上海牛津英语7A语法专项讲解及练习.doc

1、 1语法专项讲解及练习现在完成时（一）含义现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)（二）结构助动词 have /has+动词过去分词，主语为第三人称单数用 has，其他人称用 have 。（三）句

2、型1、肯定句：主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。I have studied English for 5 years .2、否定句：主语+have /has+not + 动词过去分词+其他。We havent been there .3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+ 主语+动词过去分词+其他？Has he eaten that apple ?4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+ 动词过去分词+其他？（四）用法1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与 for, since 连用。 e.g. Mary has been ill fo

3、r three days. I have lived here since 1998.2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如 already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.I havent seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet?3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用e.g. Ha

4、ve you ever been to Beijing? I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如 now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, ju

5、st, today, up to present, so far 等。e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has bee too much rain this year.The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.5、现

6、在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上 for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。2e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。e.g. We have

7、had four texts this semester.现在完成时中的时间状语：already 通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经” ，位于行为动词之前 , be 动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：We have already cleaned the classroom.Have you finished it already？yet 用于疑问句中表示“已经” ；用于否定句中，表示“还(没) ”。例如：Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？No, not yet. 是, 还没有。ever 意为“曾经” ，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词

8、和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。never 意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。 ever 与否定词not 连用相当于 never。例如：I havent ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。just 意为 “刚刚 ”, 用于现在完成时 , 表示行为刚刚过去 , 位于助动词与过去分词之间。e.g. He h

9、as just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。 just now 意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。for 和 since 的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。 注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970. I havent seen her since she left Shanghai. I saw Ping P

10、ing six years ago. Since I havenever seen her. have/has gone to、have/has been to 和 have/has been in 的区别。have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来have/ has been to 曾经去过 , 人已经回来了have/ has been in 已经在 , 常与一段时间连用e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海 10

11、 年了。Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ：一般过去式：过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作。现在完成时：为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。现在完成时强调 过去发生的动作与现在的联系，对现在的影响。一般过去时强调过去发生的动作或状态， 与现在没有联系。3现在现在一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：I have visited the factory.I visited th

12、e factory last year.二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词） ，常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：Have you had your breakfast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.注意： 这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：How many words have you learned by heart?How did you learn them by heart?三看句中谓语

13、动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago.现在完成时练习题一、单项选择1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai ,

14、 has he ?. already .never .ever . still43、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year. is writing .was writing .wrote .has written 5、-Our country _ a lot so far .-Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good.

15、 has changed ; better . changed ; better6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . Knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have

16、seen . saw .see9、-These farmers have been to the United States .-Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone10、-_ you _ your homework yet ?-Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish二

17、、句型转换3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) （动词填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）Her mother _ the Party three years _ .7

18、、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)_ two years _ the Green family moved to Fra nce.8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) _ 二、句型转换。1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead 4、has been open 5、has been away 6、joined；ago7、It is, since 8、The bus has

19、been here for ten minutes. 人称代词和物主代词 1人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前（有时候位于 than 之后），宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。 2物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词。 5一.填写代词表主格。I it weyou themhis yourhers二.用所给词的适当形式填空。1. That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2. The dress is _. Give it to

20、 _. ( she ) 3. Is this _ watch? (you) No, its not _ . ( I ) 4. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he ) 5. _ dresses are red. (we) What colour are _? ( you ) 6. Here are many dolls, which one is _ ? ( she ) 7. I can find my toy, but wheres _? ( you ) 8. Show _ your kite, OK?

21、 (they) 9. I have a beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it ) 10. Are these _ tickets? No, _ are not _. _ arent here. ( they ) 11. Shall _ have a look at that classroom? That is _ classroom. ( we ) 12. _ is my aunt. Do you know _ job? _ a nurse. ( she ) 13. That is not _ camera. _is at

22、 home. ( he ) 14. Where are _? I cant find _. Lets call _ parents. ( they ) 15. Dont touch _. _ not a cat, _ a tiger! 16. _ sister is ill. Please go and get _. ( she ) 17. _ dont know her name. Would you please tell _. ( we ) 18. So many dogs. Lets count _. ( they ) 19. I have a lovely brother. _ is

23、 only 3. I like _ very much. ( he ) 20. May I sit beside _? ( you ) 21. Look at that desk. Those book are on _. ( it ） 22.The girl behind _ is our friend. (she )名词复数和动词三单一、名词复数规则 1一般情况下，直接加-s，如： book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2以 s. x. sh. ch 结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, w

24、atch-watches 3以“辅音字母+y” 结尾，变 y 为 i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4以“f 或 fe”结尾，变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chines

25、e, Japanese-Japanese 练习：写出下列各词的复数。 I _ him _ this _ her _ watch _ book_child _ photo _ diary _ day_ foot_ dress _ tooth_ sheep _ box_ strawberry _ thief _yo-yo _ peach_ sandwich _ man_ woman_ paper_ people_6二动词三单的变化规则 1一般情况下，直接加-s，如： cook-cooks, milk-milks 2以 s. x. sh. ch. o 结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses,

26、 wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3以“辅音字母+y” 结尾，变 y 为 i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 练习: 写出下列动词的第三人称单数。drink _ go _ stay _ make _ look _ have_ pass_ carry _ come_ watch_plant_ fly _ study_ brush_ teach_一般现在时一般现在时基本用法介绍 一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six

27、every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成 1. be 动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它) 。如：We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加“-s“或“-es“ 。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 一般现在时的变化1. be 动词的变化。否定句：主语+ be + not + 其它。如：He is not

28、 a worker. 他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+ 其它。如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, Im not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化。否定句：主语+ dont( doesnt ) +动词原形(+其它)。如：I dont like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用 doesnt 构成否定句。如：He doesnt often play. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+ 其它。如：- Do you often play football? -

29、Yes, I do. / No, I dont. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用 does 构成一般疑问句。如：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work? 一般现在时用法专练: 一、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often _(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One. 3. We _(not watch) TV on

30、 Monday. 4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. _ they _(like) the World Cup? 6. What _they often _(do) on Saturdays? 7. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day? 8. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There _(be) some water in the

31、bottle. 11. Mike _(like) cooking. 12. They _(have) the same hobby. 13. My aunt _(look) after her baby carefully. 714. You always _(do) your homework well. 15. I _(be) ill. Im staying in bed. 16. She _(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _(watch) TV

32、 in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _(have) eight lessons this term. 20. What day _(be) it today? Its Saturday. 二、按照要求改写句子。 1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句) _ 2. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答 ) _ 3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答 ) _ 4. Amy likes playing computer games.(改为一般

33、疑问句，作否定回答) _ 5. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句) _ 6. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句) _ 7. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问) _ 8. John comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问) _ 9. She is always a good student.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) _ 10. Simon and Daniel like going skating.(改为否定句) _ 三、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的

34、写在横线上 ) 1. Is your brother speak English? _ 2. Does he likes going fishing? _ 3. He likes play games after class. _ 4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. _ 5. She dont do her homework on Sundays. _现在进行时 1现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为 be+动词 ing.3现在进行时的否定句在 be 后加 not。 4现在进行时的一般

35、疑问句把 be 动词调到句首。 5现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为：疑问词不达意 + be + 主语 + 动词 ing? 但疑问词当主语时其结构为： 疑问词不达意 + be + 动词 ing? 动词加 ing 的变化规则 1一般情况下，直接加 ing，如： cook-cooking 2以不发音的 e 结尾，去 e 加 ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 83如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加 ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词： play_ run_ swim

36、 _ make_ go_ like_ write_ ski_ read_ have_ sing _ dance_ put_ see_ love_ live_ take_ come _ get_ stop_ sit _ begin_ shop_ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空： 1.The boy _ ( draw)a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _ ( sing)in the classroom . 3. My mother _ ( cook )some nice food now. 4. What _ you _ ( do ) now? 5. Loo

37、k . They _( have) an English lesson . 6.They _(not ,water) the flowers now. 7.Look! the girls _(dance )in the classroom . 8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _(listen ) to music. 9. Its 5 oclock now. We _(have)supper now 10._Helen_(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is . 三、句型转换： 1. They are doing housework

38、.(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句 ) _ _ 2The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) _ _ 3Im playing the football in the playground .(对划线部分进行提问) _ 4Tom is reading books in his study . (对划线部分进行提问) _将来时一、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, the day afte

39、r tomorrow（后天）等。 二、基本结构：be going to + do； will+ do. 三、否定句：在 be 动词（am, is, are）l 后加 not 或情态动词 will 后加 not 成 wont。例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 四、一般疑问句： be 或 will 提到句首，some 改为 any, and 改为 or，第一二人称互换。例如：We are going to go on an outing this we

40、ekend. Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 五、对划线部分提问：一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。 1. 问人。Who 例如：Im going to New York soon. Whos going to New York soon. 92. 问干什么。What do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3. 问什么时候。When.例如：Shes going to go to bed at nine. When is she going to bed? 六、同义句：be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 练习：填空。 1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_ _ _