PracticalInternationalTrade.ppt

1、School of International Economics,Chapter 4: Packing of Goods,商品的包装,School of International Economics,A: Function of Packing,Function of PackingProtect the goods in the circulation fieldConvenient for storing, taking care of, transporting, loading, unloading and calculatingStrong packing can prevent

2、 the goods from being stolen and damagedReasonable packing can lessen shipping space and save freightMarketing packing(销售包装) makes it convenient for consumers to select, carry, or use the goodsMarketing packing can also beautify the commodity,School of International Economics,B: Kinds of Packing,3 k

3、inds of Cargoes:Nude CargoCargo in BulkPacked Cargo,School of International Economics,B: Kinds of Packing,1. Nude Cargo (裸装货)Refers to those kinds of cargoes whose qualities are more stable. They are not easy to be influenced by outside circumstances and they become single pieces of their own. They

4、are difficult to be packed or do not need any packing.Example: such as steel products, lead ingot(锭铁), timber(木材), rubber(橡胶), etc.,School of International Economics,B: Kinds of Packing,2. Cargo in Bulk (散装货)Refers to those cargoes which are shipped on the conveyance (运输工具) in bulk.Example: such as

5、oil, ore (矿石), grain, coal, etc.,School of International Economics,B: Kinds of Packing,3. Packed Cargo (包装货)Refers to those which need shipping packing, marketing packing or both. Shipping Packing Marketing Packing,School of International Economics,B: Kinds of Packing,3.1 Shipping Packing (运输包装)Ship

6、ping packing is also called big packing (大包装) or outside packing (外包装). Single Piece Packing Collective Packing,School of International Economics,3.1 Shipping Packing,Single Piece Packing (单件包装)The cargoes are packed as a single unit, i.e., a measuring unit, in the transportation process.According t

7、o style: Cases, drums, bags, bales(大包), bundles(捆), etc.According to material: Cartons, wooden cases, iron drums, wooden casks(木桶), plastic casks, paper bags, gunny bags(麻布袋), plastic bags, etc.,School of International Economics,3.1 Shipping Packing,Collective Packing (集合包装)Collective packing is als

8、o called group shipping packing by which a certain number of single pieces are grouped together to form a big packing or are packed in a big container. Container Pallet Flexible Container,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Container (集装箱)A kind of tool used for transportation which

9、 can be thought of as a particular shipping packing of the cargo, and can be regarded as a component part of the conveyance as well, usually provided by the ship company to go around. 8x 8x 20 feet container 8x 8x 40 feet container,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Example of 20 C

10、ontainer (20英尺集装箱),School of International Economics,Container,8x 8x 20 Feet Container (20英尺集装箱) Loading capacity: 18 M/T (max.) Volume: usu. 31- 35 cubic meters TEU (Twenty-feet Equivalent Unit)集装箱计算单位 When calculating the circulating quantity of container, we often take the 20-feet container as a

11、measuring unit, i.e., TEU to indicate it, it means “being equal to a 20-feet unit”.,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Example of Container (40英尺集装箱),School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersDry Container: (普通集装箱，又称干货集装箱) Used for carrying general cargoes.,Sch

12、ool of International Economics,Container,Example of Dry Container,School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersRefrigerator Container:(冷冻集装箱) There is freezing equipment in the container. The temperature can be adjusted from -28 +26.,School of International Economics,Container,Exam

13、ple of Refrigerator Container,School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersFrame Container: (框架集装箱 ) There is no top part and two flank walls on the container. Cargoes can be loaded into or lifted out of the container through the two side-frames.,School of International Economics,C

14、ontainer,Example of Frame Container: (框架集装箱 ),School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersOpen Top Container: (开顶集装箱 ) The open top container does not have the top part. Cargoes can be loaded or unloaded through the top of the container by elevating equipment. It is suitable for c

15、arrying extra-big cargoes.,School of International Economics,Container,Example of Open Top Container,School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersPen Container: (牲畜集装箱 ) The two sides of this kind of container are covered by metal nets, which makes it convenient to feed the live- s

16、tock and ventilate (通风) the container.,School of International Economics,Container,Example of Pen Container (牲畜集装箱 ),School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersTank Container: (罐式集装箱 ) The tank container is suitable for carrying liquid cargoes such as oil, etc.,School of Internat

17、ional Economics,Container,Example of Tank Container,School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersPlatform Container: (平台集装箱 ) Suitable for carrying extra-long and extra-heavy cargoes. The length can reach more than 6 meters and the weight more than 40M/T.,School of International Ec

18、onomics,Container,Example of Platform Container,School of International Economics,Container,Kinds of ContainersBulk Container: (散装货集装箱 ) There are two or three openings on the top of this kind of container, which makes it convenient to load the cargo. There are elevating frames at the bottom of the

19、container that can elevate at a sloping angle (倾角) of 40 degrees, which makes it convenient to unload the cargo.,School of International Economics,Container,Example of Bulk Container,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Pallet (托盘)A kind of single-layer (单层) or double-layer flat carr

20、ier which is made according to a certain specification.Certain quantities of single pieces are packed collectively on the flat carrier and tied up in the light of the requirements to form a shipping unit, which makes it convenient to load, unload, lift and pile the goods by using machinery in the sh

21、ipping process.,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Sample of Pallet,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Flexible Container (集装袋)A kind of round-shaped or square-shaped bag woven with synthetic fibre(合成纤维)or compound material (混合材料).Suitable for powder or grain carg

22、oes such as fertilizer(肥料,尤指化学肥料), ore(矿石), flour(面粉), sugar, cement(水泥), etc.,School of International Economics,Collective Packing,Sample of Flexible Container,School of International Economics,B: Kinds of Packing,3.2 Marketing Packing (销售包装)Marketing packing is also called small packing (小包装或零售包装)

23、 or inner packing (内包装).3.2.1 Types of marketing packing: Patterns for display and sale Patterns for identification of the goods Patterns with the function of use,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns for display and sale (便于陈列展销类)Piling-up pattern:(堆叠式包装)There is a c

24、oinciding part at the top or bottom of the commodity packing. If one commodity is put on the top of the other, the two can tally with each other. This type can keep the commodities firm, and is suitable for super-markets to pile commodities up. Example: such as cans, bottles, boxes, etc.,School of I

25、nternational Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns for display and sale (便于陈列展销类)Hanging-up pattern:(挂式包装)The packing has a hanging hook(吊钩)or hole, or a pendent hand. Usually we have close-to-body packing(贴体包装), case-shaped packing, box-shaped packing, bag-shaped packing etc.This kind of pa

26、cking can fully make use of space of shelves and greatly increase areas of displays and sale.,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns for display and sale (便于陈列展销类)Spreading-up pattern:(展开式包装)The goods have a special-structured cover. When the cover is opened, the pictu

27、re on the other side of it sets off well with the commodity.,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns for identification of the goods (便于识别商品类)Transparent pattern and windowed pattern: (透明包装和”开窗”包装)The cargo is packed wholly or partly with transparent packing material or

28、 a windowed paper box which can make the consumers see the shape and quality of the goods directly.,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns for identification of the goods (便于识别商品类) Customary packing pattern: (习惯性包装)Using customary packing and modeling makes the buyers

29、identify the quality of the commodity as soon as they see the packing.,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns with the Function of Use: (便于使用类)Pattern for carrying about: (携带式包装)The modeling of this type is suitable for carrying the goods.Pattern for easily opening:(易开

30、包装)This type has the characteristic of being easily opened. Example: easily-opened cans, boxes, bottles, etc.,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns with the Function of Use: (便于使用类)Pattern for spraying out: (喷雾包装)This packing is a liquid sprayer. When we press the but

31、ton, the liquid will spray out automatically.This style is suitable for everyday consumer goods and medicines. Example: such as perfume, etc.,School of International Economics,Types of Marketing Packing,Patterns with the Function of Use: (便于使用类)Pattern for forming a complete set: (配套包装)The goods of

32、different kinds and specifications, which are usually used simultaneously, are arranged into a group to form a complete set and unified packing. Example: tea set, table ware, toy, etc.Pattern for showing off a gift:(礼品包装)This packing is specially designed for a certain gift.,School of International

33、Economics,3.2 Marketing Packing (销售包装),3.2.2 Packaging (包装)Packaging is the main component of marketing packing.It plays a great role in beautifying the goods, attracting consumers, expanding sales, and raising selling prices.,School of International Economics,Packaging (包装),Demand for Packaging Des

34、ignMarketing packing should be beautiful, novel, scientific, reasonable, colorful, and show the unique style of Chinese art.Packaging design should highlight the characteristic of the commodity.The word description of packaging and the picture should be well coordinated.Marks and brands should be us

35、ed properly.Pay more attention to the stipulations and different habits and tastes towards packaging.,School of International Economics,C. Packing Mark (包装标志),Refers to different diagrams, words and figures which are written, printed, or brushed on the outside of the shipping packings. Shipping mark

36、 Indicative mark Warning mark Additional mark,School of International Economics,C. Packing Mark,Shipping Mark (运输标志,俗称唛头)Shipping marks make it convenient for identifying and transporting the goods and make it easy to count them out and check them out .Shipping marks should be simple, clear and easy

37、 to be identified.,School of International Economics,Shipping Mark,4 Parts of Shipping Marks Consignees code:(收件人代号) the consignees codes is usually indicated by different geometrical diagrams, such as triangles, diamonds, circles, etc. with letters inside them as the main marks. Consignors code (发货

38、人代号) Destination (目的港名称) Package number (件号),School of International Economics,Shipping Mark,Sample:Shipping mark can also include the contract number, gross and net weight, origin, etc.,C TABC,SingaporeNos 1up 100No.5,ABCDLC536800,Hong KongNos 1-200,School of International Economics,C. Packing Mark

39、,Indicative Mark (指示性标志)We usu. make use of remarkable diagrams and simple words to remind the relative workers of the items for attention when they load, unload, carry and store the goods.,School of International Economics,Indicative Mark,Sample of Indicative Mark:,School of International Economics

40、,C. Packing Mark,Warning Mark (警告性标志)Warning mark is also called dangerous cargo mark, which is brushed clearly and definitely on the shipping packings of the inflammable (易燃), explosive(爆炸品), poisonous, corrosive(腐蚀性的)or radioactive(放射性的)goods, so as to give warnings to the workers.,School of Inter

41、national Economics,Warning Mark,Example of Warning Mark:,School of International Economics,Warning Mark,“Warning Marks for Packing Dangerous Cargoes” (危险货物包装标志)promulgated in China“Warning Marks for International Ocean Transportation of Dangerous Cargoes” (国际海运危险品标志) promulgated by The United Nation

42、s Ocean Transportation Consultation Organization (联合国政府海事协商组织),School of International Economics,C. Packing Mark,Additional Mark (附属标志)Sometimes, in accordance with the agreement entered into by the both parties or the regulations laid down by their countries respectively some additional marks are n

43、eeded.,School of International Economics,D: Neutral Packing and Brand Designated by the Buyer,Neutral Packing (中性包装)There is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself.To break through

44、 different limitations and political discriminations of importing countries and areas,School of International Economics,C : Neutral Packing and Brand Designated by the Buyer,3 KindsAccept the neutral packing with brands designated by the buyersAccept trade marks or brands designated by buyers from f

45、oreign countries, but indicate “made in China”Accept trade marks or brands and origins designated by the buyers,School of International Economics,E: Packing Clause in the Contract,The packing clause mainly stipulates: packing manner packing material packing expenses to be borne the shipping mark,Sch

46、ool of International Economics,E: Packing Clause in the Contract,Packing Manner and Packing Material (包装方式和包装材料)Determine the packing manner and packing material used, such as the material, dimension, weight of every single piece, filling material used, etc.Example: Packing: In new galvanized iron d

47、rums of 175 Kg each, net.Avoid using “Seaworthy packing” ,（适合海运包装） “Customary packing”,（按惯常方式包装） etc.,School of International Economics,E: Packing Clause in the Contract,Example:“To be packed in new strong wooden case suitable for long distance ocean transportation and well protected against dampnes

48、s, moisture, shock, rust and rough handling(防潮,防湿,防震,防绣,并耐受粗暴搬运). The sellers shall be liable for any damage to the goods on account of improper packing and for any rust damage attributable to inadequate or improper protective measures taken by the sellers, and in such case or cases any and all losses and/or expenses incurred in consequence there of shall be borne by the Sellers.”,School of International Economics,