英国工业革命【外文翻译】.doc

1、原文THEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINGREATBRITAININTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,TERMUSUALLYAPPLIEDTOTHESOCIALANDECONOMICCHANGESTHATMARKTHETRANSITIONFROMASTABLEAGRICULTURALANDCOMMERCIALSOCIETYTOAMODERNINDUSTRIALSOCIETYRELYINGONCOMPLEXMACHINERYRATHERTHANTOOLSITISUSEDHISTORICALLYTOREFERPRIMARILYTOTHEPERIODINBR

2、ITISHHISTORYFROMTHEMIDDLEOFTHE18THCENTTOTHEMIDDLEOFTHE19THCENTNATUREOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONTHEREHASBEENMUCHOBJECTIONTOTHETERMBECAUSETHEWORDREVOLUTIONSUGGESTSSUDDEN,VIOLENT,UNPARALLELEDCHANGE,WHEREASTHETRANSFORMATIONWAS,TOAGREATEXTENT,GRADUALSOMEHISTORIANSARGUETHATTHE13THAND16THCENTWEREALSOPERIODSO

3、FREVOLUTIONARYECONOMICCHANGEHOWEVER,INVIEWOFTHEMAGNITUDEOFCHANGEBETWEEN1750AND1850,THETERMSEEMSUSEFULDRAMATICCHANGESINTHESOCIALANDECONOMICSTRUCTURETOOKPLACEASINVENTIONSANDTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONSCREATEDTHEFACTORYSYSTEMOFLARGESCALEMACHINEPRODUCTIONANDGREATERECONOMICSPECIALIZATION,ANDASTHELABORINGPOPU

4、LATION,FORMERLYEMPLOYEDPREDOMINANTLYINAGRICULTUREINWHICHPRODUCTIONHADALSOINCREASEDASARESULTOFTECHNOLOGICALIMPROVEMENTS,INCREASINGLYGATHEREDINGREATURBANFACTORYCENTERSTHESAMEPROCESSOCCURREDATLATERTIMESANDINCHANGEDTEMPOINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINGREATBRITAINTHEGROUNDWASPREPAREDBYTHEVOYAGE

5、SOFDISCOVERYFROMWESTERNEUROPEINTHE15THAND16THCENT,WHICHLEDTOAVASTINFLUXOFPRECIOUSMETALSFROMTHENEWWORLD,RAISINGPRICES,STIMULATINGINDUSTRY,ANDFOSTERINGAMONEYECONOMYEXPANSIONOFTRADEANDTHEMONEYECONOMYSTIMULATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWINSTITUTIONSOFFINANCEANDCREDITSEECOMMERCIALREVOLUTIONINTHE17THCENTTHEDUTCHW

6、EREINTHEFOREFRONTFINANCIALLY,BUTWITHTHEESTABLISHMENT1694OFTHEBANKOFENGLAND,THEIRSUPREMACYWASEFFECTIVELYCHALLENGEDCAPITALISMAPPEAREDONALARGESCALE,ANDANEWTYPEOFCOMMERCIALENTREPRENEURDEVELOPEDFROMTHEOLDCLASSOFMERCHANTADVENTURERSMANYMACHINESWEREALREADYKNOWN,ANDTHEREWERESIZABLEFACTORIESUSINGTHEM,BUTTHESE

7、WERETHEEXCEPTIONSRATHERTHANTHERULEWOODWASTHEONLYFUEL,WATERANDWINDTHEPOWEROFTHESEEARLYFACTORIESASTHE18THCENTBEGAN,ANEXPANDINGANDWEALTHIERPOPULATIONDEMANDEDMOREANDBETTERGOODSINTHEPRODUCTIVEPROCESS,COALCAMETOREPLACEWOODEARLYMODELSTEAMENGINESWEREINTRODUCEDTODRAINWATERANDRAISECOALFROMTHEMINESTHECRUCIALDE

8、VELOPMENTOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONWASTHEUSEOFSTEAMFORPOWER,ANDTHEGREATLYIMPROVEDENGINE1769OFJAMESWATTMARKEDTHEHIGHPOINTINTHISDEVELOPMENTCOTTONTEXTILESWASTHEKEYINDUSTRYEARLYINTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONJOHNKAYSFLYSHUTTLE1733,JAMESHARGREAVESSSPINNINGJENNYPATENTED1770,RICHARDARKWRIGHTSWATERFRAME1769,SAMUEL

9、CROMPTONSMULE1779,WHICHCOMBINEDTHEFEATURESOFTHEJENNYANDTHEFRAME,ANDEDMUNDCARTWRIGHTSPOWERLOOMPATENTED1783FACILITATEDATREMENDOUSINCREASEINOUTPUTTHEPRESENCEOFLARGEQUANTITIESOFCOALANDIRONINCLOSEPROXIMITYINBRITAINWASADECISIVEFACTORINITSRAPIDINDUSTRIALGROWTHTHEUSEOFCOKEINIRONPRODUCTIONHADFARREACHINGEFFEC

10、TSTHECOALMINESFROMTHEEARLY1700SHADBECOMEPARAMOUNTINIMPORTANCE,ANDTHEBLACKCOUNTRYAPPEAREDINENGLANDATTHESAMETIMETHATLANCASHIREANDYORKSHIREWEREBEINGTRANSFORMEDINTOTHEGREATESTTEXTILECENTERSOFTHEWORLDFACTORIESANDINDUSTRIALTOWNSSPRANGUPCANALSANDROADSWEREBUILT,ANDTHEADVENTOFTHERAILROADANDTHESTEAMSHIPWIDENE

11、DTHEMARKETFORMANUFACTUREDGOODSTHEBESSEMERPROCESSMADEAGIGANTICCONTRIBUTION,FORITWASLARGELYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEEXTENSIONOFTHEUSEOFSTEAMANDSTEELTHATWERETHETWOCHIEFFEATURESOFINDUSTRYINTHEMIDDLEOFTHE19THCENTCHEMICALINNOVATIONSAND,MOSTIMPORTANTOFALL,PERHAPS,MACHINESFORMAKINGMACHINESPLAYEDANIMPORTANTPARTINTHE

12、VASTCHANGESTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONDIDNOTINFACTENDINBRITAININTHEMID1800SNEWPERIODSCAMEINWITHELECTRICITYANDTHEGASOLINEENGINEBY1850,HOWEVER,THETRANSFORMATIONWROUGHTBYTHEREVOLUTIONWASACCOMPLISHED,INTHATINDUSTRYHADBECOMEADOMINANTFACTORINTHENATIONSLIFETHEWORLDWIDEREVOLUTIONFRANCEHADINTHE17THANDMOSTOFTHE18

13、THCENTKEPTPACEWITHBRITAIN,BUTITLATERLAGGEDBEHINDININDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT,ANDTHEBRITISHVICTORYINTHEIRLONGSTANDINGCOMMERCIALRIVALRYKEPTMARKETSAWAYFROMFRANCETHEREVOLUTIONDIDNOTMAKETHERAPIDPROGRESSTHATITDIDINBRITAIN,BUTAFTER1830ITDEVELOPEDSTEADILYTHERAILROADANDIMPROVEDTRANSPORTATIONPRECEDEDTHEINTRODUCTIO

14、NOFTHEREVOLUTIONINTOGERMANY,WHICHISCONVENTIONALLYSAIDTOHAVEACCOMPANIEDTHEFORMATIONOFTHEZOLLVEREININDUSTRIALGERMANYWASCREATEDAFTER1850THEUNITEDSTATESMADESOMECONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEEARLYREVOLUTION,NOTABLYTHECOTTONGIN1793OFELIWHITNEYBUTTHETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESINTOANINDUSTRIALNATIONTOOKPLACELARGELY

15、AFTERTHECIVILWARANDONTHEBRITISHMODELTHETEXTILEMILLSOFNEWENGLANDHADLONGBEENINEXISTENCE,BUTTHEBOOMPERIODOFINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONWASFROM1860TO1890THEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONWASINTRODUCEDBYEUROPEANSINTOASIA,ANDTHELASTYEARSOFTHE19THANDTHEEARLYYEARSOFTHE20THCENTSAWTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIESININDIA,CHINA,ANDJA

16、PANHOWEVER,JAPANISTHEONLYCOUNTRYOFEASIATHATMAYBESAIDTOHAVEHADAREALINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONTHERUSSIANREVOLUTIONHADASABASICAIMTHEINTRODUCTIONOFINDUSTRIALISMITSEFFECTSTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONHASCHANGEDTHEFACEOFNATIONS,GIVINGRISETOURBANCENTERSREQUIRINGVASTMUNICIPALSERVICESITCREATEDASPECIALIZEDANDINTERDEPENDE

17、NTECONOMICLIFEANDMADETHEURBANWORKERMORECOMPLETELYDEPENDENTONTHEWILLOFTHEEMPLOYERTHANTHERURALWORKERHADBEENRELATIONSBETWEENCAPITALANDLABORWEREAGGRAVATED,ANDMARXISMWASONEPRODUCTOFTHISUNRESTDOCTRINESOFLAISSEZFAIRE,DEVELOPEDINTHEWRITINGSOFADAMSMITHANDDAVIDRICARDO,SOUGHTTOMAXIMIZETHEUSEOFNEWPRODUCTIVEFACI

18、LITIESBUTTHEREVOLUTIONALSOBROUGHTANEEDFORANEWTYPEOFSTATEINTERVENTIONTOPROTECTTHELABORERANDTOPROVIDENECESSARYSERVICESLAISSEZFAIREGRADUALLYGAVEWAYINTHEUNITEDSTATES,BRITAIN,ANDELSEWHERETOWELFARECAPITALISMTHEECONOMICTHEORIESOFJOHNMAYNARDKEYNESREFLECTEDTHISCHANGETHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONALSOPROVIDEDTHEECON

19、OMICBASEFORTHERISEOFTHEPROFESSIONS,POPULATIONEXPANSION,ANDIMPROVEMENTINLIVINGSTANDARDSANDREMAINSAPRIMARYGOALOFLESSDEVELOPEDNATIONS本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINGREATBRITAIN出处THEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION作者TSASHTON译文英国工业革命地面被准备被探测航行从西欧在15，16世纪导致贵金属的一个广大辐辏从新世界，提高价格，刺激业，培育一个货币经济。扩大贸易，货币经济新的促进发展财政与信贷

20、的机构见商业革命。在17世纪，荷兰在第一线经济，但同建立1694的英格兰银行，他们的霸权有效地挑战。资本主义出现大规模地，新型的商业的的企业家开发从商人的旧类冒险家。作为18世纪开始，一个扩大，更富裕的人口需求越来越许多货物。在生产的过程，煤来取代木。EARLYMODEL蒸汽机被介绍排水，提高煤从矿。关键发育的工业革命蒸汽的用对权力，非常改善发动机1769詹姆斯瓦特的标高点在这个发展。棉纺织品重点产业早在工业革命。约翰凯的飞穿梭1733，詹姆斯哈格里夫斯的珍妮纺纱机取得的专利权1770，理查阿克莱特的水框架1769，塞缪尔普顿纺织机1779，哪个康拜因特征的珍妮，框架，埃德蒙卡特赖特的动力织机

21、取得的专利权1783便利一个巨大在产量方面增长。大量的存在的煤和铁在靠近在英国一个决定性因素在它的激流工业增长。焦炭的用在铁的的产生式有深远的影响。煤矿从早年1700S有成为最重要的在重要性，黑区出现在英格兰同时，兰开夏郡，约克郡在转化为最大的纺织品世界的中心。工厂，产业的镇腾空。运河和道路被建立，来临的铁路，轮船扩大市场为制成品。贝塞麦炼钢法使一个巨大贡献，对它主要地负责延期的用的蒸汽和钢那是贰首席业的特征在的中间19世纪。化学的的革新，最重要的是，或许，机为制造机器扮演重要角色部分在广大变动。工业革命不是事实上最后结束在英国在MID1800。新时期进来发热同电，汽油发动机。由1850，然而，变换办事附近的的革命被完成，因为业有成为一个主导因素在国家生活。