毕业论文：Analysis of the Emotional Metaphor of Basic Color Terms in English Culture.doc

1、BACHELORSDEGREETHESISOFLANZHOUCITYUNIVERSITYANALYSISOFTHEEMOTIONALMETAPHOROFBASICCOLORTERMSINENGLISHCULTUREONRED,YELLOW,BLUECONTENTSABSTRACT3摘要4IINTRODUCTION5IILITERATUREREVIEW5BASICCOLORTERMS731BASICCOLORTERMS732CATEGORYOFBASICCOLORTERMS8IVEMOTIONALMETAPHOROFBASICCOLORTERMS641METAPHOR642EMOTIONALME

2、TAPHOR7VBRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOEMOTIONALMETAPHOROFBASICCOLORTERMS851RED852YELLOW1153BLUE13CONCLUSION17REFERENCESIIIACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIVABSTRACTTHEREAREMANYCOLORFULOBJECTSINTHENATURETHESECOLORSHAVEBEENANIMPORTANTPARTOFOURDAILYLIFETHEYREPRESENTWHATWESEEDIRECTLYATTHESAMETIME,COLORSARETHEDIRECTREFLECTIONOFOBJ

3、ECTSINOURMINDSSOMETIMESPEOPLESEETHESAMEOBJECTBUTTHEYHAVEDIVERSEFEELINGS，MAYBEDUETOTHEDIFFERENCEOFTHEIREXPERIENCES,FEELINGS,CULTURALBACKGROUNDSANDOTHERFACTORSSOTHEYKNOWTHATTHEMEANINGOFTHESAMECOLORHASCHANGEDBYCULTURALBACKGROUNDSTHATISTOSAY,PEOPLEWITHDIFFERENTCULTURESHOLDDIFFERENTVIEWSONONEKINDOFCOLORT

4、HISPAPERTAKESTHECOLORRED,YELLOW,BLUEFORINSTANCETOANALYZETHEIREMOTIONALMETAPHORSOFSEVERALERASINENGLISHCULTUREBASEDONANALYZING,ITSHOWSTHECHANGEOFPOSSIBLEMEANINGOFTHREECOLORSINDIFFERENTERASITAIMSATHELPINGENGLISHLEARNERSEFFECTIVELYMAKECROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONSMOREOVER,KNOWINGMOREABOUTBASICCOLORTERMSIS

5、INFAVOROFENRICHINGTHEAMOUNTOFVOCABULARYKEYWORDSBASICCOLORTERMS,EMOTIONALMETAPHORS,ENGLISHCULTURE,CROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONS摘要大自然是由形形色色的事物构成，色彩在我们的日常生活中充当着重要的角色。它是人对事物最直观的看法。大多时候人们看到相同的事物但是因为看的人不同环境不同，心境不同或者所处文化背景不同总能衍生出各种各样的看法。所以我们知道了，颜色在不同文化背景的人眼中都代表着不同的含义，即相同的颜色只是因为看的人身处的环境变了，它背后所隐匿的意思也就不同了。本文主要以

6、红、黄、蓝三种颜色为例探析基本颜色词在英语文化中的情感隐喻来解密基本颜色词在不同领域的情感意义，基于这种分析，本文罗列了这三种颜色词在同种文化下不同领域里的情感变化。这为英语学习者在跨文化交际中提供便利，也为他们在用英语表情达意时增加词汇的多样性。关键字基本颜色词情感隐喻英语文化跨文化交际IINTRODUCTIONTHESEDAYS,WITHTHEINCREASINGGROWTHOFNATIONALPOWEROFCHINA,CULTURALCOMMUNICATIONISMOREANDMOREFREQUENTSPECIFICALLY,THEREISCHINESEBRIDGEINTHEINTERN

7、ATIONALEXCHANGEANDMORECHINESEPEOPLEGOABOARDBUTMANYFOREIGNERSCOMEALONGWAYFROMWESTERNCOUNTRIESCHINESEPEOPLENEEDTOSPEAKENGLISHANDKNOWTHECUSTOMANDHABITSOFFOREIGNLIVINGANDSPEAKINGBECAUSEOFTHECULTURALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENCHINAANDTHEWEST,MOREANDMOREPEOPLENEEDTOCOMMUNICATEINENGLISHTHISKINDOFCULTURALEXCHANGEU

8、RGESPEOPLEGRADUALLYTOFINDOUTTHATCULTURALDIFFERENCECANLEADTOCOMMUNICATIONBARRIERSINOTHERWORDS,PEOPLESEETHESAMEOBJECTBUTTHEYHAVEDIVERSEFEELINGS，MAYBEDUETOTHEDIFFERENCEOFTHEIREXPERIENCES,FEELINGS,CULTURALBACKGROUNDSTHEDEVIATIONOFUNDERSTANDINGAFFECTSTHECOMMUNICATIONANDCOLORWORDSCANBEUTTEREDINSPOKENANDWR

9、ITTENLANGUAGEMANYPEOPLEWHOCOMMUNICATEINENGLISHWANTTOKNOWMOREABOUTCOLORWORDSESPECIALLYBASICCOLORWORDS,HOPINGTOHAVEAGOODCOMMANDOFTHEIREMOTIONALMEANINGSINENGLISHCULTURETHESTUDYONCOLORWORDSFOCUSEDONTHECOMPARISONOFTHEIRREFLECTEDMEANINGINDIFFERENTCULTURESATHOMEBUTFEWJUSTANALYZEDTHEIREMOTIONALMETAPHORSONLY

10、INSOMEKINDOFCULTURETHISPAPERLOOKSATTHEUNDERLYINGMEANINGOFTHESEBASICCOLORWORDSINENGLISHCULTUREBYENUMERATINGHISTORYANDREPRESENTATIONOFRED,YELLOWANDBLUE,THISPASSAGEWILLPROVIDESOMESYMBOLICMEANINGSOFTHREEWORDSUNDERTHISKINDOFCULTURE,EXPECTINGTOMAKESUCCESSFULINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONSANDHELPENGLISHLEARNER

11、SENRICHTHEIRKNOWLEDGEABOUTCOLORWORDSIILITERATUREREVIEWOFBASICCOLORWORDS21THESTUDYOFBASICCOLORWORDSATABROADGOETHEWASINTERESTEDINCOLORWORDSHECREATEDTHEBOOKTHEORYOFCOLORSBYANALYSISANDEXPERIMENTTHEBOOKFOCUSEDONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCOLORANDEMOTIONINHISOPINIONS,COLDORWARMSENSEOFCOLORCANTRIGGERDIFFERENTFE

12、ELINGSSUCHASWARMCOLORCOULDEVOKEPOSITIVEMOODANDCOOLCOLORCANBENEGATIVEMOODJOHANNWOLFGANGVONGOETHE,THEORYOFCOLORS,TRANSLATEDBYCHARLESEASTLAKEIN1969,BRENTBERLIN,ANAMERICANETHNOLOGIST,ANDPAULKAY,ALINGUIST,MENTIONED11BASICCATEGORIESOFCOLORWHITE,BLACK,GREEN,RED,YELLOW,BLUE,PURPLE,BROWN,PINK,ORANGE,ANDGRAYI

13、NTHEBOOKBASICCOLORTERMSTHEIRUNIVERSALITYANDEVOLUTION“BERLINANDKAYPOSITSEVENLEVELSINWHICHCULTURESFALL,WITHSTAGEILANGUAGESHAVINGONLYTHECOLORSBLACKDARKCOOLANDWHITELIGHTWARMLANGUAGESINSTAGEVIIHAVEEIGHTORMOREBASICCOLORTERMSTHISINCLUDESENGLISH,WHICHHASELEVENBASICCOLORTERMSTHEAUTHORSTHEORIZETHATASLANGUAGES

14、EVOLVE,THEYACQUIRENEWBASICCOLORTERMSINASTRICTCHRONOLOGICALSEQUENCEIFABASICCOLORTERMISFOUNDINALANGUAGE,THENTHECOLORSOFALLEARLIERSTAGESSHOULDALSOBEPRESENTTHESEQUENCEISASFOLLOWSSTAGEIDARKCOOLANDLIGHTWARMTHISCOVERSALARGERSETOFCOLORSTHANENGLISH“BLACK”AND“WHITE”STAGEIIREDSTAGEIIIEITHERGREENORYELLOWSTAGEIV

15、BOTHGREENANDYELLOWSTAGEVBLUESTAGEVIBROWNSTAGEVIIPURPLE,PINK,ORANGE,ORGRAY”BRENTBERLINANDPAULKAY,BASICCOLORTERMSTHEIRUNIVERSALITYANDEVOLUTION22THESTUDYOFBASICCOLORWORDSATHOMETHESTUDYOFBASICCOLORWORDSATHOMESTARTEDLATERTHANTHATATABROADANDTOOKEXAMPLEBYTHEFOREIGNCOUNTRIESRECENTLY,MOREANDMORESCHOLARSFIXED

16、THEIREYESONTHECOLORWORDS,SUCHASYAOXIAOPING,HEPROVIDEDTHEINCONFORMITYBETWEENTHETHEORYOFBASICCOLORWORDSANDTHEPROCESSOFITSEVOLUTIONZHANGWANGXI,HETHOUGHTTHEASSOCIATIVEMEANINGOFCOLORWORDSWASNOTESSENTIALOREXCLUSIVEBUTMULTICULTURALITCHANGEDBYINDIVIDUALFACTORSANDSOCIALFACTORSPATTERNSOFSOCIALLIFE,FOLKCUSTOM,

17、RELIGIONANDCULTURE,GEOGRAPHICALCONDITIONSANDSOONEMOTIONALMETAPHOROFBASICCOLORTERMS41METAPHOREARLYINTHE18THCENTURY,METAPHORHASBEENREGARDEDASAKINDOFRHETORICTHENPEOPLEDIDNOTREALIZETHATITISNOTONLYALINGUISTICFEATURESBUTALSOLANGUAGECOGNITIVECHARACTERISTICSINTHE19THCENTURYPLATOSCHOOLARGUEDTHATMETAPHORISAKI

18、NDOFHUMANINTERNALMECHANISMWHICHREFLECTSTHENATUREOFHUMANLANGUAGEANDTHEHUMANBEINGLAYOFFANDJOHNSONPROVIDEDAVIEWDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALTHINKINGOFMETAPHORTHATITISACONCEPTUSEDTOEXPRESSANOTHERCONCEPTINTHEBOOKMETAPHORWELIVEBY198042EMOTIONALMETAPHORMETAPHOREXISTSINHUMANLANGUAGEITISAWAYOFUNDERSTANDINGTHEWORL

19、DFORHUMANANDTHEEMOTIONISSHAREDBYALLPEOPLETHEREFORE,ANALYSISOFHUMANEMOTIONALMETAPHORBECOMESQUIETLYESSENTIALINDIFFERENTCULTURES,WHENWEUSEMETAPHORTOEXPRESSTHEABSTRACTCONCEPTS,WEWILLFINDTHATTHESAMETHINGSOMETIMESREPRESENTSDIFFERENTMEANINGSJUSTBECAUSEOFTHEDIFFERENCEOFCULTURALBACKGROUNDSINENGLISHCULTURE,NO

20、UNOFLOCALITYCANIMPLYEMOTIONSANDMOODS,FORINSTANCE,THEWORD“DOWN”CANSHOWTHENEGATIVEMOOD,AND“UP”MEANSTHEPOSITIVEEMOTIONTHEEXPRESSIONISCOMMONLYUSEDINSPOKENLANGUAGESOMEEXAMPLESAREASFOLLOWSIAMFEELINGUPYOULOOKDOWNINTHEDUMPSWHATSUPINTHISPAPER,WEANALYZETHEEMOTIONALMETAPHOROFTHEBASICCOLORWORDSINENGLISHCULTUREC

21、OLORWORDSPOSSESSASSOCIATIONOFWORDSONCESEETHECOLORRED,WEMAYFEELHOTSUNORSICKBLOODBLACKSTANDSFORGRIEFANDANGERBLUEMEANSDEPRESSEDMOODANDYELLOWSHOWSCOWARDICEOFAPERSON,SUCHASHERFACEISBLACKWITHRAGEIFEELREALLYBLUEIALWAYSKNOWYOUAREYELLOWBASICCOLORTERMS31BASICCOLORTERMSACOLORTERM,ALSOKNOWNASACOLORNAME,ISAWORDO

22、RPHRASETHATREFERSTOASPECIFICCOLORTHECOLORTERMMAYREFERTOHUMANPERCEPTIONOFTHATCOLORWHICHISAFFECTEDBYVISUALCONTEXT,ORTOANUNDERLYINGPHYSICALPROPERTYSUCHASASPECIFICWAVELENGTHOFVISIBLELIGHTBRIEFLYSPEAKING,COLORTERMS,ALSOCOLORWORDS,ARETHECOGNITIONOFCOLORREFLECTEDINTHELANGUAGEIN1969,BERLINANDPAULKAYMENTIONE

23、DBASICCOLORTERMSINBASICCOLORTERMSTHEIRUNIVERSALITYANDEVOLUTIONCOAUTHOREDBYTHEMBERLINANDKAYSWORKPROPOSEDTHATTHEBASICCOLORTERMSINACULTURE,SUCHASBLACK,BROWNORRED,AREPREDICTABLEBYTHENUMBEROFCOLORTERMSTHECULTUREHASBERLINANDKAYBASEDTHEIRANALYSISONACOMPARISONOFCOLORWORDSIN20LANGUAGESFROMAROUNDTHEWORLDTOBEC

24、ONSIDEREDABASICCOLORTERM,THEWORDSHADTOBEMONOLEXEMIC“GREEN“,BUTNOT“LIGHTGREEN”OR“FORESTGREEN”,HIGHFREQUENCY,ANDAGREEDUPONBYSPEAKERSOFTHATLANGUAGETHEIRANALYSISSHOWEDTHAT,INACULTUREWITHONLYTWOTERMS,THETWOTERMSWOULDMEANROUGHLYDARKCOVERINGBLACK,DARKCOLORSANDCOLDCOLORSSUCHASBLUEANDBRIGHTCOVERINGWHITE,LIGH

25、TCOLORSANDWARMCOLORSSUCHASREDALLLANGUAGESWITHTHREECOLORSTERMSWOULDADDREDTOTHISDISTINCTIONTHUS,THETHREEMOSTBASICCOLORSAREBLACK,WHITE,ANDREDADDITIONALCOLORTERMSAREADDEDINAFIXEDORDERASALANGUAGEEVOLVESFIRSTONEOFGREENORYELLOWTHENTHEOTHEROFGREENORYELLOWTHENBLUEALLLANGUAGESDISTINGUISHINGSIXCOLORSCONTAINTER

26、MSFORBLACK,WHITE,RED,GREEN,YELLOW,ANDBLUE32CATEGORYOFBASICCOLORTERMSBASICCOLORTERMSINCLUDEDWHITE,RED,YELLOW,GREEN,BLUEANDBLACKACCORDINGTOTHEABOVE,ALLLANGUAGESINCLUDESIXBASICCOLORTERMSBLACK,WHITE,RED,GREEN,YELLOW,ANDBLUEHOWEVER,EACHOFBASICCOLORTERMSHASMANYSHADESREDSCANVARYINSHADEFROMVERYLIGHTPINKTOVE

27、RYDARKMAROONORBURGUNDYANDINHUEFROMTHEBRIGHTORANGEREDSCARLETORVERMILIONTOTHEBLUISHREDCRIMSONVARIETIESOFTHECOLORYELLOWMAYDIFFERINHUE,CHROMAALSOCALLEDSATURATION,INTENSITY,ORCOLORFULNESSORLIGHTNESSORVALUE,TONE,ORBRIGHTNESS,ORINTWOORTHREEOFTHESEQUALITIESVARIATIONSINVALUEAREALSOCALLEDTINTSANDSHADES,ATINTB

28、EINGAYELLOWOROTHERHUEMIXEDWITHWHITE,ASHADEBEINGMIXEDWITHBLACKOFCOURSE,YELLOWISACOLOROFBUTTER,GOLDANDRIPELEMONINDAILYLIFEBLUESALSOVARYINSHADEORTINTDARKERSHADESOFBLUECONTAINBLACKORGRAY,WHILELIGHTERTINTSCONTAINWHITEDARKERSHADESOFBLUEINCLUDEULTRAMARINE,COBALTBLUE,NAVYBLUE,ANDPRUSSIANBLUE,WHILELIGHTERTIN

29、TSINCLUDESKYBLUE,AZURE,ANDEGYPTIANBLUEVIVBRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOEMOTIONALMETAPHOROFTHECOLORRED,YELLOW,BLUE51REDREDCANVARYINHUEFROMORANGEREDTOVIOLETRED,ANDFOREACHHUETHEREISAWIDEVARIETYOFSHADESANDTINTS,FROMVERYLIGHTPINKTODARKBURGUNDYINNATURE,THEREDCOLOROFBLOODCOMESFROMHEMOGLOBIN,THEIRONCONTAININGPROTEINFO

30、UNDINTHEREDBLOODCELLSOFALLVERTEBRATESTHEREDCOLOROFTHEGRANDCANYONANDOTHERGEOLOGICALFEATURESISCAUSEDBYHEMATITEORREDOCHRE,BOTHFORMSOFIRONOXIDEITALSOCAUSESTHEREDCOLOROFTHEPLANETMARSTHEREDSKYATSUNSETANDSUNRISEISCAUSEDBYANOPTICALEFFECTKNOWNASRAYLEIGHSCATTERING,WHICH,WHENTHESUNISLOWORBELOWTHEHORIZON,INCREA

31、SESTHEREDWAVELENGTHLIGHTTHATREACHESTHEEYETHECOLOROFAUTUMNLEAVESISCAUSEDBYPIGMENTSCALLEDANTHOCYANINS,WHICHAREPRODUCEDTOWARDSTHEENDOFSUMMER,WHENTHEGREENCHLOROPHYLLISNOLONGERPRODUCEDONETOTWOPERCENTOFTHEHUMANPOPULATIONHASREDHAIRTHECOLORISPRODUCEDBYHIGHLEVELSOFTHEREDDISHPIGMENTPHEOMELANINWHICHALSOACCOUNT

32、SFORTHEREDCOLOROFTHELIPSANDRELATIVELYLOWLEVELSOFTHEDARKPIGMENTEUMELANINSINCEREDISTHECOLOROFBLOOD,ITHASHISTORICALLYBEENASSOCIATEDWITHSACRIFICE,DANGERANDCOURAGEMODERNSURVEYSINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDEUROPESHOWREDISALSOTHECOLORMOSTCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHHEAT,ACTIVITY,PASSION,SEXUALITY,ANGER,LOVEANDJOYINCHINAA

33、NDMANYOTHERASIANCOUNTRIESITISTHECOLOROFHAPPINESSINANCIENTROMEREDSYMBOLIZEDBLOODANDCOURAGEROMANSOLDIERSWOREREDTUNICS,ANDGENERALSWOREASCARLETCLOAK,ANDHADTHEIRBODIESPAINTEDCOMPLETELYINREDDURINGCEREMONIALTRIUMPHSITALSOSOMETIMESREPRESENTEDSINTHEBOOKOFREVELATIONDESCRIBEDTHE“SCARLETWHOREOFBABYLON”INTHEMIDD

34、LEAGES,REDWASTHECOLOROFMAJESTYITWASTHECOLOROFTHEBANNERSOFTHEBYZANTINEEMPIRE,ANDTHEEMPERORCHARLEMAGNEPAINTEDHISPALACEREDANDWOREREDSHOESASSYMBOLOFHISAUTHORITYINCHRISTIANITYITREPRESENTEDTHEBLOODOFCHRISTANDTHECHRISTIANMARTYRSIN1295ITBECAMETHECOLORWORNBYCARDINALSOFTHEROMANCATHOLICCHURCHDURINGTHEFRENCHREV

35、OLUTION,SOMEOFTHEREVOLUTIONARIESBEGANTOWEARAREDPHRYGIANCAP,ORLIBERTYCAP,MODELEDAFTERTHECAPSWORNBYFREEDSLAVESINANCIENTROME,ANDTOCARRYREDFLAGSINTHEMID19THCENTURY,REDBECAMETHECOLOROFANEWPOLITICALANDSOCIALMOVEMENT,SOCIALISMITBECAMETHECOLOROFTHEWORKERSMOVEMENT,OFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONOF1848,OFTHEPARISCOMMUN

36、EIN1870,ANDOFSOCIALISTPARTIESACROSSEUROPEINANCIENTROME,TYRIANPURPLEWASTHECOLOROFTHEEMPEROR,BUTREDHADANIMPORTANTRELIGIOUSSYMBOLISMROMANSWORETOGASWITHREDSTRIPESONHOLIDAYS,ANDTHEBRIDEATAWEDDINGWOREAREDSHAWL,CALLEDAFLAMMEUMREDWASUSEDTOCOLORSTATUESANDTHESKINOFGLADIATORSREDWASALSOTHECOLORASSOCIATEDWITHARM

37、YROMANSOLDIERSWOREREDTUNICS,ANDOFFICERSWOREACLOAKCALLEDAPALUDAMENTUMWHICH,DEPENDINGUPONTHEQUALITYOFTHEDYECOULDBECRIMSON,SCARLETORPURPLEINROMANMYTHOLOGYREDISASSOCIATEDWITHTHEGODOFWAR,MARSAROMANGENERALRECEIVINGATRIUMPHHADHISENTIREBODYPAINTEDREDINHONOROFHISACHIEVEMENTINWESTERNCOUNTRIESREDISASYMBOLOFMAR

38、TYRSANDSACRIFICE,PARTICULARLYBECAUSEOFITSASSOCIATIONWITHBLOODBEGINNINGINTHEMIDDLEAGES,THEPOPEANDCARDINALSOFTHEROMANCATHOLICCHURCHWOREREDTOSYMBOLIZETHEBLOODOFCHRISTANDTHECHRISTIANMARTYRSTHEBANNEROFTHECHRISTIANSOLDIERSINTHEFIRSTCRUSADEWASAREDCROSSONAWHITEFIELD,THESTGEORGESCROSSACCORDINGTOCHRISTIANTRAD

39、ITION,SAINTGEORGEWASAROMANSOLDIERWHOWASAMEMBEROFTHEGUARDSOFTHEEMPERORDIOCLETIAN,WHOREFUSEDTORENOUNCEHISCHRISTIANFAITHANDWASMARTYREDINTHE19THCENTURYNOVELTHEREDBADGEOFCOURAGEBYSTEPHENCRANE,ASTORYABOUTTHEAMERICANCIVILWAR,THEREDBADGEWASTHEBLOODFROMAWOUND,BYWHICHASOLDIERCOULDPROVEHISCOURAGEREDISTHETRADIT

40、IONALCOLOROFWARNINGANDDANGERINBRITAIN,INTHEEARLYDAYSOFMOTORING,MOTORCARSHADTOFOLLOWAMANWITHAREDFLAGWHOWOULDWARNHORSEDRAWNVEHICLES,BEFORETHELOCOMOTIVESONHIGHWAYSACT1896ABOLISHEDTHISLAWANDININTERNATIONALFOOTBALL,APLAYERWHOHASMADEASERIOUSVIOLATIONOFTHERULESISSHOWNAREDPENALTYCARDANDEJECTEDFROMTHEGAMERED

41、ISTHEINTERNATIONALCOLOROFSTOPSIGNSANDSTOPLIGHTSONHIGHWAYSANDINTERSECTIONSITWASSTANDARDIZEDASTHEINTERNATIONALCOLORATTHEVIENNACONVENTIONONROADSIGNSANDSIGNALSOF1968ITWASCHOSENPARTLYBECAUSEREDISTHEBRIGHTESTCOLORINDAYTIMENEXTTOORANGE,THOUGHITISLESSVISIBLEATTWILIGHT,WHENGREENISTHEMOSTVISIBLECOLORREDALSOST

42、ANDSOUTMORECLEARLYAGAINSTACOOLNATURALBACKDROPOFBLUESKY,GREENTREESORGRAYBUILDINGSBUTITWASMOSTLYCHOSENASTHECOLORFORSTOPLIGHTSANDSTOPSIGNSBECAUSEOFITSUNIVERSALASSOCIATIONWITHDANGERANDWARNINGWHILEREDISTHECOLORMOSTASSOCIATEDWITHLOVE,ITALSOTHECOLORMOSTFREQUENTLYASSOCIATEDWITHHATRED,ANGER,AGGRESSIONANDWARP

43、EOPLEWHOAREANGRYARESAIDTO“SEERED“REDISTHECOLORMOSTCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHPASSIONANDHEATINANCIENTTIMEREDWASTHECOLOROFMARS,THEGODOFWARTHEPLANETMARSWASNAMEDFORHIMBECAUSEOFITSREDCOLORINOURDAILYLIFE,WEOFTENSAYWELIVEAHOTLIFEINOURMINDS,FIREISREDANDHOT,PASSINGPASSIONANDCOURAGEOFLIFEREDBYALARGEMARGINISTHECOLO

44、RMOSTCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHSEDUCTION,SEXUALITY,EROTICISMANDIMMORALITY,POSSIBLYBECAUSEOFITSCLOSECONNECTIONWITHPASSIONANDWITHDANGERREDISRELEVANTTOTHECOLOROFMOUTHITLEADSUSTOIMAGINEABEAUTIFULLADYWITHASEXYVERMILIONBORDERJUSTLIKETHECOLOROFBLOODITISFULLOFALLUREANDDANGERREPRESENTATIONOFTHECOLORREDINACTUALUS

45、EREDISTHECOLOROFASEVERETERRORISTTHREATLEVELINTHEUNITEDSTATES,UNDERTHEHOMELANDSECURITYADVISORYSYSTEMITWASMOSTLYCHOSENASTHECOLORFORSTOPLIGHTSANDSTOPSIGNSBECAUSEOFITSUNIVERSALASSOCIATIONWITHDANGERANDWARNING,SUCHASAREDTYPHOONALERTSIGNINMANYASIANCOUNTRIES,REDISTHETRADITIONALCOLORFORAWEDDINGDRESSTODAY,SYM

46、BOLIZINGJOYANDGOODFORTUNEININDIA,BRIDESTRADITIONALLYWEARAREDSARI,CALLEDTHESARIOFBLOOD,OFFEREDBYTHEIRFATHER,SIGNIFYINGTHATHISDUTIESASAFATHERARETRANSFERREDTOTHENEWHUSBAND,ANDASASYMBOLOFHISWISHFORHERTOHAVECHILDRENTHEREAREMANYEXAMPLESABOUTREDINREALLIFE,SUCHASREDFLAGSINACELEBRATIONOFMUHARRAMINIRAN52YELLO

47、WACCORDINGTOSURVEYSINEUROPE,CANADAANDTHEUNITEDSTATES,YELLOWISTHECOLORPEOPLEMOSTOFTENASSOCIATEWITHAMUSEMENT,OPTIMISM,GENTLENESS,ANDSPONTANEITY,BUTALSOWITHDUPLICITY,ENVY,JEALOUSY,AVARICE,AND,INTHEUS,WITHCOWARDICEINANCIENTEGYPT,YELLOWWASASSOCIATEDWITHGOLD,WHICHWASCONSIDEREDTOBEIMPERISHABLE,ETERNALANDIN

48、DESTRUCTIBLETHESKINANDBONESOFTHEGODSWEREBELIEVEDTOBEMADEOFGOLDDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGESANDRENAISSANCE,YELLOWBECAMEFIRMLYESTABLISHEDASTHECOLOROFJUDASISCARIOT,THEDISCIPLEWHOBETRAYEDJESUSCHRIST,EVENTHOUGHTHEBIBLENEVERDESCRIBESHISCLOTHINGFROMTHISCONNECTION,YELLOWALSOTOOKONASSOCIATIONSWITHENVY,JEALOUSYANDDUPLI

49、CITYTHE19THCENTURYBRITISHPAINTERJMWTURNERWASONEOFTHEFIRSTINTHATCENTURYTOUTTERYELLOWTOPRODUCEMOODSANDEMOTIONS,THEWAYROMANTICCOMPOSERSWEREUSINGMUSICHISPAINTINGRAIN,STEAM,ANDSPEEDTHEGREATCENTRALRAILWAYWASDOMINATEDBYGLOWINGYELLOWCLOUDSTHEPAINTERVINCENTVANGOGHWASASPECIALADMIREROFTHECOLORYELLOW,THECOLOROFSUNSHINEWRITINGTOHISSISTERFROMTHESOUTHOFFRANCEIN1888,HEWROTE,“NOWWEAREHAVINGBEAUTIFULWARM,WINDLESSWEATHERTHATISVERYBENEFICIALTOMETHESUN,ALIGHTTHATFORLACKOFABETTERWORDICANONLYCALLYELLOW,BRIGHTSULFURYELLOW,PALELEMONGOLDHOWBEAUTIFULYELLOWIS“INTHE20THCENTURY,YELLOWWASREVIVEDASASYMBOLOFEXCLU