中国的城市化进程和农业人口的转型【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业论文外文翻译THETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONANDTHEURBANISATIONPROCESSINCHINAZHANGWENXIANJIANGXIAORONGCHINAHASAPOPULATIONOFOVERONEBILLIONPOPULATION,800MILLIONOFWHOMAREFARMERSITISBECAUSEOFTHISTHATCHINANEEDSTOBEBUILTINTOASOCIALISTCOUNTRYWITHITSOWNCHARACTERISTICSTHEREISANOLDCHINESESAYING“AFEST

2、IVALWILLBEBETTERWITHFEWERPEOPLE,BUTFARMINGBETTERWITHMOREHANDS“DUETOTHEPRESENTCONDITIONOFMOREPEOPLEBUTLESSFARMLAND,HOWEVER,MOREHANDSMAYNOTNECESSARILYBENEFITFARMINGIFFIVEPEOPLEFARMLANDJUSTENOUGHFORTHREE,NATURALLY,PRODUCTIVITYDECREASESINTHECOURSEOFTHEMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTURE,MOREANDMORELABOURWILLBEIN

3、CREASINGLYREPLACEDBYMACHINESGREATCHANGESHAVETAKENPLACEINTHESECONDBRIGADEOFTHEFIFTHBRANCHOFTHENATIONALFRIENDSHIPFARMINHEILONGJIANGPROVINCESINCENEWAGRICULTURALMACHINERYWASADOPTEDIN1978INITIALLYTHEREWERE236FARMERSAND15,000MUONEMU0067HECTAREOFCULTIVATEDLANDSINCENEWMACHINESWEREINTRODUCED,FARMLANDHASEXPAN

4、DEDTO19,400MU,BUTONLY20FARMERSARENEEDEDTHATISTOSAY,THEAREAOFFARMLANDPERFARMERHASINCREASEDFROM63MUTO971MUASARESULT,NEARLY300LABOURERSHAVEBEENFREEDFROMFARMING,SOMEOFWHOMWENTTORECLAIMWASTELAND,ANDTHEOTHERSTOWORKONWATERCONSERVATIONPROJECTSFACEDWITHTHENEEDTOMODERNISEAGRICULTURE,WECANNEITHERUSELARGENUMBER

5、SOFMACHINESTOPUSHASIDELABOUR,NORSLOWDOWNTHEPACEOFMODERNISATIONBECAUSEOFTHELARGEPOPULATIONTHISISTHEPOPULATIONPROBLEMASSOCIATEDWITHAGRICULTURALMODERNISATIONINCHINA,80PERCENTOFNEWLABOURERSAREANNUALLYPROVIDEDWITHJOBSINTHECOUNTRYSIDEHOWEVER,ONLYINCOMBINATIONWITHTHEMEANSOFPRODUCTIONCANLABOURERSREALISETHEI

6、RPRODUCTIVECAPACITYSOTHEFIRSTCONTRADICTIONWEFACEISTHATOFMOREPEOPLEFARMINGLESSLANDBETWEEN1952AND1978,THEAGRICULTURALLABOURFORCEINCREASEDBY73PERCENT,BUTTHEFARMLANDIN1977DECREASEDBYEIGHTPERCENTTHEAVERAGEFARMLANDPERLABOURERISNOWONLYFIVEMUTHEREFORE,ITISDIFFICULTTOINCREASEPRODUCTIVITYWITHMOREANDMORELABOUR

7、ERSWORKINGONLESSANDLESSFARMLANDANOTHERCONTRADICTIONISTHATOFTHELARGEPOPULATIONWITHTHEMECHANISATIONOFAGRICULTURESINCELIBERATION,CHINAHASINTRODUCEDMOREFARMMACHINES,INCLUDINGMORETHAN600,000LARGEANDMEDIUMSIZEDTRACTORSTHETOTALPOWEROFAGRICULTURALMACHINERYHASINCREASEDFROM165MILLIONHORSEPOWERIN1957TO180MILLI

8、ONHORSEPOWERATPRESENTSINCEAGRICULTURALMACHINERYANDTHEAGRICULTURALLABOURFORCEINCREASEDSIMULTANEOUSLY,THERESULTHASBEENTHATEITHERTHEMANPOWERORMACHINESWERETHENLEFTUNUSEDALTERNATIVELY,NEITHERMACHINESNORMANPOWERWEREEFFICIENTLYUSEDTHETHIRDCONTRADICTIONISBETWEENPOPULATIONGROWTHANDTHEIMPROVEMENTOFPOPULATIONQ

9、UALITYSINCELIBERATION,GRAINOUTPUTHASINCREASEDCONTINUOUSLYASWELLASTHEINCOMEINTHECOUNTRYSIDEHOWEVER,ASMOSTOFTHEINCREASEDWEALTHWASCONSUMEDBYTHENEWINCREASESINPOPULATION,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEAGRICULTURALECONOMYANDOTHERUNDERTAKINGSHASBEENSERIOUSLYRETARDEDTHESTATEANDTHECOLLECTIVETHENHAVEHADNOMEANS,FINANCIALO

10、ROTHERWISE,TODEVELOPCULTUREANDEDUCATIONINTHECOUNTRYSIDETHUS,LABOURERSCOULDNOTGETENOUGHEDUCATION,ANDFURTHERTRAININGFORFARMERSALSOBECAMEIMPOSSIBLEMOREOVER,THEREWERENOTENOUGHTRAINEDPEOPLETOSPREADNEWAGRICULTURALTECHNOLOGYANDSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFFARMINGTHISPROBLEMWILLCERTAINLYBECOMEMORESERIOUSINTHECOURSEOF

11、MODERNISINGCHINESEAGRICULTURETHEESSENTIALWAYTODEVELOPCHINASAGRICULTUREISTOCARRYOUTMODERNISATION,WHICHIMPLIESTHATTHEDIVISIONOFWORKBEMORESPECIALISED,THETECHNOLOGYMOREADVANCED,ANDNEWBRANCHESOFWORKMOREDEVELOPEDALLOFTHESEAREPREREQUISITESFORINCREASEDEMPLOYMENTANDTHETRANSFORMATIONOFAGRICULTURALLABOURTHEAIM

12、SOFTHEMODERNISATIONARETOEQUIPAGRICULTUREWITHMODERNSCIENTIFICTECHNOLOGYANDMODERNINDUSTRY,TOUSEMODERNECONOMICMANAGEMENT,ANDTORAISETHEUTILISATIONRATIOANDTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFLANDANDLABOURTHEMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTUREMAYBASICALLYBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESONEISTHEMODERNISATIONOFTHETOOLSOFPRODUCTION,IEMECHANI

13、SATIONOFAGRICULTURETHEOTHERISADVANCESINTHEFIELDOFBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGY,SUCHASTHEIMPROVEMENTOFCONDITIONSANDTECHNIQUESOFPRODUCTIONMODERNISATIONSHOULDBEACCOMPLISHEDSTEPBYSTEPFIRST,WESHOULDSUBSTITUTEAGRICULTURALMACHINERYFORHEAVYMANUALLABOURTOFREEFARMERSFROMTRADITIONALMODESPRACTISEDFORHUNDREDSOFYEARSTHIS

14、WOULDMEANTRANSPLANTINGRICESHOOTSWITHOUTBENDINGOVER,ANDCARRYINGLOADSWITHOUTUSINGSHOULDERSSECOND,WESHOULDUSEMACHINERYTOINCREASEEFFICIENCY,ESPECIALLYINTHEBUSYSEASONSTHIRD,WESHOULDRELYONMACHINERYTOPROMOTETHESPECIALISATIONANDSOCIALISATIONOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTHEREFORE,WESHOULDNOTSETAGRICULTURALMECHANI

15、SATIONAGAINSTRURALEMPLOYMENT,THUSSLOWINGDOWNTHEPACEOFAGRICULTURALMECHANISATIONRATHER,IFWECANSETTLETHEPROBLEMPROPERLY,MECHANISATIONSHOULDNOTMAKETHINGSWORSEFORSURPLUSRURALLABOURINSTEAD,ITCANPROMOTETHETRANSFORMATIONOFTHELATTER,BYDEVELOPINGAGRICULTURALINDUSTRYANDTRADESRELATEDTOMACHINERYMAINTENANCEWHATCO

16、UNTSISTHATNEITHERWORKERSNORMACHINESLIEIDLEASREGARDSAGRICULTURE,THEPROGRESSOFBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGYISOFMOREIMPORTANCETHANTHATOFMECHANISATIONTHEPROCESSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOTHERCOUNTRIESFALLSROUGHLYINTOTHREETYPESLABOURINTENSIVE,CAPITALINTENSIVEANDTECHNOLOGYINTENSIVEMOSTOFTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAREOFTHECAPIT

17、ALINTENSIVETYPETHISISBECAUSETHEAVERAGEAREAOFFARMLANDPERFARMERBEFOREAGRICULTURALMECHANISATIONWASLARGERTHANINCHINA,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFLARGESCALEINDUSTRYINTHESECOUNTRIESDEMANDEDALARGELABOURFORCECONSEQUENTLY,THESECOUNTRIESTOOKTHEROADOFCAPITALINTENSIVEAGRICULTURE,WHICHRELIEDONMECHANISATIONTOSAVELABOURITI

18、SEVIDENTTHATTHEAIMOFAGRICULTURALMODERNISATIONINCHINAISNOTCHIEFLYTOSAVELABOURATPRESENT,WESHOULDNOTINVESTINLARGEQUANTITIESOFMACHINESTOREPLACELABOURWESHOULDADOPTADVANCEDTECHNOLOGYTOREPLACELAND,ANDFULLYDEVELOPBIOCHEMICALTECHNIQUESTHUSWECANMAKETHEMOSTOFTECHNICALADVANCES,ABSORBAPPROPRIATEAMOUNTSOFLABOUR,A

19、NDTRYTOINCREASESIGNIFICANTLYTHEYIELDPERUNITAREAINFACT,EVENCOUNTRIESSHORTOFMANPOWERALSOPAIDGREATATTENTIONTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGYINTHECOURSEOFAGRICULTURALMECHANISATIONWECANSEE,FROMTHEHISTORYOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTAROUNDTHEWORLD,THATSHARPINCREASESINTOTALAGRICULTURALOUTPUTAREALMOSTALWA

20、YSRELATEDTOTHEADVANCEOFBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGYSTARTINGAROUND1850,THEUNITEDSTATESHASGRADUALLYBECOMESEMIMECHANISEDANDTHENMECHANISED,ANDITSFARMLANDHASEXPANDEDENORMOUSLYONEHUNDREDANDTENYEARSLATER,IN1960,THETOTALGRAINOUTPUTHASINCREASEDBY352TIMESHOWEVER,THEOUTPUTPERUNITAREADECREASEDUNTILTHE1930SWHENTHEUSBEG

21、ANTOPOPULARISEHYBRIDPLANTVARIETIESANDTOUSECHEMICALFERTILISERMEXICOSERVESASANOTHEREXAMPLEBECAUSEMEXICOSUCCESSFULLYBREDMANYSHORTSTEMMED,DISEASERESISTANTANDHIGHYIELDWHEATVARIETIES,ITSOUTPUTPERUNITAREAINCREASEDFOURFOLDFROM1949TO1976THUS,MEXICOHASTURNEDINTOAGRAINEXPORTINGFROMAGRAINIMPORTINGCOUNTRYOVERTHE

22、LASTTWOTOTHREEDECADESCHINAPRESENTSASIMILARCASEINTHEPASTTHREEYEARS,THEPRODUCTIONOFRAPEHASINCREASEDASARESULTOFSPREADINGEARLYRIPENING,HIGHYIELDINGANDDISEASERESISTANTWILDCABBAGETYPERAPETHETOTALOUTPUTOFRAPEIN1980INCREASEDBY28PERCENTOVER1978,WHICHPUTANENDTOCHINASIMPORTSOFVEGETABLEOILFROMTHEABOVE,ITISPREDI

23、CTEDTHATTHEGREENREVOLUTIONCENTREDONIMPROVEDVARIETIESOFSEEDSWILLHAVESPREADTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDBYTHEYEAR2000FROMTHENON,WORKONBREEDINGSEEDSANDCONTROLLINGTHEBIOENVIRONMENTWILLBRINGABOUTANOTHERNEWAGRICULTURALREVOLUTIONITISCLEARTHATBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGYHASAGREATEFFECTONTHEMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTUREWESHOULDN

24、OT,HOWEVER,IGNOREMECHANISATIONINAGRICULTURALMODERNISATIONJUSTBECAUSEOFBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGYONTHECONTRARY,INCERTAINSPARSELYPOPULATEDAREAS,AGRICULTURALMECHANISATIONSHOULDBECARRIEDOUTFIRSTALTHOUGHINGENERALCHINAISDENSELYPOPULATED,EVENINTHEDENSELYPOPULATEDAREAS,MACHINESSHOULDGRADUALLYBESUBSTITUTEDFORMANU

25、ALLABOURTOCONCLUDE,INACCORDANCEWITHTHECONDITIONSOFCHINA,THEMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTURESHOULDRELYMAINLYONTHEMODERNISATIONOFBIOCHEMICALTECHNOLOGY,ANDSECONDARILYONMECHANISATIONINADDITION,INTENSIVEANDMETICULOUSFARMING,ANDSPREADINGSCIENTIFICMETHODS,ARENEEDEDSOASTOCHANGEPROGRESSIVELYFROMLABOURINTENSIVETOTE

26、CHNOLOGYINTENSIVEPRODUCTIONINTHISWAY,WECANACHIEVETHETRANSFORMATIONOFFARMLABOUR,MAKEFULLUSEOFAGRICULTURALSURPLUSLABOURANDCONTINUOUSLYRAISEAGRICULTURALLABOURPRODUCTIVITYTHEINEVITABILITYOFTHETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONTHETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONISDEFINEDASTHESHIFTOFTHEAGR

27、ICULTURALPOPULATIONFROMAGRICULTURALTONONAGRICULTURALSECTORSINALLECONOMICBRANCHES,THELARGERTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATION,THELOWERTHEAGRICULTURALLABOURPRODUCTIVITYLENINPOINTEDOUT,WHENANALYSINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECAPITALISTSYSTEMINRUSSIA,THATTHEPOPULATIONINUNDERDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESISALMOSTALLAGRICULTURAL,WHIC

28、H,OFCOURSE,DOESNOTMEANTHATTHOSEPEOPLEONLYWORKONFARMING,SINCETHEYCANPROCESSTHEIRAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSBYTHEMSELVESHEALSOPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFACOMMODITYECONOMYITSELFIMPLIESTHATMOREANDMOREPEOPLELEAVEAGRICULTUREINOTHERWORDS,ITMEANSTHATTHEINDUSTRIALPOPULATIONINCREASESWHILETHEAGRICULTURALONEDECREAS

29、ESTHEDECREASEOFANAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONISAHISTORICALTENDENCYATPRESENT,INSUCHCOUNTRIESASTHEUNITEDSTATES,CANADA,BRITAINANDFRANCE,THEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONACCOUNTSFORNOTMORETHANFIVEPERCENTOFTHETOTALPOPULATIONOFTHECOUNTRYTHEUNITEDSTATESNOWHASSEVENMILLIONFARMERS,MAKINGUP36PERCENTOFTHETOTALPOPULATIONMORET

30、HAN100YEARSAGO,ONEFARMERINTHEUNITEDSTATESCOULDONLYSUPPORTFIVEPEOPLEBY1976,ONEFARMERWASABLETOSUPPORT56PEOPLEINCANADA,PEOPLEDIRECTLYENGAGEDINFARMINGANDANIMALHUSBANDRYARELESSTHAN500,000,ONLYACCOUNTINGFOR23PERCENTOFTHETOTALPOPULATIONSO,ONAVERAGE,EACHAGRICULTURALLABOURERFARMS3,000MUANDPRODUCES100,000KGYI

31、ELDOFWHEAT,WHICHIS100TIMESASMUCHASTHEYIELDOFWHEATPERLABOURERINCHINATHEPROGRESSOFMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHESECOUNTRIESWASACCOMPANIEDBYTHETRANSFEROFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONFROMTHELATEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYTOTHEBEGINNINGOFTHETWENTIETH,MOSTOFTHEPOPULATIONINTHEUNITEDSTATESLIVEDINTHECOUNTRYWORKINGASFARME

32、RSIN1780,973PERCENTOFTHETOTALPOPULATIONWASRURAL,WHICHLASTEDUNTIL1860,WHENTHERURALPOPULATIONSTILLACCOUNTEDFOR839PERCENTOFTHETOTALTHISISSIMILARTOCHINASPRESENTPROPORTIONOFURBANANDRURALPOPULATIONSHOWEVER,THESIZEOFTHEAGRICULTURALANDNONAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONSWERESIMILARATTHATTIMETHEFORMERWASSIXMILLION,589

33、PERCENTOFTHETOTALLABOURFORCE,WHILETHELATTERWAS433MILLION,411PERCENTFROM1910TO1920INTHEUNITEDSTATES,WITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFHEAVYINDUSTRYANDTHETRANSITIONFROMNONMONOPOLYCAPITALISMTOMONOPOLYCAPITALISM,SEMIMECHANISEDAGRICULTUREBEGANTOCHANGETOMECHANISATION,ANDALARGENUMBEROFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONBEGAN

34、TOTRANSFERTONONAGRICULTURALSECTORSBOTHINURBANANDRURALAREASITTOOKLESSTHAN200YEARSFORTHEUNITEDSTATESTOREDUCEITSAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONTOITSPRESENTPROPORTIONTHETRANSFERANDDECREASEOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONISNOTANEGATIVE,SPONTANEOUSANDPASSIVEPROCESSTHEMOREQUICKLYTHEPROCESSGOES,THEQUICKERTHEMECHANISATION

35、ANDMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTUREWILLBEINADDITION,THETRANSFERANDDECREASEOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONISOFIMPORTANCETOTHEGRADUALREDUCTIONOFTHEDISTINCTIONSBETWEENTOWNANDCOUNTRY,INDUSTRYANDAGRICULTURE,ANDMENTALANDMANUALWORKTHEREFORE,WEMUSTSTUDYTHEINHERENTNATUREOFTHETRANSFEROFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATION,ANDTHEV

36、ARIOUSWAYSTODEALWITHTHESITUATIONSOTHATWECANSPEEDUPMODERNISATIONTHEBACKGROUNDANDEFFICIENTCAUSESOFTHEMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTUREINCHINAARETOTALLYDIFFERENTFROMTHOSEINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESASTHECONTRADICTIONTHEYFACEDTHENWASBETWEENEXPANDINGFARMLANDANDASHORTAGEOFMANPOWER,THEYFOUNDTHEIRWAYOUTINMECHANISATIONWHIC

37、HCOULDSAVEMANPOWERINCONTRAST,THEPROBLEMTHATCHINAFECESISDENSEPOPULATIONCONSEQUENTLY,SURPLUSAGRICULTURALLABOURFORTHISREASON,CHINAHASTODETERMINEITSOWNMAJOROBJECTIVESFORTHEMODERNISATIONOFAGRICULTUREANDTODECIDETOMECHANISETOBRINGABOUTTHETRANSFEROFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONFIRST,INCARRYINGOUTTHEMODERNISATIO

38、NOFAGRICULTURE,WHATISTHESOLUTIONTOTHELARGEAMOUNTOFLABOURFREEDBYTHEINCREASEINPRODUCTIVITY,MIGRATINGTOTHECITIESORREMAININGINTHECOUNTRYTHISPROBLEMSHOULDBEANALYSEDINTHELIGHTOFCHINASPRESENTSITUATIONCURRENTLY,CITYEMPLOYMENTCAPACITYINCHINAISBEYONDSATURATIONPOINTTHEREARESTILLMILLIONSOFPEOPLEINCITIESWAITINGF

39、OREMPLOYMENTIFTHESURPLUSLABOURINTHECOUNTRYPOURSINTOTHECITIES,THENMANYPROBLEMSWILLAPPEARSOTHEONLYSOLUTIONFORTHISSURPLUSLABOURISTOALLOWITTOREMAININTHECOUNTRYANDBEABSORBEDONTHESPOT,THATISTOSAY,LEAVINGAGRICULTURETOWORKINLOCAL,RURALFACTORIES,ANDALLOWINGFARMERSTOBECOMEWORKERSRECENTPRACTICEHASPROVEDTHATSUC

40、HVILLAGEANDSMALLTOWNENTERPRISESHAVESUPPORTEDFARMMECHANISATION,PROCESSEDAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,MINEDONASMALLSCALE,PRODUCEDBUILDINGMATERIALS,SERVEDBIGINDUSTRYANDTHEEXPORTTRADE,ANDPRODUCEDVARIOUSSMALLCOMMODITIESTOSUPPLYURBANANDRURALMARKETSTHESEENTERPRISESCANRECRUITLARGENUMBERSOFRURALSURPLUSLABOURANDHAVEB

41、ROADPROSPECTSSOINTHELIGHTOFCHINASACTUALCONDITIONS,OURWAYISTOMOVEMANYKINDSOFTRADESININDUSTRY,COMMERCE,THETRANSPORTSERVICE,ANDTHEBUILDINGINDUSTRYTOTHECOUNTRYRATHERTHANMOVETHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONTOCITIES,WHICHISTHECOMMONESTWAYTHERESTOFTHEWORLDTRANSFERSAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONSTONONAGRICULTURALSECTORSSE

42、COND,INTHETRANSFEROFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATION,WESHOULDPERSISTINUSINGLOCALMATERIALSANDGIVINGFULLPLAYTOLOCALADVANTAGESTHEINDUSTRIALPRODUCTSWHICHCANBEMADEINDIVIDUALLYINTHECOUNTRYSHOULDBESPREADTOTHECOUNTRYASMUCHASPOSSIBLEASLONGASTHEREARERAWMATERIALS,MARKETSANDPRODUCTIONCONDITIONS,PROCESSINGCANBEDONEINTH

43、ECOUNTRYFOREXAMPLE,INCOTTONGROWINGAREAS,WECANGRADUALLYEXPANDCOTTONMILLSINSUGARCANEGROWINGAREAS,SUGARMILLSINTHISWAY,WECANAVOIDLONGDISTANCETRANSPORTOFRAWMATERIALSANDPRODUCTSBACKANDFORTHFRANCEHASRUNSUGARMILLSINTHEBEETGROWINGAREASWITHEACHMILLSERVINGARADIUSOF17KMAUSTRALIAHASCONNECTEDTHESUGARCANEHARVESTIN

44、G,TRANSPORTINGANDPRESSINGTOAWHOLEPROCESSONLYEIGHTHOURSAFTERHARVESTING,SUGARCANECANBETRANSPORTEDTOTHEFACTORYBUTINCHINAATPRESENT,THEDISTRIBUTIONOFPRODUCTIVEFORCESISIRRATIONALFOREXAMPLE,BEETGROWINGAREASAREFARFROMSUGARMILLSTHEHARVESTISGATHEREDBYHANDBEETSARECARRIEDTOMILLSBYCARRIAGESAFTERTHEIRLEAVESAREREM

45、OVEDASARESULT,MUCHISDAMAGEDBYFROST,THEWASTAGEISGREAT,ANDTHERATEOFSUGARPRODUCTIONISLOWIFWEHAVEMOREENTERPRISESRUNJOINTLYBYAGRICULTURE,INDUSTRYANDBUSINESS,NOTONLYCANSURPLUSAGRICULTURALLABOURBEDRAWNON,BUTALSOWECANGREATLYRAISEPRODUCTIVITYANDDEVELOPCOMMODITYPRODUCTIONTHIRD,WESHOULDDEVELOPLABOURINTENSIVEIN

46、DUSTRIESINTHECOUNTRY,SUCHASTEXTILES,WEAVING,CLOTHING,METALPRODUCTS,COMMONMACHINERY,BUILDINGANDTRANSPORTATIONSERVICESTHESEMEDIUMORSMALLENTERPRISESCANABSORBSURPLUSAGRICULTURALLABOUR,ESPECIALLYFEMALEWECANALSOBRINGTHEADVANTAGEOFMORELABOURINTOFULLPLAYTOEXPORTBOTHINEXPENSIVEANDHIGHQUALITYPRODUCTSTOGAINFOR

47、EIGNEXCHANGEACCORDINGTOTHEIROWNSPECIFICCONDITIONS,VILLAGESANDTOWNSINTHECOUNTRYCANENGAGEINPLANTING,BREEDING,PROCESSING,MINING,ANDSOONDEVELOPINGTHEPRODUCTIONOFFUEL,POWERANDRAWMATERIALSISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTHUSWECANWORKSMALLIRONMINES,SMALLCOALMINES,SMALLELECTRICPOWERSTATIONS,SMALLCEMENTWORKS,ANDMAKEF

48、ULLUSEOFWINDPOWERANDMARSHGASFINALLY,THETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATIONSHOULDINCLUDEINTERVALDIVERSIFICATIONWESHOULDMAKEFULLUSEOFAGRICULTURALWORKERSTODEVELOPADIVERSIFIEDECONOMYINCLUDINGFARMING,FORESTRY,STOCKRAISING,FISHERIESANDSIDELINESMOREOVER,WECANENGAGEININTENSIVEANDMETICULOUSFARMINGTORAI

49、SETHEOUTPUTPERUNITAREA,DEVELOPTHEAGRICULTURALCHEMICALINDUSTRY,SPREADIMPROVEDPLANTVARIETIES,OPENUPWASTELAND,GROWMOREECONOMICPLANTS,BUILDIRRIGATIONWORKS,INCREASETRADESERVICEITEMS,ANDSOONINORDERTOFACILITATETHETRANSFEROFTHEAGRICULTURALPOPULATION,WEMUSTCREATECONDITIONSTOENHANCEITSQUALITYEDUCATIONANDTRAININGARENEEDEDTOPREVENT“STRUCTURALUNEMPLOYMENT“,IEONTHEONEHAND,THEREISASURPLUSUNSKILLEDFARMINGPOPULATION,WHILEONTHEOTHER,THEREISASHORTAGEOFSKILLEDTECHNICIANSTHECAUSEOFSURPLUSAGRICULTURALLABOURSURPLUSAGRICULTURALLABOURGENERALLYTAKESTWOFORMSONEISLONGTERMORABSOLUTESURPLUSINOTHERWORDS,THESUPPLYOFLABO