语词汇之间的关系,1词与词对等,也称“完全对应”关系, 主要是一些汉英两个语系中均有的专有名词、术语、客观事物名称:天空 Sky眼睛 Eye婴儿 baby尾灯 tail light心肌梗塞 heart attack. 美国 The United States,2多词多意(义),汉语中有的词,在英语中可以找到多个近义词来翻译,而这些近义词本身的意义不尽相同,翻译时要仔细辨别:,笑,走,smile,laugh,giggle,傻笑;咯咯地笑 sneer 冷言冷语地嘲笑 chuckle, 咯咯的笑,轻声地笑go,walk,saunter,闲逛;漫步trot 小跑;快速前进
2、,3一词多意(义)polysemy,也称“包含关系”,汉语词语词义较为广泛,包含其所对应的几个同义英语词汇,即:一个词可以在英语中找到多个同义词,翻译时要作选择。人:man, person, human being, people祖国:motherland, fatherland,homeland, native soil,4词义交织,也称“交叉对应”,指的是汉英词汇之间有部分语义完全对应,也有部分语义不对应。在这种情况下,翻译时,一个词要根据不同的上下文、不同的搭配,选择不同的英文词语:,植物:,Plant:,Vegetable:,1) plant;2) Botany:all the pla
3、nt life in a certain region or period 植物工厂;1) 植物;2) 蔬菜,5无对等词,也称“语义空缺”, 由于社会文化的差异,汉语中有些词语的词义在英语中没有表达这种词义的词语,反之亦然。翻译时,意译或音译+解释:,粽子 :Zongzidumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves;中山装: Chinese tunic suit/ Maos jacket/Maos suit 乌纱帽:an official post,翻译下列词汇,主人,master/owner/host/goo
4、dman,地毯,carpet/rug/floormat,货物,goods/merchandise(泛指货物)/ cargo/ shipment;,哭:,cry ; weep ; sob ; blubber (又哭又闹),饺子:jiao zi- stuffed /pork/boiled dumplings ; Chinese meat ravioli天:Sky, heaven god亲家:relatives by marriageparents of ones daughter-in-law or son-in-law,第三章 选择词汇,二、汉语词汇英译基本步骤,1根据上下文准确理解原文词义,H
5、ow do you understand “Each word is a new word in a new context”(Firth)?根据词语所在语境来确定词义 ,是所有语言交际中的普遍原则,汉英翻译中尤其如此汉语是强语境文化(high-context culture),更多地依赖交际中的语境去推理出会话含义,汉语词义有一定的模糊性;英语是弱语境文化(low-context culture),在语言交际中则注重表达的明确、形式的完整、逻辑的严密和有形的衔接,英语词义一般更为具体、直接。,1根据上下文准确理解原文词义,一个汉语词汇通过不同的搭配可产生多种词义,由于学生掌握的英语词汇量比较
6、少,此类词汇的英译对中国学生来说是一个难题,如:,家家人家属家族家园家书家风赢家儒家世家,HomeFamily member/folk(复,亲属)Dependent Family/clan (宗族 )home; homeland; A Letter to Home ; A Letter Home ; A Home-Letter ; A Letter from Homefamily style / family traditionWinnerConfucianismaristocratic family; old and well-known family;,Case Study 1 他憋了一会
7、,终于说出几个字来(退伍军人)憋了一会是什么意思? 下面的翻译是否正确?He held his breath for a moment, and finally spoke out a few words. 实际上根据对上下文的分析,这里“憋了一会”并非“屏住呼吸”之意,而是“说不出话来”,这句话可以改译成: He kept silent for a moment, finally, he blurted out.,1根据上下文准确理解原文词义,1根据上下文准确理解原文词义,Case Study 2大厅的灯亮得我睁不开眼。The lights in the hall are so bright
8、 that I cant open my eyes.“睁不开眼”指的是“我”走进大厅,见到强光后,出于保护眼睛的本能,把眼睛眯起来,并不是闭上。 The bright lights in the hall dazzled me.The lights in the hall were so bright that they dazzled me.,2. 区别词语,正确选词,根据上下文联系,确认可供选择的多个词义,区别各个词义的确切含义,并选择更为恰当的词义,注意以下几个方面:词的广义与狭义词义的强弱词的褒义和贬义词的语体色彩词的政治含义,词的广义与狭义,比较并翻译“农业”一词:农业是国民经济的基
9、础。 (广义)这些年来,我国的农业、林业、畜牧业和渔业都得到相应的发展。(狭义)Agriculture is the foundation of our national economy Over the years,corresponding developments have been made in our farming,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery,词义的强弱,辨析同义词的词义轻重、强弱、深浅、分寸和程度和适用场合。近视眼Near-sighted /short sighted他们吓得魂不附体。 They were terribly fri
10、ghtened. They were terrified of their wit.They were terrified of their senses.,词的褒义和贬义,根据词义的褒贬选择译词。Case Study 1例:打得赢就打,打不赢就走。(毛选第1卷)Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot. (a translation published by a British Press) Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot win. (by FLP of China)
11、,Which one is better? Why?,词的褒义和贬义,第二个更好,此处应使用褒义词,“走”在中国文化里是一种计谋,含有“三十六计,走为上计”的军事谋略,并非“逃跑”之意,而是能屈能伸,保留实力的一种选择。,run away:flee; take to ones heels; cut and runmove away: leave, get away from,词的褒义和贬义,Case Study 2其实中年是人生盛华的开始,不应贪懒,不应享受。In actual fact, middle age represents the prime of ones life, allowi
12、ng no indolence, no enjoyment. In actual fact, middle age represents the prime of ones life, allowing no indolence, no self-indulgence.,Which one is better? Why?,词的褒义和贬义,enjoyment: the pleasure felt when having a good time褒义self-indulgence: an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desir
13、es 贬义,此处应选用贬义词,因为原文明显是反对放纵式的“享乐”,而不是反对生活中的正常“享受”。,词的语体色彩,根据语境和语言使用者身份确定该词是口头语还是书面书,是正式文体还是非正式文体。Case Study 1 以其人之道,还治其人之身。Pay him in his own coinDo unto them what they do unto us A,B两种译文都译出了原文的含义,但译文A在语体上较为随便,有口语色彩,而B句中的unto以及what的用法等带有古雅的意味,在语体色彩上更接近原文,即反映出了原文所包含的针锋相对,毫不退缩的语气和书面语中的对称。,词的语体色彩,Case S
14、tudy 2子孙后代在英语中表示“子孙后代”的词有几个,从正式到非正式,从书面到口语,按语体排列可以译为: offsprings- descendant-Children - sons and daughters-kids 回译为汉语,则是:后裔(后代)-子女(孩子)-小孩儿(娃娃),词的政治含义,在外事宣传翻译中尤其要注意译词的政治色彩。 Case Study 1“宣传部”(国家宣传部) Propaganda Ministry,Propaganda: information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situa
15、tion, used by a government or political group to make people agree with them. (为某种目的有计划地)散布的消息或思想;宣传;,词的政治含义,改译:Publicity ministry/ the Publicity Department,Publicity: 1.a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution.宣传,宣扬,2.Publicityis information or actions th
16、at are intended to attract the publics attention to someone or something. 宣传 Publicity 是一个中性词,China Daily 将“中宣部”翻译为:the Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the CPC而新汉英大辞典 将“中共中央宣传部”译成 the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPC,2. 区别词语,正确选词,Case Study 1“当初” 词典释义: at th
17、e beginning; originally; at the outset; in the first place当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点!(“家”是一只瓷碗,这是夫妻吵架时丈夫骂妻子胡搅蛮缠,妻子反唇相讥的话) Why didnt you open your eyes wider in the beginning?,2. 区别词语,正确选词,虽然翻译成“in the beginning”的确对应了“当初”的意思,但在文本中,“当初”这一模糊语隐含意义的是“结婚时“这一具体时间,汉语读者一听就明白,对英语读者来说却不那么清楚,需要明示。 Do you think you didnt get m
18、arried with your eyes open wider?,2. 区别词语,正确选词,Case Study 2第二天,他发现有好几家门上上了两把锁。冬保(东宝三年前参与了一个盗窃团伙,被判刑三年,归来后帮助一个邻居开锁,后来却发现村里人纷纷上了两把锁。) The next day, he found that several neighbors doors are on double locks. On the following day, he found there were two locks on the doors of several houses in the neigh
19、borhood.,2. 区别词语,正确选词,“上了两把锁”翻译成 two locks 或double locks并没有真正表达出原文的隐含意义:城市里防盗门、双层门上两把锁十分常见,但在小镇上,如果不是出于特别的防卫心理,一般人家是不会在门上上两把锁的,邻居出于对冬保的猜疑和不信任,在原来的门上加了一把锁,而“增加一把锁”才是原文所要强调的内容。But on the following day, he found there was one more lock on the doors of several houses in the neighborhood.,2. 区别词语,正确选词,Ca
20、se Study 3 “头”1)这娃娃的头真大.The baby has got a big head.2)她正在梳头.She was combing her hair.3)一辆小车停在桥西头.A car was parked at the west end of the bridge.4)让我从头讲起吧. Let me tell the story from the very beginning. 5)他是我们组的头儿.He is the head(chief) of our group.,2. 区别词语,正确选词,Case Study 4 “意见”1、用户对贵方的包装意见很大。End-us
21、ers have a lot of complaints about your packing. 2、双方价格差距很大,先谈到这里吧!你的意见如何? Since the price gap is very wide between the two parties, shall we suspend the discussion? Whats your idea? 3、贵方总裁和我们总经理就拟议中的合资项目坦率地交换了意见。 Your President had a frank exchange of views with our Managing Director on the propose
22、d joint venture project.,3. 注意词的搭配,汉英语有各自不同的固定或常见词汇搭配用法,词汇的搭配可以说是汉译英表达过程中的一个重要问题,也是词义选择的一个重要依据,包括主谓搭配、主表搭配、动宾搭配、形容词和中心词的搭配等,翻译时要在保持原意的前提下找出符合英语习惯的搭配,切忌逐字翻译。词语搭配主要有以下几种情况:,定语(修饰语)中心词搭配,大雪:heavy snow大风:strong wind,红茶:black tea红糖:brown sugar,浓茶:strong tea浓汤:thick soup浓烟:Heavy/dense smoke,定语(修饰语)中心词搭配,C
23、ase Study 1 对同志对人民不是满腔热忱,而是冷冷清清,漠不关心,麻木不仁。这种人其实不是共产党员,至少不能算一个纯粹的共产党员。(纪念白求恩 ) In truth, such people are not Communists, or at least cannot be counted as pure Communists .“pure Communists ” ?,定语(修饰语)中心词搭配,Pure: puresubstance is not mixed with anything else. 纯粹的 pure water 纯水,净水;纯净水 pure white 纯白;纯白色;
24、纯洁白 pure gold 纯金,足赤 pure love 纯真的爱情 pure land 净土;宗极乐园 pure copper 纯铜,红铜 pure form 纯形式 pure light 纯洁之光 pure metal 纯金属 pure mathematics n. 纯数学 pure culture 纯培养 pure state 纯态,定语(修饰语)中心词搭配,Pure 一般不用来修饰“人”,如果用来修饰“人”,意思是:“血统纯正的” He is a pure Anglo-Saxon. 根据原文的描述,“纯粹的共产党员”即全身心投入革命事业、为人民满腔热情的共产党员,乐于 “奉献”的共产
25、党员,应译为: devoted Communists .,定语(修饰语)中心词搭配,Case study 2.1) 好教徒 a faithful Christian2)好父母loving parents3)好女儿an obedient child4)好妻子a virtuous wife5)好丈夫a dutiful husband,动宾搭配,创造奇迹接电话拉动消费听取意见,How do you translate these Chinese phrases?,create wonder ? work wondersreceive a telephone ? answer a telephonep
26、ull consumption ? stimulate consumptionhear ones opinion ? have ones opinion,4.符合英语惯用法,翻译时还应考虑译文是否符合英语的惯用法,是否属地道的英语。 “要”在汉语里可以出现在不同的句式里面,表达的意义和包含的语气都不相同。翻译时不能干篇一律,而应考虑译文是否地道达意。 各国人民都要和平。 (希望得到) All nations want peace 她要我陪你去。 (请求) She asked me to go with you 他要学法语。 (意志) He wants to learn French,4.符合英语惯用法,我们要相信群众。 (应该) We must have faith in the masses 天要黑了。 (将要) It is going to be dark soon要不是他指引,我们就迷路了。(如果)If it werent for him,we would have gone astray今天要比昨天冷。 (比较)Its colder today than yesterday在以上的七个句子中,“要”字表达了不同的含义,因此译文用了不同的句式、语气,这样就更符合英语的惯用法。,
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