归化和异化两种翻译策略.doc

1、ONDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONINTHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESEIDIOMSBYPROFJIAGUOSU，TUTORSUBMITTEDTOTHEBACOMMITTEEINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOFBACHELOROFARTSINTHEENGLISHDEPARTMENTOFHEBEITEACHERSUNIVERSITYAUGUST6,2012摘要汉语成语是汉民族文化的精华，包含着丰富的民族文化色彩。它体现了中国悠久的历史文化和汉语言文化特点。为了适应社会的发展趋势和外国读者的

2、需要，学者们力求将成语的翻译做到尽善尽美，但如何恰当的将成语翻译成英语是有一定难度的。完美的翻译不仅要翻译出其表层的意思，更重要的是传译出深层的文化内涵。本论文主要分析了归化和异化两种翻译策略，以及怎样去运用这两个策略才能更好地去诠释汉语成语。本文总共有三章，在第一章我们将具体介绍成语的定义和其所特有的特征和所包含的文化韵味。第二章简单的介绍了归化和异化的概念和国内外学者各自的观点。第三章作者对归化和异化进行了对比分析，分析在归化和异化的两种策略的指导下，应该采用什么方法去翻译成语，并指出应该针对不同的成语做出选择直译、意译、套译（英语成语借用）还是直译加注。本文的宗旨是，找到合适的方法去诠释

3、成语，从而扩大中国文化在世界的影响力，做到真正的让世界了解中国，让中国吸引世界，起到弘扬中华文化，促进对外交流的作用。关键字归化；异化；成语；文化ABSTRACTCHINESEIDIOMSCONTAINRICHNATIONALCULTUREANDTHEYARETHECREAMOFOURNATIONALCULTUREITVIVIDLYREFLECTSTHELONGHISTORYOFCHINAANDTHECHINESELANGUAGEANDCULTURECHARACTERISTICSTHENEEDSOFFOREIGNREADERSREQUIRETHESCHOLARSTOSTRIVETODOTHEB

4、ESTINTRANSLATIONOFCHINESEIDIOMSHOWEVERPROPERLYTRANSLATINGCHINESEIDIOMINTOENGLISHISSTILLAHEADACHEFORTRANSLATORSHOMEANDABROADTHISPAPERMAINLYANALYZESTHETWOTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIES,DOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATION,ANDHOWTOAPPLYTHESTRATEGYTODIRECTTHEIDIOMSTRANSLATIONSOTHATWECANDEFINECHINESECULTUREPERFECTLYTHI

5、SPAPERCONSISTSOFTHREECHAPTERSINCHAPTERONE,THEAUTHORINTENDSTOGIVETHEREADERSAGENERALIMPRESSIONOFTHECHINESEIDIOMSANDTHEFEATURESINCHAPTERTWO,THEPAPERGIVESASHORTSUMMARYTODOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONINCHAPTERTHREE,THEPAPERCONDUCTSACOMPARISONBETWEENTHEDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONACCORDINGTOTHETWOSTRATE

6、GIES,THISPAPERANALYZESTHEMETHODSTHATBEAPPLIEDTOTRANSLATECHINESEIDIOMSANDPOINTSOUTTHATTRANSLATORSSHOULDMAKEACHOICEINACCORDANCEWITHCHARACTERISTICOFIDIOM,LITERALTRANSLATION,FREETRANSLATION,SUBSTITUTIONORLITERALTRANSLATIONPLUSNOTETHISPAPERAIMSTODEFINETHECHINESEIDIOMSAPPROPRIATELY,ASTOBETTERSERVETHECROSS

7、CULTURALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHETWOLANGUAGESKEYWORDSDOMESTICATIONFOREIGNIZATIONCHINESEIDIOMSCULTURECONTENTSINTRODUCTION1CHAPTERONECHINESEIDIOMANDTHEIRCULTURALFEATURES211DEFINITIONSOFCHINESEIDIOMS212FEATURESOFCHINESEIDIOMS2CHAPTERTWODOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATION521THEDEFINITIONOFDOMESTICATIONANDFOREI

8、GNIZATION522THEPRINCIPLESOFDOMESTICATION523THEPRINCIPLESOFFOREIGNIZATION624DEBATESOVERTHETWOSTRATEGIES7CHAPTERTHREETRANSLATINGMETHODSOFCHINESEIDIOMSFROMTHEVIEWOFDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATION931THEAPPLICATIONOFDOMESTICATION932THEAPPLICATIONOFFOREIGNIZATION1133SUMMARY14CONCLUSION15REFERENCES16ACKNOWL

9、EDGEMENTS17河北工程大学学士论文1INTRODUCTIONCHINESEIDIOMSCONTAINRICHNATIONALCULTUREANDTHEYARETHECREAMOFOURNATIONALCULTUREITVIVIDLYREFLECTSTHELONGHISTORYOFCHINAANDTHECHINESELANGUAGEANDCULTURECHARACTERISTICSWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINESEECONOMYANDTHECHINESEREFORMINGANDOPENINGUPPOLICY,CHINAHASMORECONNECTIONWITHOTHE

10、RCOUNTRIESINCOMMUNICATIONANDECONOMYCOOPERATIONFREQUENTINTERNATIONALCOMMUNICATIONSHASPROMOTEDTHEDEEPENINGINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENCHINAANDOTHERNATIONS,MOREANDMOREFOREIGNERSHAVEBECOMEINTERESTEDINTHECHINESECULTUREANDLANGUAGETHENEEDSOFFOREIGNREADERSREQUIRETHESCHOLARSSTRIVETODOTHEBESTINTRANSLATIO

11、NOFCHINESEIDIOMSHOWEVERPROPERLYTRANSLATINGCHINESEIDIOMINTOENGLISHISHEADACHEFORTRANSLATINGPRESENTTHELINGUISTICMEANINGANDTHEINTERPRETATIONOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONTRANSLATIONISNOTCONVERTINGTHELANGUAGESIGNSFROMONELANGUAGETOANOTHERMOSTIDIOMSHAVEITSSOURCES,MYTHSANDLEGENDSANDSOONWEMUSTSEARCHFORMETHODFROMCULTU

12、RALCONNOTATIONWITHOUTTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEBACKGROUNDOFCHINESEIDIOMS,TRANSLATORSWERENTTRANSLATINGCHINESEIDIOMSACCURATELYANDWOULDCONFUSETHEFOREIGNREADERSTHISPAPERINTENDSTOCOMPARESOMECHINESEIDIOMTRANSLATIONFROMTHEVIEWOFDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONANDTRANSLATINGMETHODSTOINTERPRETATIONTHEPROFOUNDCHINESEIDI

13、OMS,INORDERTOHELPTHEREADERSUNDERSTANDTHECHINESECULTUREBETTERTHISPAPERCONSISTSOFTHREECHAPTERSINCHAPTERONE,THEAUTHORINTENDSTOGIVETHEREADERSAGENERALIMPRESSIONOFTHECHINESEIDIOMSANDTHEFEATURESINCHAPTERTWO,THEPAPERGIVESASHORTSUMMARYTODOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONINCHAPTERTHREE,THEPAPERCONDUCTSACOMPARISON

14、BETWEENTHEDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONACCORDINGTOTHETWOSTRATEGIES,THESEPAPERANALYSTSWHICHMETHODCANBEAPPLIEDTOTRANSLATECHINESEIDIOMS河北工程大学学士论文2CHAPTERONECHINESEIDIOMSANDTHEIRCULTURALFEATURESIDIOMSAREASPECIALPARTOFLANGUAGE,IDIOMSARETHEIDIOSYNCRASIESOFALANGUAGE,THEYMIRRORTHENATIONALCHARACTERISTICSEMB

15、ODIEDINALANGUAGEANDALWAYSRICHTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONANDNATIONALFLAVORTHISCHAPTERGIVESADEFINITIONTHECHINESEIDIOMSANDTHEIRCULTUREFEATURES11DEFINITIONSOFIDIOMSACCORDINGTOTHENEWOXFORDDICTIONARYOFENGLISH,IDIOMIS“AGROUPOFWORDSESTABLISHEDBYUSAGEASHAVINGAMEANINGNOTDEDUCIBLEFROMTHOSEOFTHEINDIVIDUALWORDSEGOVER

16、THEMOON,SEETHELIGHTAFORMOFEXPRESSIONNATURALTOALANGUAGE,APERSON,ORGROUPOFPEOPLE”HANKS,2001908INWEBSTERSNEWWORLDDICTIONARYOFTHEAMERICANLANGUAGE1972,IDIOMMEANS“ANACCEPTEDPHRASE,CONSTRUCTION,OREXPRESSIONCONTRARYTOTHEUSUALPATTERNSOFTHELANGUAGEORHAVINGAMEANINGDIFFERENTFROMTHELITERAL”THEWORD“IDIOM”HASDIFFE

17、RENTEXPRESSIONSWHENTRANSLATEITINTOCHINESEGENERALLYSPEAKINGIS“习语”AND“成语”IDIOMCONTAINSSETPHRASE,LITERARYQUOTATIONS,PROVERBS,SLANG,SAYINGANDSOON“成语”REFERSTOTHENARROWCONCEPTOFIDIOMOF“SETPHRASESWITHFIXEDSTRUCTURE”IDIOMSARECULTURELOADEDEXPRESSIONSWHICHCANNOTBEINFERREDMERELYFROMTHEIRLINGUISTICCOMPONENTSING

18、ENERAL,IDIOMSARELINKEDWITHANATIONSRELIGION,GEOGRAPHICALLOCATION,CUSTOMANDHISTORICALBACKGROUNDCHINESEIDIOMSHAVETHEIRUNIQUECULTURALCONNOTATIONINEVERYAREAINTHISPAPER,WEPAYATTENTIONTO“SETPHRASESWITHFIXEDSTRUCTURE”THISPAPERMAINLYFOCUSESONTHETRANSLATIONOFTHIS“SETPHRASESWITHFIXEDSTRUCTURE”12FEATURESOFIDIOM

19、STHEREAREAGREATNUMBEROFIDIOMSUSEDFREQUENTLYBYCHINESEPEOPLEINTHEIRDAILYLIFE,ANDTHEYAREUSEDINMANYFIELDSSTATISTICSSHOWTHATTHEREAREABOUTFIFTYTHOUSANDIDIOMSTHEREFORE,CHINESEIDIOMSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINCHINESEPEOPLELIFEASASPECIALLANGUAGEHAVEMANYUNIQUEFEATURESTHATMAKETHEMDIFFERENTFROM河北工程大学学士论文3OTHERLANGUAG

20、EFORMSCHINESEIDIOMSHAVETHEFOLLOWINGFOURBASICFEATURES121SEMANTICINTEGRITYSEMANTICINTEGRITYOFCHINESEIDIOMSMEANSTHATIDIOMSAREINSEPARABLEINSEMANTICCHINESEIDIOMSAREDIFFERENTFROMCOMMONSETPHRASESINDENOTATIONTHEMEANINGOFANIDIOMCANNOTBEDRAWNOUTBYADDINGUPTHEMEANINGOFEACHELEMENTGENERALLYSPEAKING,ACHINESEIDIOMH

21、ASTWOMEANINGS,DENOTATIVEANDCONNOTATIVEMEANINGDENOTATIVEMEANINGREFERTOTHELITERALMEANINGSOFSOMEIDIOMSSUCHAS悬崖勒马AND左思右想CONNOTATIVEMEANINGREFERTOTHEDEEPMEANINGSUCHAS白龙鱼服AND叶公好龙MEANWHILE,THEIDIOMSMUSTBEUNDERSTOODASAWHOLEFOREXAMPLE,“胸有成竹”SHOULDBETRANSLATEDINTO“HAVEAPERFECTPLANBEFOREHAND”RATHERTHAN“HAVEBAM

22、BOOINHEART”122FIXEDSTRUCTURECHINESEIDIOMSHAVETHEFEATUREOFFIXEDSTRUCTURE,WHICHCHINESEIDIOMSSTRUCTUREELEMENTSCANNOTBECHANGED,ADDED,ANDDELETEDATTHESAMETIME,THEORDEROFWORDSCANNOTBECHANGED,FOREXAMPLE,“坐井观天”CANNOTBECHANGEDTO“观天坐井”OR“观井坐天”INADDITIONTOFOURCHARACTER,THEREARESOMESPECIALIDIOMSWITHTHREEORMOREWO

23、RDS,SUCHAS“哀莫大于心死”，“杯酒释兵权”，“闭门羹”，“醉翁之意不在酒”ANDSOONTHEIDIOMSWITHMORETHANFOURCHARACTERINCLUDEDLITERARYQUOTATIONS,PROVERBS,SLANG,ANDSAYING,WHICHARESOMESPEAKINGHABITS,PEOPLESEXPERIENCEFROMLONGTERMUSEDANDSOONANYREPLACEMENT,DELETIONORADDITIONOFCHINESEIDIOMSWOULDDESTROYTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSANDSOMETIMES,THEOR

24、DEROFTHEIDIOMCANALSOBECHANGEDPEOPLESOMETIMESSAY“正大光明”WHICHHASTHESAMEMEANINGAS“光明正大”,SOPEOPLEALSOUSE“光明正大”SOMETIMESALLTHISPHENOMENAARETHESPECIALCASESINCHINESEIDIOMSDUETOTHELONGHISTORYOFUSE,BUTTHESECASESAREFEWANDTHEYDONOTAFFECTTHEFIXEDFORMOFIDIOMS123ELEGANTFORMCHINESEIDIOMSARETHERESULTOFLONGTERMUSEDBY

25、PEOPLE,SHOWINGTHEHISTORICALILLUSIONSANDGRAMMATICALCHARACTERISTICSOFANCIENTCHINESELANGUAGEMOSTCHINESE河北工程大学学士论文4IDIOMSFROMANCIENTLITERATURE,THEWRITINGSTYLESTILLPRESERVESTHEWRITTENLANGUAGEANDELEGANTFEATURES124RICHINCULTURECHINESEIDIOMSAREASPECIALFORMOFLANGUAGE,ANDHAVEACLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHCULTURECHINE

26、SEIDIOMSLIEINTHEIRNATIONALFEATURESIDIOMSARETHERESULTOFLONGTERMUSEDBYPEOPLE,WHICHHAVEREGULARSTRUCTUREPHRASESANDEXPRESSIONSMOSTCHINESEIDIOMSAREFOURCHARACTER,ALSOHAVETHREECHARACTERORFIVECHARACTERANDOTHERSPECIALSTRUCTURETHESOURCEOFTHEIDIOMSHAVEFIVEASPECTS,FIRSTISTHEMYTHSANDLEGENDS,FOREXAMPLETHEIDIOM“八仙过

27、海”AND“后羿射日,”THESECONDASPECTISFABLESTORY,LIKETHE“掩耳盗铃”AND“亡羊补牢,”THETHIRDASPECTIDTHEHISTORYEVENTS,FOREXAMPLE“负荆请罪”AND“破釜沉舟,”FOURTHISTHELITERARYWORKS,“不耻下问”AND“才高八斗”THELASTASPECTISTHEFOREIGNCULTURE,“功德无量”AND“火中取栗”THECULTURALBACKGROUNDISVERYIMPORTANTINIDIOMTRANSLATIONIFTHETRANSLATORISNOTFAMILIARWITHTHEC

28、ULTURALBACKGROUND,THETRANSLATEDTEXTWILLBEAWKWARDINESSENCE,THEEXCHANGEANDCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENLANGUAGESARETHEEXCHANGESBETWEENCULTURESTHEREFORE,THECULTURALELEMENTSCANNOTBENEGLECTEDINIDIOMTRANSLATIONCULTUREISCOMPLEXTHATINCLUDESKNOWLEDGE,BELIEF,ART,MORALS,CUSTOMANDANYOTHERCAPABILITIESANDHABITSACQUIREDBYM

29、ANASAMEMBEROFSOCIETYCHINESEIDIOMSAREDIFFERENTFROMOTHERCOUNTRIESIDIOMSTHESEDIFFERENCESARELIVINGENVIRONMENT,SOCIALCUSTOMS,VALUEANDWAYSOFTHINKINGANDRELIGIOUSBELIEFSODIFFERENTIDIOMSFROMDIFFERENTNATIONSHAVETHEIRSPECIALCULTURALFEATURE河北工程大学学士论文5CHAPTERTWODOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONCHINESEIDIOMSTRANSLAT

30、IONACTUALLYISCULTUREEXCHANGEBETWEENDIFFERENTCOUNTIESINRECENTYEARS,DOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONASTHETWOFUNDAMENTALTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESHAVEBEENCATCHINGPEOPLESATTENTIONTHISCHAPTERWILLINTRODUCETHETWOIMPORTANTTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIES21THEDEFINITIONOFDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZ

31、ATIONARETWODIFFERENTTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIES,WHICHINFLUENCETHETRANSLATIONOFCHINESEIDIOMIN1983,GERMANPHILOSOPHERSCHLEIERMACHERWHOPRESENTEDALECTUREUNBERDIEERSCHIEDENENMETHODENDESLLBERSETZENSONTHEDIFFERENTMETHODSOFTRANSLATINGINHISOPINION,HEFOUNDTHEREARETWODIFFERENTMETHODSOFTRANSLATING,“EITHERTHETRANSLATOR

32、LEAVESTHEAUTHORINPEACE,ASMUCHASPOSSIBLE,ANDMOVESTHEREADERTOWARDSHIMORHELEAVESTHEREADERINPEACE,ASMUCHASPOSSIBLE,ANDMOVESTHEAUTHORTOWARDSHIM”VENUTI,20041920LATER,“DOMESTICATINGMETHOD”AND“FOREIGNIZINGMETHOD”WEREUSEDFIRSTINTHEBOOKTHETRANSLATORSINVISIBILITYBYLAWRENCEVENUTIONTHEBASISOFVENUTISTHEORY,SHUTTL

33、EWORTHANDCOWIEINTHEIRBOOKDICTIONARYOFTRANSLATIONSTUDIESDEFINEDTHEDOMESTICATIONAS“ATERMUSEDBYVENUTITODESCRIBETHETRANSLATIONSTRATEGYINWHICHATRANSPARENT,FLUENTSTYLEISADOPTEDINORDERTOMINIMIZETHESTRANGENESSOFTHEFOREIGNTEXTFORTARGETLANGUAGEREADERS”FOREIGNIZATIONISDEFINEDAS“ATERMUSEDBYVENUTITODESIGNATETHET

34、YPEOFTRANSLATIONINWHICHATARGETTEXTISPRODUCEDWHICHDELIBERATELYBREAKSTARGETCONVENTIONSBYRETAININGSOMETHINGOFTHEFOREIGNNESSOFTHEORIGINAL”SHUTTLEWORTHITISDANGEROUSTOTRYTOFORCETHELINGUISTICANDTHECULTURALNORMOFTHESOURCEINTOTHETARGETTEXTAGOODTRANSLATORSHOULDCONQUERTHEBARRIERSOFLANGUAGESANDCULTURESINVIEWOFC

35、ROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,THETRANSLATORSHOULDPREVENTCULTURALCONFLICTSTHATOFTENCAUSEFROMMISUNDERSTANDING,BECAUSETHETARGETREADERSPERCEIVETHECONTENTOFTRANSLATEDTEXTSINTHEIROWNCULTURALPERSPECTIVEINORDERTOACHIEVEANEFFECTIVECOMMUNICATION,THETRANSLATORSHOULDNARROWTHECULTURALGAPSANDELIMINATETHECULTURALBARRI

36、ER,WHICHCANBEPERFORMEDBETTERBYDOMESTICATIONINADDITION,NIDAALSOPROMOTE“NATURALNESSOFEXPRESSION”INTRANSLATION,ANDTHEDOMESTICATIONISREGARDASTHEPRIMARYIMPORTANCE23THEPRINCIPLESOFFOREIGNIZATIONVENUTIISACKNOWLEDGEDASTHEREPRESENTATIVEOFFOREIGNIZATIONTRANSLATIONHETHOUGHTTHATTHEAIMOFTRANSLATIONISNOTTODIMINIS

37、HBUTTOEXPRESSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENDIFFERENTLANGUAGEANDCULTURESTHETRANSLATORSHOULDSEEKTOBUILDACOMMUNITYWITHFOREIGNCULTURESSUPPORTERSOFTHEFOREIGNIZATIONHAVETHEIRREASONANDEXPLANATIONFORTHISSTRATEGYREADERSPURPOSEISACQUIRINGTHEFOREIGNCULTURES,SOITSNECESSARYTODISPLAYTHEFOREIGNNESSOFTHESOURCELANGUAGECULTUR

38、EFORTARGETLANGUAGEREADERSTHEINTRODUCTIONSOFSOURCECULTURENOTONLYENRICHTHETARGETLANGUAGECULTURE,BUTHELPTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTARGETCULTUREADOPTINGTHEFOREIGNIZATIONINTRANSLATIONISBENEFITTOPROMOTINGTHEINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONMEANWHILE,ATRANSLATORCANNOTANDSHOULDNOTIGNORETHECULTURALDIFFERENCESINTRANSLATIONTH

39、ETRANSLATORSSHOULDMAKESURETHEREADERSHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEFOREIGNEXPRESSIONSNOMATTERWHICHTRANSLATIONSTRATEGYISADOPTEDTHEPROPEROF河北工程大学学士论文7TRANSLATIONISTOPROMOTECULTUREEXCHANGESANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANSOCIETYTHEREFORE,THEORIGINALCULTURALCHARMSHOULDBEGIVENPRIORITY,WHENCHINESEIDIOMSARERENDERED2

40、4DEBATESOVERTHETWOSTRATEGIESTHEDEBATESOVERDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONHAVEBEENLASTINGFORALONGTIMEMANYSCHOLARSFROMDIFFERENTNATIONALITIESJOINEDINTHEDEBATEDANDPRESENTEDTHEIRVIEWSTHEDEBATEONDOMESTICATIONANDFOREIGNIZATIONISTHENATURALEXTENSIONANDEXPANSIONOFTHATOVERLITERALTRANSLATIONANDFREETRANSLATIONINA

41、SENSE,THEDEBATEBETWEENLITERALTRANSLATIONANDFREETRANSLATIONAREINTERLINGUALACTIVITYHOWEVER,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEHUMANSOCIETY,TRANSLATIONSTUDIESAREAPPROACHEDFROMACULTURALPERSPECTIVE241DEBATESABROADDOMESTICATIONHASLONGBEENTHEDOMINANTSCHOOLOFTRANSLATIONINTHEWESTDOMESTICATIONSTARTEDINBRITAININTHE17THCEN

42、TURYTHEFAITHFULNESS,TRANSPARENCYANDFLUENCYAREREGARDEDASIMPORTANTSTANDARDSFORTRANSLATIONMANYSCHOLARSAPPROVEDOFDOMESTICATION,SUCHASDENHAM,JOHNDRYDEN,FRRE,ALEXANDERTYTLERANDNIDATHEYEMPHASIZETHEPURPOSEOFCREATINGTHESAMEFEELINGBETWEENSOURCELANGUAGEREADERSANDTARGETLANGUAGEREADERSJOHNDENHAMANDDRYDENFOCUSEDO

43、NFLUENCYINTHEIRTRANSLATION,OPPOSEDLITERALTRANSLATIONANDBOTHVIEWEDTHEIRDOMESTICATIONMETHODSASTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEWAYINTRANSLATIONTYTLERALSOEMPHASIZEDTHE“FLUENTSTRATEGIES”ANDTHE“EQUIVALENTEFFECT”INTRANSLATIONITISSAMETONIDASIDEANIDAPUTFORWARDHIS“FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE”AND“DYNAMICEQUIVALENCE”INNIDASOPINION,D

44、YNAMICEQUIVALENCEINTENDEDTOHAVECOMPLETENATURALNESSOFEXPRESSIONFUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE“IMPLIESDIFFERENTDEGREESOFADEQUACYFROMMINIMALTOMAXIMALEFFECTIVENESSONTHEBASISOFBOTHCOGNITIVEANDEXPERIENTIALFACTORS”NIDA,1993118HEINTENDEDTOHAVECOMPLETENATURALNESSOFEXPRESSIONINTRANSLATIONFOREIGNIZATIONBEGANINTHE19THCE

45、NTURY,WITHSCHLEIERMACHERASITSFORERUNNER,INASHORTTIME,ITGAINMOREANDMOREATTENTIONINTHELITERARYTRANSLATIONINTHEWESTWHENITISDISCOURSED,LAWRENCEVENUTIMUSTBEMENTIONEDHEFIRSTUSEDTHETERMSOF河北工程大学学士论文8“DOMESTICATIONMETHOD”AND“FOREIGNIZATIONMETHOD”ANDBECAMETHEREPRESENTATIVEOFFOREIGNIZATIONHETHOUGHTTHATFLUENTD

46、OMESTICATIONTRANSLATIONMADETRANSLATORSTHEMSELVES“INVISIBLE”TOTHETARGETLANGUAGEREADERSANDCOVEREDTHECULTURALDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEDIFFERENTNATIONSINAWORD,FOREIGNIZATIONTRIESTORETAINTHEORIGINALFLAVORSOFTHESOURCELANGUAGE,THEDEBATEDONTHETWOTRANSLATINGSTRATEGIES,THESAMESITUATIONWILLALSOCONTINUEINTHECHINA242

47、DEBATEINHOMEINCHINESEHISTORY,THEDEBATEOFFREETRANSLATIONANDLITERALTRANSLATIONAPPEAREDFROMHANDYNASTYTOSONGDYNASTYBUTTHELITERARYTRANSLATIONINTHETRUESENSESTARTEDINTHE1870SFROMTHE1870STOTHE1970S,DOMESTICATIONWASPREFERREDINLITERARYTRANSLATIONINCHINAMANYSCHOLARSAPPROVEDOFDOMESTICATIONTRANSLATION,SUCHASYANF

48、U严复,FULEI傅雷,QIANZHONGSHU钱钟书,ETCTHEYINTENDEDTOMAKETHETARGETLANGUAGEREADERSFEELEASYTOREADSOMETHINGYANFUADVOCATEDTHE“FAITHFULNESS,EXPRESSIONANDELEGANCE”信、达、雅,ANDFULEIADVOCATEDTHE“SPIRITUALLIKENESS”神似QIANZHONGSHU,THEMOSTFAMOUSSCHOLAR,FIRMLYADVOCATEDDOMESTICATIONTRANSLATIONINTHE20THCENTURYHEINSISTSTHEATR

49、ANSLATIONBE”SOFAITHFULTHATITDOESNOTREADLIKEATRANSLATIONBECAUSETHETEXTINTHESOURCELANGUAGEWILLBYNOMEANSREADLIKEATRANSLATEDONE”钱钟书19811819LUXUNADVOCATEDTHETRANSLATIONPRINCIPLEOF“FAITHFULNESSOVERSMOOTHNESS宁信而不顺”AND“FAVOREDRIGIDTRANSLATION”硬译MOSTWORKSTRANSLATEDBYTHESCHOOLOFFOREIGNIZATIONAREHARDTOREADANDDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDSO,THEDOMESTICATIONTOOKTHEADVANTAGESFORALONGTIMEINCHINATHANKSTOTHEREFORMANDOPENINGPOLICY,CHINESESCHOLARSANDTRANSLATORSRECOGNIZEDTHEFOREIGNIZATIONANDDOMESTICATIONFROMANEWVIEWTHEYRECOGNIZEDTHEFOREIGNIZATIONISIMPORTANTINTRANSLATIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA,I