英语十大词类.doc

1、英语十大词类名词：用来表示人或事物的名称的词。Nouns (n.) box, pen, tree, apple动词：表示动作或状态Verb (v.) Jump, sing,visit代词：用来代替名词,数词等 Pronouns (pron.) We, this, them, myself形容词：用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征Adjectives (adj.) good, sad, high, short副词：修饰动,形,副等词,表示动作特征Adverbs (adv.) there,widely,suddenly数词：表示人或者事物数目的多少或者顺序的先后。Numerals (num.) on

2、e,two, first介词：用在名词或代词前,说明它与别的词的关系。Prepositions (prep.) in,on,down,up冠词：用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的范围Articles (art.) a, an, the感叹词：表示感叹语气的词。Interjections(int.) oh,hello,hi,yeah连词：连接作用的词,词与词,短语与短语,句子与句子之间Conjunctions(conj.) if, because, but冠 词一、定义与分类冠词是用于名词之前用以说明该名词含义的虚词(在现代英语中冠词被称为限定词)。冠词是典型的限定词。一般依附于名词而产生功能，不能

3、离开名词而单独存在。二、不定冠词的主要用法a;an1. 泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。如： A bird has wings. 鸟有翅膀。2. 表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per)。 We meet twice a week. 我们每星期碰两次头。 They are sold at two dollars a dozen. 他们的售价是每打两美元。3. 用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”。如： Well have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。4. 在某些物质名词前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”； 还用于具体化了的抽象名词前。 A coffee / te

4、a / beer, please. 请来杯咖啡 / 茶 / 啤酒。 He was a success in business. 他事业成功。 Its a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。5. 在专有名词前表示“某一个”、“类似的一个”。如： A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。三、定冠词的主要用法the1. 表示特指。如： Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?2. 表示独一无二的人或事物。如： The earth goes around the sun.

5、地球绕着太阳转。3. 表示方向或方位。如： The sun rises in the east. 红太阳从东方升起。4. 用于序数词或形容词最高级前。如： You will be the first to speak. 你将第一个发言。 He was thought to be the best player. 他被公认为是最佳选手。5. 用于表示乐器名称的名词之前。如： He plays the piano very well. 他的钢琴弹得很好。7. 用于姓氏的复数前（表示这一夫妇或者一家人）。如： The Greens have no children. 格林夫妇没有小孩。8.用于世纪前

6、或者表示年代的数词前 It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD. 它有公元一世纪由古罗马人建造的最古老的港口。9.用于固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位的名词”。 Tony approached Julia，touched her shoulder and kissed her on the check. 托尼走近茱莉亚，摸了摸她的肩并亲了她的脸！10.由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 The Great Wall 长城 四、零冠词的用法1. 用于非特指的季节、月份、星期及三餐等名称前。如：

7、 Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。 Wont you stay for lunch? 留在这儿吃午饭好吗? I must finish it by end of July. 我必须在七月底前完成它。2. 用于球类，棋类和游戏名称以及含 day 的节日前。如： Used you to play football? 你过去常踢足球吗? New Years Day is a holiday for everyone. 元旦是所有人的节日。3. 在称呼语、头衔、和职务等名称前。 He was a teacher before he turned write

8、r. 他成为作家之前是教师。4. 专有名词前（国家名，地方名，街道名，广场名，车站名，机场名，大学名，节日名，杂志名）5. 名词前已有指示代词、物主代词或不定冠词时冠词的练习题( ) 1. A little boy wrote_ U and_ N on the wall.A. a; an B. an; a C. an; an D. a; a( ) 2.Mrs Smith is _ friend of _A. the; mine B. a; me C. the; my D. a; mine( ) 3. _monkey can climb_trees.A. /; the B. A; / C. Th

9、e; a D. /; /( ) 4.My mother had_ fever, so I had to look after her.A. a B. the C. / D. this( ) 5. There came _ great noise. It frightened us.A. the B. a C. / D. that( ) 6. People often go to swim in_summer.A./ B. a C. an D. the( ) 7. The teacher is standing_ the class and giving his lessons.A. in th

10、e front of B. at the front of C. in front of D. at the front( ) 8. Mary is fond of watching _ TV while Henry is interested in listeningto_radio. A. the; / B. /; the C. the; the D. /; /( ) 9.The children all had a good time on_ Childrens Day.A. the B. their C. a D. /( ) 10.She went to _ town on _ foo

11、t. A. the; a B. /; / C. /; the D. the; the( ) 11. _ home, I met a friend of mine.A. On my way B. On my way to the C. On ones way D. On my way to( ) 12.The young nurse is kind to _ ill in the hospital. A. a B. an C. / D. the( ) 13.I am atloss at the moment. Can you help me? Thats out of question.What

12、 can I do for you? A.a;/B.a;theC./;aD./;the( )14.Mr.White was madegeneral manager of the company last week. Look，new manager is coming! A.the;/ B.a;theC./;the D.the;the( ) 15.These two swimming pools are ofsize.But another two are twicesize of them. A.the;the B.a;theC.a;aD.the;a( )16.Becauseunemploy

13、ment is very high at present，its not easy for a fresh graduate to find satisfying job as he wishes. A.the;/B./;aC.the;aD，an;the( ) 17.Beyondstars，Fei Junlong，the Chinese astronaut，saw nothing butspace. A./;theB.the;/C./;/D.the;the( )18.According to announcement by Guangzhou Prices Bureau，newmeasures

14、 which have been taken recently are expected to cut the price of consumer durables. A.the;/B.an;theC./;theD.an;/动词的种类按单词功能分类：实义动词；连系动词；助动词； 情态动词 按词义特点分类：延续性动词； 非延续性动词按构词方式分类：单词动词; 短语动词1. 实义动词：是能独立作谓语的动词。根据其句法作用又可分为及物动词（本身意思不完整，需要接宾语才能使语义完整）和不及物动词（不需要接宾语）。2. 连系动词：它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构来说明主语的

15、状况、性质、特征等情况。连接主语和表语。 be 动词: am, is, are, was ,were感官类系动词：look (看起来), sound (听起来), smell(闻起来), taste (尝起来),feel(觉得),touch (摸起来)等. Her voice sounds beautiful. 她的声音听起来很动人. This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来(手感)很软. 变化类系动词：become, turn, get, grow等. His face turned red. 他的脸变红了. The man grew rich w

16、ithin a short time. 那个人在很短的时间内就变富了. 状态类系动词：keep, remain, stay, lie, stand等. The weather remains old. 天气依然很冷. Why he remains a secret. 他为何离开仍然时一个谜. 表像类系动词： look, seem, appear. He looks happy. 他看起来很幸福. He seems(to be)very sad. 他看起来很伤心. 3. 助动词：一般无实际意义，只是帮助构成谓语，表示时态，语态，语气等，或者帮助构成疑问式及否定式。常见的助动词有：be（am，is

17、，are，was，were）；have（has，had）；do(does, did); shall(should); will(would) be 作为助动词，主要用来构成进行时态和被动语态。We are working hard in the garden. 我们在花园里辛勤劳动。（构成现在进行时） The house was painted purple.房子被刷成紫色的。（构成被动语态） do 作为助动词，用来构成疑问句、否定句、强调句。Do you live in Shanghai? 你住在上海吗？（构成疑问句）I dont like to have hamburgers. 我不喜欢吃

18、汉堡包。（构成否定句） Do come please.一定要来。（构成强调句） have 作为助动词，用来构成完成时态。Have you finished the work?你的工作完成了没有？（构成现在完成时）shall 和 will 作为助动词，用来构成将来时态。（shall仅用于第一人称；will可用于各种人称）I will call you this evening.今晚我会打电话给你。 （构成一般将来时） What shall we do next week?下个星期我们做什么？ （构成一般将来时）4. 情态动词：无人称和数的变化。表示说话人的语气和情态。除了ought，used外，

19、后加不带to 的动词不定式。情态动词后面直接加动词原形can（could）能，可能；may（might）许可，也许；must（必须）；have to（不得不）；shall（should）应当，要；will（would）愿意，要；need需要；dare敢。推测：might或许may可能must一定情态动词答语1、Need I -? Yes, you must. No, you neednt.2、Must I -? Yes, you must. No, you neednt./No, you dont have to.3、May I -? Yes, you may./Yes, certainly.

20、/Yes, of course. No, you may not./No, you cant./No, you mustnt.4、Shall I -? Yes, please. No, thanks./No, you cant.反对/No, you neednt.委婉/No, you mustnt.禁止5、Could I -? Yes, you can./Yes, you may. No, you cant.动词的基本形式 绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去 分词和现在分词。 A. 第三人称单数形式的构成 一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加

21、s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同： 1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如workworks, writewrites。 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guessguesses, mixmix, finishfinishes, catchcatches。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如studystudies。 注：不规则变化的有havehas, beis, gogoes, dodoes等。 B. 现在分词的构成 1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如studystudying, workworking。 2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先

22、去掉e再加ing，如writewriting, movemoving。 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如getgetting, beginbeginning。 4. 以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lielying, diedying, tietying。 注：(1) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如controlcontrolling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如traveltraveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(2) 特例：picnicpicnicking。 Lie 撒谎 li

23、eliedliedlying Lie 躺 lielaylainlying Lay 放置，下蛋 laylaidlaidlaying C. 过去式和过去分词的构成 1. 一般情况直接加ed，如askasked, workworked。 2. 以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如loveloved, dancedanced。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如trytried, studystudied。 4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stopstopped, permitpermitted。 注：(1) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l

24、，如controlcontrolled；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如traveltraveled(美) /traveled(英) 。(2) 特例：picnicpicnicked。另外，还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需要熟记。主 谓 一 致A.语法一致原则: 主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在“数”的形式上，即用作主语的 名词词组和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致。1单数或不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。The teacher is here and the students are there老师在这里，学生在那边。2each，ev

25、ery，neither，either作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。如： Each of the rooms is full of people每间屋子都挤满了人。3主语后接with，together，with，but，like，as well as，except等短语作定语时，谓语不受定语影响。The teacher together with his students is going there on foot老师和他的学生一起步行到达那里。4some-，any-，no-，every-与-body，-one，-thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如： Everyon

26、e seeks happiness每个人都追求幸福。5动词不定式、动词的-ing形式或从句等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：What we need is time我们所需要的就是时间。To enjoy life is to enjoy happiness享受生活就是享受幸福。6某些只有复数形式的名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。这类名词常见的有clothes，trousers， shorts， pants， shoes， gloves， scissors等。如：My clothes are usually made by my mother我的衣服通常是由妈妈做的。7由and或bothand连接的

27、并列主语，谓语动词用复数。如：Both rice and wheat are grown in our country.大米和小麦在我们国家都种植。8pair ofkind of等表示数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语动词要与pair等名词的形式一致。如：A pair of glasses is lying on the table一副眼镜在桌上。Fifty pair of pants are made in our factory each day每天我们的工厂能生产五十条裤子。9What引导的主语从句，谓语动词采用单数形式，如表语是复数或what从句是带有复数意义的并列结构，主语的谓语动词也可

28、采用复数形式。如：What I want are books我想要的就是书。练习题Each boy and girl_a new bookAare given Bwas given Cbeing given Dwere givenNobody but Jane_the secret Aknows Bknow Chave know Dis know Something_wrong with my TV setAwas Bwere Chas Dale _good exerciseAClimbing hills is BClimbing the hill is CThe climbing hill

29、are DThe climbing of hill areMy clothes_made to orderAis Bare Chas D haveWhat you said_ trueAare Bis Chave been DwereB.意义一致原则: 主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法的单复数形式，而取决于主语的单复数意义。1表示度量、价格、时间、长度的复数名词、词组作主语时，一般被看作一个整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Five thousand yuan is enough for this long trip5 000元对于这次旅行足够了。2集体名词family，team，crew

30、，company，class，group，government等，如果看作整体则谓语用单数，如果强调其中的每一个组成成员，谓语动词用复数。如：My family is a small one with three people我家是一个有三口人的小家庭。My family are all fond of sports我们全家都喜欢运动。值得注意的是people，police，cattle等集体名词没有单数形式，它们作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。如：The police ale looking for him警察正在找他。3如果并列主语指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，其谓语动词要用单数形式，这

31、时and后的名词没有冠词。如：A knife and fork is used in the west餐刀和叉子常用在西方国家。4用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国家名等的复数名词作主语，其谓语动词用单数。如：The Times is a very interesting newspaper时代是一份很有趣的报纸。5以一ics结尾的学科名词mathematics，physics，politics等，以及抽象名词news等，属于形式复数意义单数，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Physics is an important subject in middle schools 物理在中学是一门重要

32、的学科。6算式中，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。如：Forty minus fifteen leavesis twentyfive四十减十五等于二十五。Five times eight is/are forty五乘以八等于四十。7“the+形容词”作主语时，如果指一类人，其谓语动词用复数形式；如果指抽象概念，其谓语动词用单数 如：The rich should help the poor富人应该帮助穷人。The new is sure to take the place of the old新生事物最终会取代旧的事物。8疑问代词who，what，which，不定

33、代词all，more，sortie，any，none，most等，“分数或百分数+of+名词或代词”，以及名词half，part，the rest等，它们作主语既可以表示复数意义，又可以表示单数意义，其谓语动词要视具体情况而定。如：Which is your room?哪个是你的房间?Which are your rooms?哪几间是你们的房间?Are any of the students interested in going?学生中有人有兴趣去吗?Has any of you got a fountainpen?你们中间谁有自来水笔? 练习题Twenty dollars_enough f

34、or the coat Ais Bare Chas Dhave My old friend and schoolmate_ in Beijing A1ive B1iving C living D1ives Five minus three_two Ais Bare Call Dwere The old_taken good care of in our country Ais Bhas Care DhaveThree-fourths of surface of the earth_Sea. Ais Bare Cwere Dhas been Half of the students _made

35、the same mistake Ahas Bhave Cis DareC.就近原则:谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式，这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做“就近原则”。1由there，here引起多个主语时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。如：There was carved on the board a dragon and a phoenix在板子上雕有一条龙和一只风。Here is a pen，a few envelopes and some paper for you这儿有一支笔、几个信封和一些纸给你。2当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由eitheror

36、或neithernor连接起来时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致。如：Either you or Yao Ming is to do the work不是你就是姚明来做这项工作。Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my son to change his mind我和我爱人都没法说服我的儿子改变主意。3由not onlybut also，not but等连词连接主语时，谓语动词要与最近的主语保持一致。Not only the students but also the teacher has gone to the Great Wal1

37、不但学生而且老师都去了长城。练习题（1）There_ always a lot of good news over the radioAare Bis Cwere Dhave been（2） Either Tom or I _to blame Ato be Bam Care Dis（3）Neither my sister nor I _going to the moviesAis Bare Cam Dwere历届高考英语主谓一致精选 1.Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A.know B.knows C.have known D.is known2.All but on

38、e _ here just now.A.is B.was C.has been D.were3.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.A.isB.are C.am D.be4.A library with five thousnd books _ to the nation as a gift.A.is offered B.have offered C.are offered D.has offered5.When and where to build the new

39、factory _ yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decidedD.have not decided6.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were , was B.was , was C.was , were D.were , were7._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A.Two fif

40、th , isB.Two fifth , are C.Two fifths , is D.Two fifths , are8.This is one of the most interesting questions that _ asked.A.have B.has C.have been D.has been 9.Between then two rows of trees _ the teaching building.A.stand B.stands C.standing D.are10.All that can be done_.A.has been done B.has done

41、C.have done D.were done11.They each _ a new dictionary.A.has B.have C.is D.are12.The singer and the dancer _ come to the meeting.A.has B.have C.are D.is13.I have finished a large part of the book ; the rest _more difficult.A.is B.are C.was D.were14.The wounded _ by the hospital.A.have been taken inB

42、.has been taken in C.have taken in D.has taken in15.How are the team playing? Theyre playing well, but one of them _ hurt. （北京.春季） A、got B、gets C、are D、were16.As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land.（上海2001） A、number; has B、quantity; has C、number; have D、quantit

43、y; have17.All the preparations for the task _ , and we are ready to start. (全国春季卷) A、completed B、complete C、had been completed D、have been completed 18.I told him what I was surprised _ his attitude towards his study.(春季上海卷) A、is B、was C、at is D、at was 19.Every possible means _ to prevent the air pollu