1、定语从句与宾语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的基本概念在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that 和关系副词 where, when, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。例:This is the boy who often helps me.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语,关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语:关系
2、代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例:I dont like people who talk much but do little.2. 作宾语例:She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.3. 作定语:关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语用。例:Whats the name of the young man whose father is a doctor?4. 作状语例:Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.三.
3、 关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。例:The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom 指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略。例:Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?3. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。例:The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.4. which 指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。例:A dictionary is a
4、 book which gives the meaning of words.5. that 多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。例:Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例:Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。例:The factory where his father works is in the east of the ci
5、ty.【注意】关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面。例:That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. 四. 特殊用法1. 只用 that 不用 which 的情况(1)先行词是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, an
6、ything 等不定代词时。例:All that he said is true. (2)先行词被 only, no, any, one of 等词修饰时。例:The giant panda is one of the most lovely animals in the world that live in the mountains of China. (3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例:The desk is the second thing that I have made. .(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。例:This is the best book
7、that I have read this year.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例:He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2. 只用 which 不用 that 的情况(1)在非限制性定语从中。例:The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2)定语从句由介词+关系 代词引导,先行词是物时。例:The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.定语从句练习1. Ye
8、sterday Li Ming went to the village _ he visited five years ago. A. where B. who C. that 2. The girl _ is reading is my sisterA. who B. whom C. which 3. They like to live in a house _ is not very big but bright and comfortable .A. that B. who C. what 4. When she got home, the first thing _ she did w
9、as to clean the house.A. which B. what C. that 5. Running man is a very relaxing TV program _ is hot among the young people. A. what B. which C. who 6. The photo _ taken by my brother last week is very nice.A. which were B. that were C. which was7. China has the worlds longest high-speed railway _ w
10、e are proud of.A. that B. which C. what8. Those people and exciting stories _ happened in the movie are well worth learning to us.A. which B. who C. that9. I dont like those _ talk much but do little.A. who B. whose C. which 10. - Dad, Im hungry. Do we have anything to eat?- You can have some bread
11、_ from the supermarket. Its on the table.A. which I am buying B. that I will buy C. that I bought 11. - What are you going to do this summer vacation? - Im going to start a club to help students _ not interested in schoolwork.A. who is B. that is C. who are 12. - Dont eat too much junk food. - Youre
12、 right. However, I do like the food _ tastes good.A. that B. what C. when13. - Hi, Kimmy. Do you know Jam Hsiao?- Sure. He is a popular singer _ comes from Taiwan. A. who B. which C. Whom14. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees.A. which B. where C. that1
13、5. I can think of many cases (例子) _ students obviously (明显地) knew a lot of English words and expressions (表达) but couldnt write a good essay (文章 ).A. why B. which C. where16. - Why does she always ask you for help?- There is no one else _, is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to
14、 turn 17. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which 18. Alec asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with him B. who C. with whom 19. The sun heats the earth, _ make
15、s it possible to grow crops. A. which B. that C. where20. Is this the factory _ you visited last week? A. where B. which C. when 宾语从句一. 宾语从句的分类宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从 句可分为三类。1. 由 that 引导的宾语从句。连词 that 只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中常常省略。例:He knew (that) he should work ha
16、rd.2. 由连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 等和连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词起连接作用,作句子成分,各有自己的意义。例:I wonder where he got so much money.3. 由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句。If 和 whether 起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作 “是否”解,在口语中多用 if。例:He asked me whether ( if ) I could help him.二. 宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主
17、语+谓语+其它成分” 。特别强调:它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结构。例:Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?注意:陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语 从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述句语序。例:She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” She said she would leave a message on the desk.“Where are the tickets?” I asked him. I asked
18、 him where the tickets were.三. 宾语从句的时态宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语时态的制约,这就是时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时,从句谓语的时态不受限制;如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时,从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时) 。例:Please tell us where he is.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.注意:当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态如何,从句都用一般现在时。例:The teacher tol
19、d us (that) the earth moves around the sun.四. 宾语从句和状语从句的区别例:(1)I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.(2)I dont know if the train has arrived.句(1)中 if 引 导的是状语从句。这个从句表示 “条件” ,修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去。句(2)中 if 引导的是宾语从句,充当谓语动词 dont know 的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法:1. 可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(个别除外) ,宾
20、语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。2. 从引导词看。if 充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于 whether, 词义为“是否” ,充当状语从句的连接词时,词义为“如果” 。when 充当宾语从句的连接词时,意为 “什么时候” ,充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当的时候” 。3. 从时态看。if 和 when 作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意:从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if 和 when 充当从属连词时,引导条件和时间状语从句,若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。宾语从句练习1. - Im afraid I cant remember _. - In
21、Beijing, I think. A. where did I first meet you B. where I first met you C. when I first met you 2. - Can you find out our city _ a lot in the last few years?- Yes. The road is wider and the buildings are taller.A. has changed B. changes C. changed 3. - Do you know _ Jenny comes to school every day?
22、来源:学*科*网 Z*X*X*K- Of course I do. She rides her bikeA. whether B. when C. how 4. - Are you sure you have to? Its been very late.- I dont know _ I can do it if not now.A.where B. how C. when5. - Amy, do you know if Daniel _ to the farm with us tomorrow if it _?- Sorry, Ive no idea.A. will go; will ra
23、in B. will go; rains C. goes; will rain 6. I dont know if he _ to the party. I will let you know if he _.A. will come; comes B. will come; will come C. comes; comes 7. - Could you tell me _? - By searching the Internet.A. how you got the information B. when you got the informationC. how did you get
24、the information 8. - Are you clear about the trip next Saturday? - One more thing. I want to know _.A. that Mr. Yang will goB. if Mr. Yang will go or notC. whether Mr. Yang will go来9. Do you know _ tomorrow ? A. when did she come B. when will she come C.when she will come10. Could you tell me _?A. w
25、hat she had done with the newspaper B. which is the way to the nearest hospital C. which gate I should go11. - Could you tell me _ tomorrow morning?- Well, it will start at 9 : 00 oclock.A. when the meeting will start B. where the meeting starts C. when the meeting would start12. You cant imagine (想
26、象) _ when they received their medals at the Olympics.A. how were they excited B. how excited they wereC. how they were excited13. - Excuse me, could you tell me _?- In five minutes.A. how soon will the film begin B. how soon the film will beginC. how long the film has been on14. - Do you know _?- Fo
27、r a month.A. how long will she be away B. how long she will be awayC. how often will she go there 15. I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain.A. will come; comes B. will come; will come C. comes; comes 参考答案:定语从句:1-5 CAACB 6-10 CACAC 11-15 CAABC 16-20 BACAB宾语从句:1-5 BACCB 6-10 AACCB 11-15 ABBBB
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