1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THEMULTIDIMENSIONAPPROACHTODEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYOFMARINEINDUSTRYMULTIFACETEDANALYSISOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOUTLOOKFORTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRY出处POLISHMARINERESEARCH作者LOURINSEMENOV原文ABSTRACTTODAYTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRYDEMANDSINULLISTEPCONVERSIONOFITSCOMPANIESINTOFUTUREORIENTEDENTE,PRISESTHEARTICLE
2、PRESENTSSOMERESULTSOFTHEMULTIFACETEDANALYSISOFTHISBRANCHOFTHEPOLISHECONOMYMAINATTENTIONISDEVOTEDTOIDENTIFICATIONOFTHECRITICALBARRIERSTOITSMODERNIZATIONITISSHOWNTHATSUCHPURPOSEASINCREASEOFCOMPETITIVENESSREQUIRESTHECORRECTASSESSMENTOFVARIOUSOBSTACLESTOINNOVATIVECHANGESMOREOVERITISRECOMMENDEDTHESCENARI
3、OSAPPROACHTOTHERISKMINIMZATIONOFQUANTITATIVETRANSFORMATIONSANDQUALITATIVECHANGESINTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRYVARIOUSSCENARIOSFORECASTINGOBSTACLESIMPACTSAREPRESENTEDSPECIALATTENTIONISFOCUSEDASONTHEDECISIONMARKERSWILLINGNESSTOINNOVATIVECHANGES,ASONEVENTUALTECHNIQUESFORFRUITFULOVERCOMINGTHEBARRIERSTOACCELE
4、RATEDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRY,PROPOSALSAREILLUSTRATEDBYNUMEROUSRESULTSOFFULFILLEDINVESTIGATIONKEYWORDSPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRY,OBSTACLESTOINNOVATIVECHANGEMARITIMETRANSPORT,RISKASSESSMENTINTRODUCTIONTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRYHADSIGNIFICANTGROWTHOVERTHEPAST60YEARSEVOLVINGFROMSMALLREGIONALSHIPPING
5、COMPANIESANDSHIPBUILDING/SHIPREPAIRENTERPRISESINTOARECOGNIZEDBRANCHSERVINGINTERNATIONALCLIENTELETHEFIRSTDEEPSEASHIPBUILTINPOSTWARPOLANDWASTHESMALLSTEAMSHIP,THE2,540DWT,WHICHHAVEBEENLAUNCHEDINTHEGDANSKSHIPYARDINNOVEMBER,1948IN1965,THERATEOFSHIPSPRODUCTIONFORTHEPOLANDSHIPYARDSREACHEDOFPEAKVALUEANDPLAC
6、EDPOLANDSHIPBUILDINGASEIGHTHONTHEWORLDWIDELISTOFPRODUCERSRAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRYTAKESPLACEINTHEBEGINNINGOFXXICENTURYSO,GROWTHINTHISSECTOROFTHEPOLISHECONOMYHASBEENESTIMATEDATBETWEEN55AND60ANNUALLYIN19932003THETOTALNUMBEROFPRODUCTIVE,COOPERATIVE,ASSOCIATEDANDAFFILIATEDENTERPRISESWASI
7、NCREASEDFROMAPPROX3790TOMORETHAN8500HOWEVERWORKPLACESNUMBERWASDECREASEDFROM120000T0100,000LASTSIXYEARS,THEPOLANDHASASIGNIFICANTPRESENCEINSUCHBRANCHOFHEMARINEINDUSTRYASYACHTINGNOWTHEPOLISHSHIPBUILDINGDIFFERSBYHIGHEXPORTINGPOSSIBILITIESTHEEXPORTSSHAREOFTHISINDUSTRYACCOUNTSFOROVER90OFGROSSOUTPUT12LTHER
8、EFORETHEPOLISHCONSTRUCTIONANDREPAIRSHIPYARDSEMPLOYAPPROX20THOUSANDPERSONS,WHILETHEENTIRESHIPBUILDINGINDUSTRYPROVIDESWORKFORNEARLY70THOUSANDPERSONSTODAYSDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPOLANDSSHIPPINGCOMPANIESAREDIRECTEDTOSPECIALIZEDSERVICESTHROUGHTIMELYDELIVERIES,SKILLMANAGEMENTANDDISCIPLINEDCREWSASTHEPOLANDSSHIPYA
9、RDSHAVEGAINEDPROMINENCETHROUGHQUALITYPRODUCTIONSOFTOPCLASSCHEMICALTANKERSCONTAINERSHIPS,SUPERYACHTSANDRECREATIONBOATSTHEKEYWAYSOFCONTEMPORARYDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPOLISHECONOMYARE1517THECOMPETITIVEGROWTHOFDOMESCICMARKETWHICHFOCUSEDONSEVENMAJORSEGMENTSOFTHEMARINEINDUSTRY,INCLUDINGTHESHIPBUILDING,MARITIMETR
10、ANSPORT,FISHING,INLANDNAVIGATION,YACHTING,SHIPSSERVICEANDLOGISTICASSISTANCESUPPORTOFINNOVATIVEACTIVITYWHICHISCONCENTRATEDONEXPANSIONOFSCIENTIFICANDENGINEERINGRESEARCHESTHISAREAINCLUDESALSOTRAININGOFENTERPRISESPERSONNELPROGRESSOFLEGIATIVEACTIVITYWHICHFOCUSEDONSTABLEPERFECTIONOFTHEPOLISHLEGALSYSTEMFOR
11、COMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMARINEINDUSTRYUNFORTUNATELYCYCLICALCHARACTEROFDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETORIENTEDECONOMYWITHITSPEAKSANDTROUGHSPERIODSISDISTINAIVEFEATUREALSOFORTHEPOLISHSHIPYARDSANDTHESHIPPINGCOMPANIESITOCCURSFORTHEMOSTPARTBECAUSEOFABSENCESYSTEMICINNOVATIVESTRATEGIESOFMANAGEMENTOFTHESESEGMENTSOF
12、THEMARINEINDUSTRYFROM2004THEPOLANDISMEMBERSTATEOFTHEEU,ANDHASCHANCESFORRAPIDDEVELOPMENTINPROCESSADAPTATIONOFSOMEPOLISHCOMPANIESTOTHEMARKETCHANGESESPECIALLYTOTHERECESSIONSTAGE,NOTENOUGHUSEOFTHEEUROPEANEXPERIENCE,ASWELLASTHERETARDEDTECHNOLOGIESREDUCESTHEIRCOMPETITIVENESSONDOMESTICANDFOREIGN5MARKETS,AN
13、DINCONSEQUENCE,THEIRCHANCESFORCONUNERCIALSUCCESSTHEMAINREASONSARE8,12FINANCIALPROBLEMS,EGTHEINCREASINGPRICESOFMETALLURGICALPRODUCTSANDENERGYSUPPLIESINCORRECIECONOMICALFORECASTWHENACONTRACTSONDELIVERYOFNEWBUILDINGSHIPSWERESIGNEDWITHOUTTAKINGEXCHANGERATERISKJUSTASHIGHLABOURCOSTSADMINISTRATIVEPROBLEMSE
14、GINSUFFICIENTSUPPORTOFINNOVATIVEACTIVITYASACONSEQUENCEOFINCORRECTGUIDELINESANDTHEMARKETINGFORECASTFORDEVELOPMENTWAYSUNSATISFACTORYPRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTANDASRESULTLOWLABOURPRODUCTIVITYRISKAVERSECULTUREANDLACKOFENTREPRENEURIALSPIRITOFTOPMANAGERSINTURNTHEPOLISHMARITIMETRANSPORTISFACINGSOMEMOREPROBLEMS,
15、NAMELYINSUFFICIENTCOMPETITIVENESSANDLOWOPERATIONALFLEXIBILITYFOREXAMPLEDURINGPERIODSBETWEEN1991AND2000,THEPOLISHSHIPPINGCOMPANIESHASTENDEDTODRASTICLIMITATIONOFINVESTMENTPROGRAMONNEWSHIPSANDSOPHISTICATEDTRANSSHIPMENTEQUIPMENTHIGHINTELLECTUALPOTENTIALOFTHEPOLISHSPECIALISTSMANIFESTEDINFURTHERANCETOEFFE
16、CTIVEADOPTIONOFCOMPETITIVEMARITIMETECHNOLOGIESHASNUMEROUSANDVARIEDSUPPORTINGEVIDENCES,INCLUDINGCREATIONOFINTERNALREGULATORYSYSTEMSANDNAVIGATIONGUIDELINESPERMANENTMONITORINGOFMARKETFORCES,DESIGNINGOFSUCCESSFULONSHOREMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSANDORHERINCENTIVESOLUTIONSATTHESAMETIMEERRORFREECHOICEOFPREVAILINGIN
17、VESTMENTSTRATEGYISONEOFTHEMAJORPROBLEMSFORTHEPOLISHSHIPPINGCOMPANIESTOSOLVINGINADDITIONTOLACKOFINVESTMENTSINTOINNOVATIVEACTIVITYTHEREAREALSOOTHEREXTERNALBARRIERSWHICHHAMPERBOTHMODERNIZATIONSOFASHIPEQUIPMENTANDRENOVATIONOFTHEPOLISHFLEETSSTRUCTUREASAWHOLE3,13FIRSTOFALLRELATIVELYHIGHINCOMPATIBILITYBETW
18、EENTHEPOLISHPRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTANDADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIESMAYBEIMPORTANTBARRIERTOSUCCESSFULMODEMIZATIONSOFANYENTERPRISESTHISTAKESPLACEWHENTECHNOLOGYIS“BUNDLED“INTOCOMPLEXSYSTEMS,IEONESYSTEMICCOMPONENTCANNOTBEREPLACEDORUPGRADEDWITHOUTNECESSITATINGCHANGESINTHEWHOLESYSTEM410THISBUNDLINGOFTECLRNOLOGYHAMPE
19、RSTHEPRODUCTIONSMODERNIZATIONINSOMEPOLISHENTERPRISESANDTHETRANSPORTATIONPROCESSIMPROVEMENTINSOMESHIPPINGCOMPANIESPRINCIPALCAUSEISEXCESSIVELYEXPENSIVEINVESTMENTSWHICHAREREQUIREDFORPURCHASEANDIMPLANTATIONOFTHEBUNDLEDTECHNOLOGIESASHAVESHOWNRESEARCHESOFTHEAUTHORTHEPOLISHENTERPRISESWILLINGLYIMPLANTTHEUNB
20、OUNDEDTECHNOLOGIESASMOREACCESSIBLETOTHEMBECAUSEFINANCIALANDORGANIZATIONALBARRIERSTOTHEIRPERFORMANCEARECONSIDERABLYSMALLER,NOTPAYINGATTENTIONTOLOWEFFICIENCYOFSUCHMODERNIZATIONSFURTHERMOREONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONPROBLEMSISUNSATISFACTORYRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSCIENTIFICCOMMUNITIESONTHEONEHANDANDBUSINESSENVIRONM
21、EMONTHEOTHERHANDACCORDINGTOTHECOMMUNITYINNOVATIONSURVEYTHEPOLISHINNOVATIONRATEDECREASEDFROM376INTHEYEARS19941996TO176IN19982000INTUMINTHEYEARS20022004THESHAREOFINNOVATIVEENTERPRISESINCREASEDTO256FORCOMPARISON,THISRATIOFORTHEUEMEMBERSTATESINCREASEDTO51ONAVERAGEHENCEFORTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRYISMOREAND
22、MOREIMPORTANTTOTAKEPARTINCOMMUNITYPROGRAMMENAMEDLEADERSHIP2015THISPROGRAMMEASSUMESACOMPETITIVEGROWTHINTHISECONOMICSECTORTHROUGHINNOVATION,KNOWLEDGEANDENTREPRENEURSHIPFORTHEEUROPEANSHIPBUILDINGANDSHIPREPAIRINDUSTRY6OBSTACLESTOREORGANIZATIONOFTHEPOLISHMARINEINDUSTRYLETSCONSIDERINDETAILSTHEMAINOBSTACLE
23、STOTHEPROGRESSOFTHISBUSINESSSEGMENT,SINCEFINANCIALPROBLEMSASCRITICAL“BOTTLENECK“LFINANCIALOBSTACLESINCLUDELACKOFINVESTMENTFUNDSASCONSEQUENCEOFAHINDEREDACCESSTOEXTERNALFINANCECOMPETINGBUSINESSPRIORITIES,INPARTICULAR,THEPRESSUREFORSHORTTERMPROFITSAHIGHEXPENSESOFINNOVAIIVEPROJECTSAHIGHLEVELOFTHEINFLATI
24、ONRISKASWELLASCREDITRISKANDEXCHANGERATERISKAHIGHCOSTASRAWMATERIALS,ANDENERGYRESOURCES2REGULATIVEOBSTACLESINCLUDEDEEPROOTEDTRADITIONSOFIOCALAUTHORITYANDREGIONALLEGISLATIVEPRACTICEALOWFLEXIBILITYOFOBLIGATIONSUNDERACONTRACTTOCARGODELIVERFORVARIOUSSERVICEFORMSENORMOUSNUMBEROFRESTRICTIVELAWSANDGOVERNMENT
25、REGULATIONSCOMPLICATEDANDLONGTERMDECIDINGPROCEDURESSCANTINESSOFPRESTARTINGPROCEDURESTOEFFECTIVEIMPLANTATIONOFNEWIDEAS3SUBJECTIVEBARRIERSINCLUDEAINDIVIDUALOBSTACLESTOPMANAGEMENTUNAWARENESSOFSUPPORTIMPORTANCEOFNEWIDEASLACKOFENTREPRENEURIALSPIRITTOPMANAGEMENTUNWILLINGNESSTORISKINCORRECTGUIDELINESHAMPER
26、INGCONVERSIONOFNEWINITIATIVESINTONEWPRODUCTALOWLEVELOFPERSONALLIABILITYANDMOTIVATIONTOINNOVATIVECHANGESLACKOFTASKAWARENESSASCONSEQUENCEOFPOORCREATIVITYPREJUDICEAGAINSTINNOVATIVECHANGESLOWAWARENESSOFENVIROMNENTALISSUES4LABOROBSTACLESEMIGRATIONPROCESSESLACKOFJOBROTATIONASCONSEQUENCEOFDIFFICULTYTOATTRA
27、CTQUALIFIEDHUMANRESOURCESSKILLSSHORTAGESOFTHEWORKINGPERSONNELPASSIVITYOFPERSONNELTOINNOVATIVECHANGESINCONNECTIONWITHPOSSIBLEIMPACTONEXISTINGSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSANDPERSONALTHREATTOLOSEONESWORK5INDUSTRIALOBSTACLESASRESULTOFREFORMATIVECHANGESOFTHEPOLISHECONOMYBUNDLINGSYSTEMICINTERDEPENDENCYOFMANUFACTURI
28、NGTECHNOLOGIESINFORMATIONAL,STRUCTURALANDEVOLUTIONALCOMPLEXITIESOFINNOVATIVECHANGESAHIGHLEVELOFINCOMPATIBILITYOFOUTDATEDANDINNOVATIVEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESALOWLEVELOFTHERISKOGPRODUCTIONANDASRESULTHIGHPRODUCTIONCOSTSAHIGHLEVELRISKARISINGFROMFORCEEXTERNALTOTHEINDUSTRY6OPERATIONALOBSTACLES,ASCONSEQUENC
29、EOFDELAYEDACCESSTHEPOLANDTOTHEEU7ADMINISTRATIVE译文海洋产业发展战略的多维途径波兰海洋产业发展前景的多层次分析摘要目前,波兰海洋产业需要采用多维措施将他们的企业转换成未来导向性企业。这篇文章介绍了一些经多层次分析波兰经济分支的结果。重点是致力于鉴别波兰海洋产业现代化的主要限制。文章的目标是表明随着竞争的加剧需要评定各种限制创新变革的因素。并且,提出了波兰海洋产业数量上的转变以及性质的变化风险最小化的方法。显示了各种情景中可预测的限制影响,最后,科技克服了限制波兰海洋产业加速发展的障碍。根据调查研究的结果提出了一些建议措施。关键字波兰海洋产业,创新变
30、革的限制,海洋运输,风险评估一、引言波兰海洋产业在过去60年有重大的增长,从小地域的船舶业及船舶修理业到公认的国际客户。第一步是战后的波兰打造的深水船只是2450吨位的轮船,1948年11月这艘船在格但斯克的船厂下水。1965年,波兰船厂的船舶生产率达到了峰点,并且波兰的船舶建造业成为世界第八位。波兰海洋产业的快速发展开始进入了XXI世纪的开端。这样,波兰经济的海洋产业部门的增长每年达到了55到6之间。在1993年到2003年生产型的,合作型的以及子公司的数量从3790家增加到接近8500家。然而,工厂的数量从120000家降低到100000家。在过去的六年,波兰海洋产业的分支快艇业具有重要的
31、作用,目前,波兰船舶建造业高出口可能性不同,出口占了这个产业总出口的90。因此,波兰的船舶建造及修理厂将近雇佣了20000工人,然而整个船舶业可以为70000人提供工作。现在波兰船舶企业的发展通过及时的货运传递者,技术管理以及有纪律的员工提供专门的服务,同时波兰的船厂通过生产顶级的化工类游船、集装箱船、超级游艇以及娱乐型船只。波兰经济现在发展的关键是1517国内市场竞争的增长主要集中于七个主要的海洋产业的部门,包括船舶业、海洋运输,渔业,海岛运输,游艇业,船舶服务与帮助。支持拓宽科技与工程研究的创新活动。这些领域包括企业员工的培训。法律事项的进程主要集中于整个海洋产业发展法律体系的完善。波兰船
32、厂以及船舶企业的显著特点是市场导向性经济伴随着它的峰点与波谷周期性发展。它发生的大部分原因是这些海洋产业部门的缺乏系统性创新管理战略。从2004年起波兰成为欧盟的成员国,并且具有了快速发展的机遇。在进程中波兰的企业适应市场变化(尤其是在衰退阶段),没有足够应用欧洲的经验,同时,技术的落后减弱了他们国内国外市场的竞争力,因此,减少了他们商业成功的机遇。主要的理由如下8,12财政问题,与日俱增的金属产品价格及能源供应价,不适当的经济预测,新造船舶交付合同签订时没有标明外汇利率风险导致高额的劳动力成本。管理问题,没有充分支持创新活动,不适当的指导原则及市场预测发展方式。不能令人满意的生产环境,导致低
33、的劳动生产率风险厌恶文化以高层管理者却大进取精神。波兰海洋运输业也同时面临更多的问题,即不充分的竞争力以及低运营灵活性。例如,在1991年到2000年之间,波兰船舶企业在新的船只及先进中转设备投资项目上有很大的限制。波兰专家表示有很多的支持性的证据说明要进一步有效的采用富有竞争力的海洋技术,包括内部管理体系和航线路线,长久的追踪市场力量,设计成功的海岸管理体系,以及其他的刺激手段。同时,普遍的投资战略错误选择对波兰海洋船舶企业来说是一个主要问题。加上缺少创新事项上的投资,其他外部的限制阻碍了船只设备的现代化与波兰整体船舶结构的革新3,13。首先,波兰生产环境及先进技术之间的高度不可兼容性可能是
34、任何一家企业现代化的主要障碍。这个发生在技术被束缚于复杂的体系中。在整个系统中410,在没有必要性的改变的情况下,一个系统性的成分不能被替换或者更新。技术的限制阻碍了一些波兰企业的生产现代化以及一些船舶业的运输进程的提高。主要的原因是购买及移植技术需要极高的支出投资。在作者的研究中显示,波兰企业愿意移植这些技术对于他们来说是容易接受的,因为对于财政和结构阻碍来说,他们认为这个成绩相对来说是比较小的,他们对这种现代化的低效率没有给与关注。其次,一个共同的重要问题是在科学界之间存在不令人满意的关系,这是一个方面,而企业的环境是另一方面。根据社会调查,在1994年到1996年波兰的创新率从376降到
35、176。相反,从2002年到2004年创新性企业的股份增长到256。相比而言,欧盟成员国的这个比率平均增长到51。因此,对于波兰海洋产业来说参加命名为船舶领袖2015规划是非常重要的。这个项目通过创新,知识和企业家关系使得欧洲的船舶业及修理产业在这些经济性和具有了竞争力的增长6。二、波兰海洋产业的重组限制让我们一起详细的确定影响这些行业进程的主要限制,而财政问题是主要的瓶颈1财政限制包括缺少投资基金,外部金融资金进入的的障碍竞争性的企业优先权,尤其是短期收益的压力创新项目高额的资金费用高通胀风险以、信用风险以及外汇风险材料能源费用高。2管理方面的问题包括当地机构及区域法律实践传统的方法为各种服
36、务形式所签订的货运合同的低义务灵活性大量的法律限制与政府管制复杂且长久的决策程序缺乏新思路有效实施的预先程序3包括波兰企业在发展过程中主观存在的问题A)个人限制高层缺乏对支持新观念重要性的意识缺乏进取精神高层管理不愿意冒风险间断的指导原则阻碍新行动转换成新产品低责任感以及缺乏创新变革的动机由于低的创造力缺少任务意识4劳动力方面的限制移民进程缺乏工作更替,难以吸引高素质的人力资源员工缺乏技术在可能会影响现在的社会关系与威胁工人个人工作的创新变革方面存在消极的个人因素。5工业方面的限制生产技术限制创新变革的非正式的结构性的以及演进式的复杂性生产超过有限的市场潜力造成的高风险低水平的技术应用及高生产成本对于产业来说来自外部力量的高风险6由于波兰加入欧盟比较晚,运营方面存在障碍7行政管理方面存在的障碍。
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