1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目FINANCIALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTRELATIONS出处THEWORLDBANKECONOMICREVIEW作者MANSORHIBRAHIM原文FINANCIALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTRELATIONSHIPMANSORHIBRAHIMTHEWORLDBANKECONOMICREVIEW3THECONNECTIONBETWEENTHECAPITALMARKETANDDEVELOPMENTCASUALOBSERVATIONSUGGESTSTHATANEFFICIENTFINANCIALSYSTEMISONEOFTHES
2、ALIENTPREREQUISITESPROMOTINGACOUNTRYSEFFECTIVEDEVELOPMENTANDCOMPETITIVENESS,ORASINTHECASEOFFINANCIALSYSTEMDISTORTIONS,AMAJORIMPEDIMENTAMONGTHECOMPONENTSADVANCINGACOUNTRYSWELFARE,CAPITALALLOCATION,INTERTEMPORALSMOOTHENING,ANDRISKSHARINGARECONTINUOUSLYCITEDCONVERSELY,MARKETLOSSESATMAJORSTOCKEXCHANGESA
3、TTHEBEGINNINGOFTHENEWMILLENNIUMDEMONSTRATEDTHEPOTENTIALLYVOLATILEIMPACTSOFFINANCIALSYSTEMSONDEVELOPMENTANDCHALLENGEDECONOMICPOLICIESONNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALLEVELSSEVERALDIVERGINGTHEORETICALCONCEPTSANDEMPIRICALSTUDIESHAVEINVESTIGATEDWHETHERANEXUSBETWEENFINANCEANDECONOMICGROWTHORFINANCEANDECONOMICDE
4、VELOPMENTACTUALLYDOESEXISTYET,THEMAINFOCUSOFRESEARCHHASBEENTOANALIYSETHEIMPACTOFTHEFINANCESECTORONGROWTHORONECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,ANDINPARTICULAR,THEROLEOFBANKSANDSTOCKMARKETSTHEREINOTHERASPECTS,ALBEITTHEYCOULDBECONSIDEREDIMPORTANTFORANOVERARCHINGDEVELOPMENTPOINTOFVIEW,HAVEBEENONLYPARTIALLYINCLUDED,AM
5、ONGTHEMTHEVERSATILERECIPROCALRELATIONSHIPOFFINANCEANDDEVELOPMENTANDACAPITALMARKETPERSPECTIVECOVERINGBOTHSTOCKANDBONDMARKETSTHEMAINOBSTACLETOCONSTRUCTINGACOMPREHENSIVEMODELOFTHEFINANCEGROWTHORFINANCEDEVELOPMENTLINKAGECONSISTSOFTHECOMPLEXCAUSALITIESBETWEENFINANCEANDECONOMICACTIVITY,NOTTOMENTIONTHEBROA
6、DERSCOPEOFDEVELOPMENTALAPPROACHESTHATINTEGRATESOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALDIMENSIONSHAVINGTHESECONSIDERATIONSINMIND,THISWORKWILLPROCEEDWDTHBRIEFNOTESONSOMEESSENTIALASPECTSWHICHFORMTHEBASISOFANYFINANCIALSYSTEMDESIGNCHAPTER31ANDANOUTLINEOFTHEORETICALCONCEPTSANDEMPIRICALSTUDIESPERTINENTTOTHEFINANCEANDECONOMI
7、CGROWTHORFINANCEANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTLINKAGECHAPTER32THEREAFTER,ALOOKATTHECAPITALMARKETANDDEVELOPMENTCONNECTIONFOLLOWSCHINASPECULIARITIES,ABOVEALLITSHIGHLYDYNAMICDEVELOPMENTANDCOMPARATIVELYBRIEFHISTORYOFSTOCKANDBONDMARKETSREEMERGENCE,ASWELLASTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISWORK,WHICHGOESBEYONDAPURELYECONOMICGROW
8、THPERSPECTIVE,REQUIREANAPPROACHOTHERTHANTHATOFUTILISINGECONOMETRICMODELSFORFINANCIALMARKETANALYSISTHUSANALTERNATIVECONCEPT,THEFUNCTIONALPERSPECTIVE,ISEMPLOYEDANDCOMBINEDWITHALOOKATCAPITALMARKETDATAANDINDICATORSASWELLASINFLUENTIALPARAMETERSTOINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTACAPITALMARKETCANHAVEONDEVELOPMENTCHAPT
9、ER3331GENERALASPECTSOFFINANCIALSYSTEMDESIGNTHREEASPECTSOFTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMAREDISCUSSEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION,ASTHEYDESCRIBEGROUNDRULESWHICHDETERMINETHECAPITALMARKETSROLEANDCHARACTERISTICSWITHINAFINANCIALSYSTEMGENERALLYSPEAKING,AFINANCIALSYSTEMISDEFINEDAS“THECOLLECTIONOFMARKETS,INSTITUTIONS,LAWS,REGU
10、LATIONS,ANDTECHNIQUESTHROUGHWHICHBONDS,STOCKS,ANDOTHERSECURITIESARETRADED,INTERESTRATESAREDETERMINED,ANDFINANCIALSERVICESAREPRODUCEDANDDELIVEREDAROUNDTHEWORLDTHISSTATEMENTPOINTSTOTHEFIRSTFEATURETOBEREVIEWEDINTHISSECTION,THERELEVANCEOFTHELONGLASTINGDISCOURSESURROUNDINGTHEADVANTAGESATTRIBUTEDTOABANKBA
11、SEDANDTOAMARKETBASEDFINANCIALSYSTEMCHAPTER311SIMILARLY,THEREHAVEBEENBROADCONSIDERATIONSREGARDINGWHATCONSTITUTESANEFFICIENTFINANCIALSYSTEMATALLWHILETHEORETICALFINANCEMODELSDESCRIBEFIILLYCOMPETITIVE,FIICTIONLESSMARKETS,REALITYSHOWSTHATIMPERFECTIONS,INCLUDINGASYMMETRICINFORMATIONANDTRANSACTIONCOSTS,ARE
12、ANINEVITABLEFACETOFEVENHIGHLYDEVELOPEDFINANCIALSYSTEMSCHAPTER312BEYONDTHAT,THETHIRDFACETCONSIDEREDATTHISPOINTPERTAINSTOTHECONTINUOUSCHANGEREQUIRINGCONSTANTINNOVATIONANDALONGTERMEVOLUTIONARYPERSPECTIVECHAPTER313311RESUMINGTHEBANKBASEDVERSUSMARKETBASEDDEBATEFORMANYYEARS,ECONOMISTSHAVEBEENDEBATINGWHETH
13、ERORNOTABANKBASEDSYSTEM,INWHICHMOSTOFTHECREDITISDEHVEREDBYBANKS,ORAMARKETBASEDSYSTEM,INWHICHMOSTOFTHECAPITALISRAISEDBYSTOCKANDBONDMARKETS,ISMORESUITABLEFORECONOMICDEVELOPMENTMOSTSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSSEDONGERMANYANDJAPANASBANKBASEDSYSTEMSANDENGLANDANDTHEUNITEDSTATESASMARKETBASEDSYSTEMSHOWEVER,THEDEBATEONW
14、HETHERABANKBASEDORAMARKETBASEDSYSTEMPRODUCESGREATEREFFICIENCYINPERFORMINGFINANCIALSERVICESISUNRESOLVEDANDHASNOTREALLYBEENOFAVAILTOEFFECTIVEPOLICYFORMULATIONTHEBANKBASEDPERSPECTIVECLAIMSTHATBANKSAREMOREEFFICIENTINSAVINGSMOBILISATION,CAPITALALLOCATION,ANDCORPORATECONTROL,ESPECIALLYININITIALSTAGESOFECO
15、NOMICDEVELOPMENTANDINTHECASEOFARATHERINEFFECTIVEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORKTHEMARKETBASEDPERSPECTIVE,INTURN,ISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATFINANCIALSERVICESPROMOTINGINNOVATIONANDLONGTERMECONOMICGROWTHAREPERFORMEDBYSTOCKANDBONDMARKETSHOWEVER,THECOMPARATIVESTUDIESOFGERMANYANDJAPANONTHEONESIDEANDENGLANDANDTHEUNI
16、TEDSTATESONTHEOTHERLACKTHERANGEOFINFORMATIONANDDEPTHOFINSIGHTTHATANINVESTIGATIONFOCUSSINGONABROADERRANGEOFCOUNTRIESWOULDALLOWACTUALLY,THEFOURCOUNTRIESARECHARACTERISEDBYSIMILARPERCAPITAGDPANDLONGTERMGROWTHRATESTHISALLOWSTHECONCLUSIONTHATTHEPREVALENCEOFEITHERABANKBASEDORAMARKETBASEDSYSTEMISNOTOFMAJORS
17、IGNIFICANCEFORLONGRUNGROWTHTHISWASALSOTHERESULTOFACROSSCOUNTRYSTUDYBYROSSLEVINE,COVERINGFORTYEIGHTCOUNTRIESWITHLARGEDIFFERENCESINFINANCIALSYSTEMSANDGROWTHRATESFROM1980TO1995AFTERMEASURINGTHEFINANCIALSTRUCTUREINTERMSOFACTIVITY,SIZE,ANDEFFICIENCYANDCONSIDERINGREGULATORYCONSTRAINTSONCOMMERCIALBANKS,THE
18、RESULTSSHOWEDNOSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENAPARTICULARFINANCIALSTRUCTUREANDECONOMICGROWTHANDDIDNOTSUPPORTTHEBANKBASEDVERSUSMARKETBASEDPERSPECTIVEINSTEAD,THEINVESTIGATIONDEMONSTRATEDTHATANALTOGETHERBETTERDEVELOPEDFINANCIALSYSTEMHASAPOSITIVEIMPACTONECONOMICGROWTHANDTHATTHEPREDOMINANTLEGALSYSTEMISAMA
19、JORFACTORINFLUENCINGTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMSIMILARCONCLUSIONSWEREREACHEDBYSERGIOSCHMUKLERANDESTEBANVESPERONIWHENEXAMININGTHEFINANCINGCHOICESMADEBYNONFINANCIALFIRMSINFIVEEMERGINGCOUNTRIESTHATWERECHALLENGEDBYASEQUENCEOFFINANCIALREPRESSION,FINANCIALLIBERALISATION,ANDCRISISTHROUGHOUTTHE1980SAND1990S,NAMELYAR
20、GENTINAANDINDIA,WHICHAREBANKBASED,ANDBRAZIL,MALAYSIA,MEXICO,SOUTHKOREA,ANDTHAILAND,WHICHAREMARKETBASEDTHEIRRESULTSOFANINVESTIGATIONOFLEVERAGELEVELS,DEBTMATURITY,ANDEXTERNAL/INTERNALFINANCINGCHOICESREVEALEDTHATFIRMSPECIFICFEATURESIMPACTTHEFINANCIALSTRUCTUREINBOTHSYSTEMSANDTHATTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENBANK
21、BASEDANDMARKETBASEDSYSTEMSISNOTASIMPORTANTASTHEGAPBETWEENEMERGINGANDDEVELOPEDMARKETSASAGENERALRULE,DEVELOPMENTISACOMPLEXPROCESSINWHICHPRIVATEANDPUBLICHOUSEHOLDSASWELLASBUSINESSESHAVEMULTIFACETEDFINANCINGNEEDSINRESPECTTHEREOF,FRANKLINALLENANDDOUGLASGALEOBSERVEDTHATONEFINANCINGCHANNELALONECANNOTBEOPTI
22、MALFORALLPROJECTS,ASDIFFERENTPARAMETERS,SUCHASTHEDEGREEOFINVESTOROPTIMISMANDCOSTSFORINFORMATIONONTHEPROJECTSPROFITABILITY,WILLRESULTINDIFFERENTOPTIMALFINANCINGCHANNELSBESIDES,ITHASBEENOBSERVEDTHATCAPITALMARKETTRANSACTIONSAREBECOMINGINCREASINGLYCOMPLEXANDSWIFTER,WHICHDENOTESAGROWINGSIGNIFICANCEOFFINA
23、NCIALINTERMEDIARIESINCAPITALMARKETPROCESSESEVENTUALLY,FINANCIALMARKETSANDINTERMEDIARIESDOPERFORMTHEIRROLESCONCURRENTLYANDCOMPLEMENTARILYBYTHESAMETOKEN,INFORMALFINANCINGCHANNELS,AMONGTHEMFUNDSPROVIDEDBYFAMILY,FRIENDS,ANDBUSINESSANGELS,DOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINPROMOTINGDEVELOPMENTASWELLHENCE,ACOMPREHENS
24、IVEFINANCINGSYSTEMWITHANAPPROPRIATECOMBINATIONOFEFFICIENTFINANCIALMARKETS,INTERMEDIARIES,ANDINFORMALFINANCINGALTERNATIVESSUITSCOMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENTNEEDSBESTTHISISACLEARINDICATIONFORFINANCIALPOLICYINSTEADOFFOCUSSINGONESTABLISHINGEITHERASOCALLEDBANKBASEDORAMARKETBASEDSYSTEM,AVIABLEFRAMEWORKFORFINAN
25、CIALSYSTEMEVOLUTIONNEEDSTOBECREATED,WHICHALLOWSFORANAPPROPRIATESYSTEM,INCLUDINGDIFFERENTMARKETS,INTERMEDIARIES,ANDINFORMALFINANCINGWITHCOMPLEMENTARYTASKSONTHISNOTE,ANIMPORTANTLINEOFREASONINGHASBEENPUTFORWARDBYCOLINMAYERANDORENSUSSMAN“THEIMPLICATIONOFTHEVIEWTHATDIFFERENTSYSTEMSARESUITEDTODIFFERENTACT
26、IVITIESISTHATPOLICYSHOULDBEENABLINGRATHERTHANRESTRICTIVEORPRESCRIPTIVEITSHOULDPROMOTEDIVERSITYANDINNOVATIONINFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,RATHERTHANATTEMPTINGTOPICKWINNERS312LIMITEDAPPLICABILITYOFANOVERALLCONCEPTOFEFFICIENCYFINANCIALSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTISQUALIFIEDBYITSEXTENT,THATISTHESHAREOFPRIVATEANDPUBLICHO
27、USEHOLDSANDFIRMSWITHEASYACCESSTOFINANCIALMARKETSANDSERVICESPROVIDEDBYFINANCIALINTERMEDIARIES,ANDITSEFFICIENCYPERTINENTTOHOWWELLFINANCIALMARKETSANDINTERMEDIARIESALLOCATECAPITALINTOMOSTPRODUCTIVEUSES,WHILEWITHDRAWINGITFROMLESSOREVENNONPRODUCTIVEUSESTEXTBOOKSUSUALLYREFERTOANEFFICIENTMARKETAS“ACOMPETITI
28、VEMARKETINWHICHTHEPRICESOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSTRADEDTHEREFULLYREFLECTALLTHELATESTINFORMATIONAVAILABLEEUGENFFAMA,WHOPROPOSEDTHEEFFICIENTMARKETHYPOTHESISINTHE1960S,STATEDINMOREDETAIL“INANEFFICIENTMARKET,COMPETITIONAMONGTHEMANYINTELLIGENTPARTICIPANTSLEADSTOASITUATIONWHERE,ATANYPOINTINTIME,ACTUALPRICESO
29、FINDIVIDUALSECURITIESALREADYREFLECTTHEEFFECTSOFINFORMATIONBASEDBOTHONEVENTSTHATHAVEALREADYOCCURREDANDONEVENTSWHICH,ASOFNOW,THEMARKETEXPECTSTOTAKEPLACEINTHEFUTUREINOTHERWORDS,INANEFFICIENTMARKETATANYPOINTINTIMETHEACTUALPRICEOFASECURITYWILLBEAGOODESTIMATEOFITSINTRINSICVALUEACCORDINGTOTHISPERSPECTIVE,A
30、NYNEWINFORMATIONOFRELEVANCEWILLALTERTHEASSETPRICEIMMEDIATELYANDTHUSREFLECTITSREALVALUEBECAUSEALLINVESTORSARESEARCHINGFORTHISINFORMATIONANDUTILISEITRATIONALLYFOROPTIMISINGTHEIRINVESTMENTSTRATEGIESHENCE,ITISNOTGENERALLYPOSSIBLETOACHIEVECONTINUOUSLYABOVEAVERAGERETURNSHOWEVER,INFORMATIONASYMMETRIESCONST
31、ITUTEAMAJORCHALLENGEFORTRANSLATINGTHEORETICALRESULTSINTOPRACTICEINFACT,MARKETSARECHARACTERISEDBYVARIOUSPERSONSHAVINGACCESSTODIVERSEINFORMATIONWHICHLEADSTOTRANSACTIONPRICESDEVIATINGFROMTHEACTUALVALUEORTHETRANSACTIONSNOTBEINGACCOMPLISHED,AWELLKNOWNCHALLENGEINTHEINVESTORMANAGERRELATIONSHIPANDTHECORPORA
32、TEGOVERNANCEDEBATETODATESANFORDJGROSSMANANDJOSEPHESTIGLITZFURTHERMORESHOWTHAT,ASACONSEQUENCEOFTHETRADEOFFBETWEENEFFICIENCYININFORMATIONDISSEMINATIONANDINCENTIVESTOOBTAININFORMATION,THEEFFICIENTMARKETHYPOTHESISDOESNOTWORKWHENACQUISITIONOFINFORMATIONINHERESCOSTSIFASSETPRICESREFLECTALLINFORMATIONAVAILA
33、BLE,THEREWOULDBENOINCENTIVEFORINVESTORSTOPAYFORINFORMATIONBECAUSETHEYCOULDNOTREALISEARETURNONTHEIRINVESTMENTVIEWEDFROMAMOREPRAGMATICANGLE,AFINANCIALSYSTEMCANBECONSIDEREDEFIFICIENTWHENASSETPRICESREFLECTTHEACTUALVALUEOFANASSETADEQUATELYANDTIMELYANDTHEREBYFULFILITSCAPITALALLOCATIONFUNCTIONWITHREGARDTOT
34、HEPARTICULARSITUATIONONLOCAL,NATIONAL,ANDINTERNATIONALLEVELSOVERTIME,THISMAXIMISESITSCAPABILITYTOEVOLVETHEMOSTAPPROPRIATESTRUCTUREACCORDINGTOTHEFINANCINGNEEDSOFPRIVATEANDPUBLICHOUSEHOLDSANDOFTHEBUSINESSCOMMUNITYATANYPARTICULARMOMENTYETTHEREISNOBLUEPRINTANSWERTOANEFFICIENTFINANCIALSYSTEMDESIGNASFRANK
35、LINALLENANDDOUGLASGALEEMPHASISED,FINANCIALMARKETSANDINTERMEDIARIES,BYANDLARGE,DONOTACCURATELYOPERATEINLINEWITHTHEORETICALMODELSINADDITION,ANYFINANCIALSYSTEMISCHARACTERISEDBYTHEPARTICULARPOLITICALENVIRONMENTASWELLASPREVAILINGPROPERTYRIGHTS,ACCOUNTINGANDDISCLOSURERULES,ANDREGULATORYARRANGEMENTSASESTAB
36、LISHEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTANDITHASTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTTHAT,EVENIFINSTITUTIONALISSUESAREADDRESSEDINWAYSAPPROPRIATETOTHEDEMANDOFAGIVENPERIODONTHEWHOLE,THEREALWAYSREMAINSTHEPOTENTIALTOFAILBYNOTSETTINGAPPLICABLEINCENTIVESFORSOMEOFTHEMARKETPARTICIPANTS,WHICHCOULDLEADTOTHEPOSSIBLEOUTCOMEOFCORRUPTIONORINCOMPETE
37、NCE,ANDINDOINGSOHAVEANADVERSEEFFECTONEFFICIENCY译文金融业和经济发展的关系3资本市场之间的联系与发展根据平时的观察表明,一个有效的金融体系是促进一个国家的有效的发展和竞争力的突出先决条件之一,或者是防止金融发展扭曲的出现。在一个国家不断提升的福利中,资本配置,跨期平滑,以及风险分担部分不断被引用。相反,在新千年开始之际,主要股市市值损失展示了金融系统的潜在动荡对发展国家以及国际层面上的经济政策的影响。分歧的几个理论概念和实证研究调查显示,关于是否有金融与经济增长或财政和经济发展之间的关系实际上是存在的。然而,主要研究重点是分析对经济增长或经济发展的
38、金融部门的影响,特别是,银行和股市在其中的作用。在其他方面,尽管他们可以考虑的一个重要观点的总体发展来看,只有部分已列入其中,多功能的金融和资本市场发展和角度涵盖股票和债券市场的相互关系。而主要障碍是构建财政增长和金融的发展之间的联系综合模型的金融和经济活动之间复杂的因果关系,不在于能否使他整合社会和环境方面有更广阔的适用范围。其中要考虑到这些因素,这项工作将继续对一些构成任何金融体系的设计(第31章)以及理论概念和实证研究相关的金融和经济财政和经济增长或基本方面在大纲的基础上简要说明发展之间的联系(第32章)。此后,在资本市场和发展方面看如下。中国的特殊性,首先是它的高度动态的发展和相对短暂
39、的股票和债券市场的重新崛起的历史,以及这项工作中,超越了纯经济增长的角度的客观性,需要一种方法比利用计量经济学,其他金融市场的分析模型。因此,用一个替代的概念,从功能的角度来看,是在就业和资本市场的数据和指标以及影响参数的研究下,来探讨资本市场可能的发展影响(第33章)。31金融体系设计的一般方面金融体系从以下三个方面进行了讨论,因为它们描述的基本规则是决定金融体系内的资本市场的作用和特点。一般来说,金融系统被定义为“收集的市场,机构,法律,法规和技术,通过它的债券,股票和其他证券进行交易,这些存在于利率的确定。这项声明指向第一个功能,在本节审查,对长期围绕优势话题归结为银行为基础,以市场为基
40、础的金融体系(第311)。同样,也有关于什么构成一个有效的金融体系在所有广泛的考虑。尽管融资模式的理论描述竞争力与市场,现实表明,不完善之处,包括信息不对称和交易成本,这是一个高度发达的金融系统不可避免的一面(第312)。除此之外,第三个方面在这一点上考虑涉及的不断变化,需要从不断的创新和长期进化的角度来看(第313)。311恢复银行为基础与市场为基础的辩论多年来,经济学家一直在争论到底该不该有银行为基础的系统,其中最重要的是HVERED信贷银行,或以市场为基础的系统,其中大部分资金是由股票和债券市场的成长,是更适合经济发展。大多数研究都集中为银行为基础的系统和以市场为基础的系统的是英格兰和美
41、国。不过,对于德国和日本,在银行是否或基于市场为基础的系统产生更高的效率辩论在执行金融服务是悬而未决,并没有真正被有效利用德政策的制定。从这家银行为基础的角度声称,银行更在调动储蓄,资本配置,以及高效率的公司控制权,特别是在经济发展初始阶段在一个相当无效的体制框架的情况。以市场为基础的角度,又是基于这样一个鼓励创新和长期经济增长的金融服务是由股票和债券市场表现的假设。但是,一项调查在更广泛的国家进行则会显示出其他不足,德国和日本为一方和比较研究英国和美国的信息和洞察力。其实,这四个国家的特点是人均国内生产总值和长期增长率相似。这使得结论是,无论是银行为基础或以市场为基础的系统都对长期增长具有重
42、要意义。这也是一个由罗斯列文的跨国研究,包括从1980至95年48个国家的结果表明在金融系统和生长率之间的差异很大。经过测量活动,大小和效率方面的财务结构,并考虑对商业银行的监管约束,结果显示,他们之间没有特定的金融结构与经济增长的重大关系,不支持银行与市场为基础的角度为。相反,调查表明,一些友好发达的金融体系对经济增长的积极影响,而主要的法律制度是一个重要因素影响的金融体系。达成了类似的结论由SERGIOSCHMUKLER和ESTEBANVESPERONI在研究融资的非金融企业在整个80年代和90年代在五个新兴的有那些由金融抑制,金融自由化,挑战和危机序列的国家的选择,即阿根廷和印度,这些是
43、以银行为基础,巴西,马来西亚,墨西哥,韩国和泰国,这些是以市场为基础的。一个杠杆水平,债务期限,和外部/内部融资选择他们的调查结果显示,企业的特定功能的影响,并在两个系统之间,即银行为基础,以市场为基础的系统差的金融结构在新兴市场和发达的市场有不一样的差距。程度和对项目的盈利能力的信息成本,会导致不同的最优的融资渠道的选择。此外,据观察,资本市场交易正变得日益复杂和更加迅速,这是指一个金融中介机构在资本市场发展过程中的意义。最后,金融市场和中介机构不履行兼任和互补的职务。同样道理,非正式融资渠道,其中资金由家庭,朋友和商业伙伴,在促进发展方面确实发挥了很大作用因此一个重要的角色,一个有效率的金
44、融市场采取适当的组合全面的融资制度,中介机构和非正式融资方案的全面发展需求的最佳适应。这是金融政策的明确指示而不是在建立任何所谓的以银行为基础或以市场为基础的系统集中,为金融体系的演变可行的框架需要创建,使之有一个适当的系统,包括不同市场中介组织,民间融资具有互补性的任务。在此,一个重要的推理线已提出由COLINMAYER和奥伦苏斯曼着“对可以适用于不同的系统不同的活动看法的含义是,政策应该是有利的,而不是限制或规范,应该提倡多元化。创新金融机构,而不是试图挑选优胜者“312有限的适用性的效率的总体构想有效市场,在众多智慧的参与者竞争导致的情况下,在任何时间点,个别证券的实际价格已经反映了双方
45、的信息对已经发生的事件和事件的影响,其中,市场会以现在的状况预计会在将来的情况。换句话说,在任何时间点有效率的市场的一个安全的实际价格将是其内在价值“根据这一观点有很好的估计,任何有关新的信息将立即改变资产价格从而反映其真实价值,因为所有的投资者都是利用这些信息搜索和优化他们的理性的投资策略。因此,它不是一般不可能实现持续高于平均水平的回报。然而,信息不对称构成理论成果是对转化为实践的重大挑战。事实上,市场是由各种有机会获得的各种信息,导致交易价格从实际值偏离或没有完成的交易者,有特色的众所周知的挑战,在投资者与管理者的关系和公司治理辩论的日期。桑福德格罗斯曼和约瑟夫斯蒂格利茨还表明,作为权衡
46、信息传播效率和激励机制的后果获取信息,有效市场假说不工作时,采集的信息的内在费用如果资产价格反映所有资料,就没有吸引投资者支付的信息,因为他们无法实现其投资回报率。从更务实的角度看,一个金融体系可以考虑当资产价格反映资产的实际价值,从而充分,及时履行对地方,国家和国际各级的特殊情况,其资本配置功能。随着时间的推移,其能力发展这最大化的最适当的结构根据融资需求的私人和公共住户及在任何特定时刻的商业社会。然而,没有蓝图无法设计一个有效的金融体系。正如富兰克林艾伦和道格拉斯盖尔强调,金融市场和中介机构,总的来说,不准确的操作与理论模型一致。此外,任何金融体系的特点是由特定的政治环境,以及当时的产权,会计和披露规则,并作为由政府成立而且它的规管安排考虑到,即使是体制问题的方式适合于对整个一定时期内需求处理,始终保持有失败的可能不适用为市场参与者设计的一些奖励设置,这可能导致腐败或无能的结果,并在这样会对效率产生不利影响。
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