1、(一) 语气是动词的一种特殊形式,它用来表示说话者对说话内容的看法的态度。在英语中, 语气可以通过限定动词表示。英语的语气可以分为三种: 1. 陈述语气:陈述事实、提出疑问或表示感叹。 e.g. She is very beautiful. 2. 祈使语气 - 提出请求、命令、劝告等。 e.g. Please hand in your exercises. 3. 虚拟语气 - 表示主观愿望、建议、假想、虚拟、委婉的请求和祝愿等. e.g. I wish I were a bird. 大多数句子的谓语都用陈述语气。祈使句用祈使语气。只有某几类句子要用虚拟语气, 且往往用于书面语。虚拟语气的应用大
2、致上有两类形式。 一、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 英语的条件句有两类:真实条件句和非真实条件句。如果提出的条件是可以实现的或 者与现实情况相吻合的,就是真是条件句,句子中使用一般性质的陈述语气,即主、从句 中谓语使用的时态与时间相一致。如: e.g. I) If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go fishing. II) If there is no electricity (电), the computer cant work. 如果提出的条件与现实相反或不大可能实现的,则为非真实条件句。这个时候就需要 使用虚拟语气。如: e.g. I) If
3、 I were you, I would consider her advice. II) If you had listened to my suggestion, you would have succeeded. 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气在时态上的使用有其固定的规律,可以列表如下: 条件从句 主句 与现在事实相反 过去式:did, were should / would / could / might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实可能相反 should / were
4、 to + 动词原形 should / would / could / might + 动词原形 e.g. I) If I knew German, I would read the book in origin. 如果我懂德文,我就要看这本书的原文了。(与现在事实相反) II) You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes. 如果你多穿点衣服,你就不会着凉了。(与过去事实相反) III) If they were to (should) act like that again, we should criticize
5、them severely. 如果他们要再这样做,我们就要严厉的批评他们。(与将来事实可能相反) 【注 1】在上面表格中,条件从句与结果主句的时态不是一种固定的搭配,二是假设主 从句的内容针对的时间是一致的。如果主从句的内容所表达的时间不一致的时候,如一个 是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的,那么主从句的动词形式则应根据各自所表示的时间来 调整。 e.g. I) If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now. 如果他多得六票,他现在就是我们的主席了。 II) If we hadnt got everything re
6、ady by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 如果现在一切都还没准备好,明天情况就糟了。 【注 2】有些虚拟条件句不用 if 从句表现出来,而是通过介词、介词短语、动词不定 式短语、抽象名词、动名词短语、形容词比较级、“名词 - 分词”组成的独立主格结构、 并列句、形容词从句、副词从句或利用上下文等形式表现出来。这类词语有 without, with, under, but for (要不是,后接名词或代词), except for, Given more time, but that (要不是,后接从句), or, oth
7、erwise (否则的话), or else (否则)等。如: e.g. I) This change could not have taken place without much money. 如果没有很多钱的话,这种变化是不可能发生的。 II) I lost your telephone number; otherwise I would have rung you up long before. 我把你的电话号码丢了,不然我早就给你打电话了。 III) He would have helped us but that he had been short of money at that
8、 time. 要不是他当时手头拮据的话,他本来是会帮助我们的。 IV) We could have done better under more favorable conditions. 在更有利的条件下,我们是能够做得更好些的。 【注 3】在书面语中,条件从句可以不用连词 if,而将从句中的助动词 should, had 或 were 置于句首,从而构成倒装虚拟句。如: e.g. I) Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded. 要是准备充分的话,我们是可能成功的。 II) Were it not for there
9、 assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. 要不是他们帮忙的话,我们会陷入困境。 III) Should there be a flood, what should we do? 万一发生水灾我们怎么办? (二) 二、命令式虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用 1. 一些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义动词的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气。此类虚 拟语气被称为命令式虚拟语气。命令性虚拟语气由“should + 动词原形”组成,should 可以省去,用在 that-分句中。这类常见的动词有:advise,ask(要求、请求), beg,command (命令)
10、,decide,demand,desire,direct (指示), insist,instruct,move (动议、提议),order,prefer (宁愿),propose (提议), recommend (推荐),request,require,suggest,urge (强烈要求)等。如果主句中包含 有以上动词的被动语态,从句中也要用 should动词原形所构成的虚拟语气。与此同时, 有这些动词所派生的名词后面的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)也需要 用同类虚拟语气。如: e.g. I) I propose that we (should) set a deadline
11、for handing in the plans. 我建议定出一个提交计划的期限。 II) They urged that the library be kept open during the holidays. 他们强烈要求图书馆节假日仍开放。 III) It is recommended that the project (should) not be started until all the preparations have been made. 有人建议在所有准备工作做好之后再开始这个工程。 IV) It has been decided that the meeting (sh
12、ould) be postponed till next week. 已经决定将会议延迟到下个星期六召开。 V) The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone. 每个人都接受让市长来颁发这些奖项的建议。 VI) His sole requirement is that the system (should) be adjusted. 他唯一的要求是把这个体系做些调整。 【注】当 suggest 意为“暗示,表明”,insist 意为“坚决认为”时,宾语从句应用 陈述语气。如:
13、 e.g. I) There are many people who would like to insist that only human beings are capable of feeling the emotion of love. 有许多人仍然坚持认为只有人类才能感受到爱这种情感。 II) These figures suggest that they have made great profits this year. 2. 用于“It is + adj. + that .”句型中,that 所引导的主语从句谓语动词需要 用“should动词原形”所构成的虚拟语气。常见的形容词
14、有 advisable (可取的,明智 的),appropriate (合适的),best,better,crucial (至关重要的),desirable (值得 要的,合意的),essential (必不可少的),important,necessary,preferable,urgent (紧迫的),vital (必须的)等。如: e.g. I) It is most important that children (should) learn to have a sense of responsibility (责任感). II) It will be better that we me
15、et some other time. 最好我们在另外一个时间碰头。 3. 在由 lest 引导的副词从句中,谓语多用“should +动词原形”,should 可以省略, 意为“以防,生怕,惟恐”。如: e.g. She put her coat over the child lest he (should) catch a cold. 她把外套盖在孩子身上以免他着凉。 4. 在 though,whatever,if,whoever,however,whichever,no matter (what, how, who),whether 等连接代词或副词引导的副词从句用虚拟语气。这时,谓语动
16、词用动 词原形,表示推测、让步等含义。另外句子还可以使用倒装结构。如: e.g. I) Whatever be the reason, he refused to go. 不管什么理由,他都拒绝去。 II) Be it true or not, I will see myself. 不管是真是假,我都会亲自看一看。 III) All substances, whether they be gaseous, liquid or solid, are made up of atoms. 所有物质,不管它们是气态的,液态的还是固态的,都是由原子组成的。 三、虚拟语气的其它用法 1. 虚拟语气也可用于
17、由 if only,as if (好像),as though (好像,似乎) 之类的 连词所引导的副词从句和主语补足语从句中。if only 是 if 的强化形式,表示讲话人祈愿 某事的发生,条件分句总是放在主句之前,意为“要是,只要”;if only 条件分句有时 也可以单独使用,表示一种假设的祈愿,意为“但愿,要是就好了”。 主动词的前面 还可加 only,just 或 but 以加强语气。如果是表示对现在的愿望,从句的时态往往用一般 过去时,如果是表示对过去的愿望,从句则用过去完成时。如: e.g. I) If only he didnt drive so fast. II) If on
18、ly I had listened to my parents! (=I wish I had listened to my parents.) 要是我早听从我父母亲的意见就好了! III) He spoke to me as if I were deaf. 他跟我说话时就像我是个聋子似的。 【注】as if,as though 所引导的从句不一定要用虚拟语气。若从句的情形是根据现 在迹象作推测,而有可能发生,则用陈述语气。如: e.g. It looks as if its going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。 2. wish, suppose 引导的 that-从句用来表示说
19、话者难以实现或与事实违背的愿望, 具有较强的感情色彩。对现状表示的愿望,从句谓语动词用过去式;对过去发生的事情表 示遗憾、后悔,从句谓语动词用“had done 或 would/could + have done”。对将来发生 的事情表示祝愿,从句谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”。 e.g. I) I wish I could have gone with you last night. 我真希望昨晚能够跟你一起去。 II) We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. 但愿我们过去对发音注意得更多一些。 I
20、II) I wish I were as strong as you. 我希望像你一样强壮。 IV) Just suppose everyone would give up smoking and drinking. 要是每个人都能戒烟、戒酒,那就好了。 3. 在 would rather,would sooner,would as soon 和 would just as soon 引导的 状语从句中,当表示现在和将来要做的事情时,要用一般过去时;当表示过去要做的事情 时,用过去完成时。 e.g. I) I would rather they left tomorrow. 我宁愿他们明天走。
21、 II) I could go myself but I would sooner you went. 我自己也能去,但我宁愿你去。 III) I would rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her. 我真希望你当时对她说话不是那么粗鲁。 4. 在 It is (high, about) time (that). 的句型中,定语从句的谓语动词要一般 用过去时构成的虚拟语气,或 should +动词原形(should 不能省略)表示建议,意为“该 是的时候了”。 e.g. I) It is high time that we (should) put an e
22、nd to piracy. 现在是该停止盗版的时候了。 II) Its time that we went (or should go) to bed. 该是睡觉的时候了。 5. 虚拟语气还可用于公式化表达中,表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。它主要用在独立 分句中的某些固定结构中,由动词原形构成。公式化的虚拟语气在语体上往往显得很正式。 如: e.g. I) May God bless you all and give you comfort in this difficult time. 愿上帝保佑你们所有的人,并在这一艰难的时刻给予你们慰籍。 II) May you be happy all your life. 祝一生幸福。
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