1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目RURALCOOPERATIVESINCHINAPOLICYANDPRACTICE出处JOURNALOFENTERPRISEINFORMATIONMANAGEMENT作者JENNYCLEGGINTRODUCTIONINTERESTINCOOPERATIVEENTERPRISE,ASWELLASINTHEWIDERCONCEPTOFSOCIALECONOMY,ISEXPERIENCINGANUPTURNINTERNATIONALLYASCONCERNSRISEOVERTHE“DARKSIDE”OFGLOBALISATIONTHEPERSISTENCEOFPOVERTY
2、ANDSOCIALEXCLUSIONCOMMITMENTTOPOVERTYREDUCTIONANDTHEADOPTIONOFTHEUNMILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENTGOALSREFLECTASHIFTINFOCUSAMONGPOLICYMAKERSATINTERNATIONALLEVELSTOWARDSACHIEVINGMOREOFABALANCEBETWEENSOCIALANDECONOMICASPECTSOFDEVELOPMENTFORMANY,COOPERATIVESARETHOUGHTTOHAVEGREATPOTENTIALASORGANISATIONSOFTHEPOORA
3、NDSHOULDBEGIVENMORESUPPORTINTHEINTERESTSOFSOCIALEQUITYANDA“FAIRGLOBALISATION”BIRCHALL,2004BIBBYANDSHAW,2005CHINASDEVELOPMENTEXPERIENCEHASOFTENBEENHELDUPASANEXAMPLEOFSUCCESSINPOVERTYREDUCTIONPARTICULARLYSINCETHEINTRODUCTIONOFECONOMICREFORMSIN1978THEINCIDENCEOFPOVERTYHASDECLINEDSHARPLYZHANG,2002NEVERT
4、HELESSTHEPATTERNHASBEENQUITEUNEVENWITHINCREASINGINCOMEINEQUALITYANDAGROWINGURBANRURALGAP,WHILSTASIZEABLENUMBEROFRURALPOORREMAINSTUCKINLOWRETURNFARMINGACTIVITIESATVARIOUSTIMESDURINGCHINASREFORMPERIOD,EXPECTATIONSHAVERISEN,BOTHINSIDEANDOUTSIDETHECOUNTRY,ABOUTTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFANAUTONOMOUSCOOPERATIVEMO
5、VEMENTEMERGINGINTHETRANSITIONFROMAPLANNEDTOAMARKETECONOMYSTETTNERANDORAM,1987HOWARD,1987BUTSOFAR,REFORMSHAVESTRUGGLEDTOFINDAFORMOFCOOPERATIVEENTERPRISETOFULLYINCORPORATETHEPOORINCHINASDEVELOPMENTSUCCESSESTRANSFORMATIONOFTHEOFFICIALLYTITLEDCOOPERATIVEINSTITUTIONSHAVETENDEDTOFALLSHORTOFCOMPLETELYBREAK
6、INGFROMTHE“CRADLE”OFCOLLECTIVEORSTATESTRUCTURESASPROBLEMSOFBANKRUPTCYHAVEBEENEXPOSEDSINCETHELATE1990S,THEMOREINDEPENDENTINITIATIVESOFFARMERSSPECIALISTCOOPERATIVES,DESPITEDISPLAYINGTENDENCIESTOWARDSINVESTORORIENTATION,HAVEHELDMOREPROMISEOFANEWCOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTBEINGREBUILTFROMTHEGRASSROOTSINCREASING
7、LYFORCHINASINCE2001,THEDEMANDSOFWTOMEMBERSHIPHAVEBEENPRESENTINGSOMETOUGHCHALLENGESNOTLEASTFORCHINESEFARMERSWHATTHENARETHEPROSPECTSFORCOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONTOMEETTHEIRNEEDSINTHESENEWCIRCUMSTANCESWILLCHINASEEAMORESUSTAINEDANDVITALCOOPERATIVEECONOMYDEVELOPING,ANDWILLTHISEMERGETHROUGHTHETRANSFORMATIONO
8、FTHEEXISTINGSTATISTINSTITUTIONSOFCOOPERATIVEECONOMYORFROMCOMPLETELYNEWTYPESOFAUTONOMOUSFARMERINITIATIVESTHEDISCUSSIONHERESETSOUTTOCONSIDERTHEIMPACTOFCHINASREFORMDYNAMICSONITSCOOPERATIVEECONOMY,EXAMININGDEVELOPMENTSBOTHWITHINTHESTATISTSECTORANDBEYOND,INTHEVARIETYOFEXPERIMENTALQUASICOOPERATIVEFORMSTHA
9、THAVEGROWNBETWEENPLANANDMARKETTHEAIMFIRSTISTOIDENTIFYMORECLEARLYTHEREASONSFORTHELIMITEDSUCCESSOFCOOPERATIVEREFORMBYEXPLORINGTHECHANGINGENVIRONMENTANDITSEFFECTONTHEINNERWORKINGSOFCOOPERATIVEENTERPRISESECOND,THEDISCUSSIONAIMSTOHIGHLIGHTHOWDEVELOPMENTSINAGRICULTURALSPECIALISATIONAREPROVIDINGFERTILEGROU
10、NDFOR“CREATIVEINNOVATION”INENTERPRISEFORMTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWHYBRIDFORMSOFENTERPRISETHATINEFFECTCOMBINEECONOMICWITHSOCIALANDCOMMUNITYGOALSPRESENTSACHALLENGETOANALYSISTHESUGGESTIONTOBEMADEHEREISTHATNEWTHINKINGON“SOCIALENTERPRISE”MAYPROVEUSEFULINASSESSINGTHEFUTUREPROSPECTSFORCHINASCOOPERATIVEECONOMYTOEST
11、ABLISHANEVALUATIVEFRAMEWORK,THEDISCUSSIONOPENSWITHAREVIEWOFTHECONVENTIONALFEATURESOFCOOPERATIVESANDTHEIRROLEINRURALDEVELOPMENTTOGETHERWITHSOMEDISCUSSIONOFTHECONCEPTOF”SOCIALECONOMY”THENEXTSECTIONOUTLINESTHEDEVELOPMENTSINTHEREFORMPERIODSINCE1978,LOOKINGATBOTHTHESTATISTCOOPERATIVESECTORANDTHEVARIOUSQU
12、ASICOOPERATIVEFORMSBUILDINGONSELDENS1998EARLIEREVALUATIONOFCHINASCOOPERATIVEPOTENTIAL,THEDISCUSSIONSITUATESDEVELOPMENTSWITHINTHREEREFORMSTAGESTHEINTRODUCTORYPERIODFROM1978TO1991THECREATIONOFTHE“SOCIALISTMARKETECONOMY”FROM1991TO1997ANDTHESHIFTTOABUYERSMARKETFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCEINTHELATE1990STHISAPP
13、ROACHHELPSTOEXPLAINTHELIMITSOFCOOPERATIVEEFFORTSINTERMSOFTHEGRADUAL,UNEVENANDJERKYNATUREOFTHEREFORMDYNAMICSTHEDISCUSSIONTHENTURNSTOFOCUSONTHEFARMERSSPECIALISEDCOOPERATIVES,EXAMININGTHEIRROLEWITHINTHEAGROINDUSTRIALCHAINWITHEXAMPLESAREDRAWNEXPERIMENTSINSHANDONGPROVINCE1THEAIMHEREISTOHIGHLIGHTATTHELEVE
14、LOFENTERPRISEOPERATION,THEMAINPROBLEMSINTHEORGANISATIONOFCOOPERATIVESCONTINUEDGOVERNMENTINVOLVEMENTANDINVESTORDOMINATIONTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONTHENCONSIDERSTHEDYNAMICSANDDILEMMASINTHERELATIONSBETWEENCOOPERATIVESANDGOVERNMENT,LEADINGONTOAREVIEWOFTHECHANGINGCONDITIONSFORFARMERCOOPERATIONASCHINASLEADERSCAL
15、LFORAMOREBALANCEDAPPROACHTODEVELOPMENTWITHASTRONGERSOCIALDIMENSIONCOOPERATIVES,RURALDEVELOPMENTANDTHESOCIALECONOMYTHEIMPORTANCEOFCOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONINSOCIALDEVELOPMENT,POVERTYREDUCTION,EMPLOYMENTCREATIONANDPARTICIPATORYDEVELOPMENTHASRECENTLYBEENHIGHLIGHTEDBYTHEUNITEDNATIONS2001COOPERATIVESPROVID
16、EAMEANSBYWHICHDISADVANTAGEDGROUPSCANWORKTOGETHER,SHARINGRISKS,TOSOLVETHEIRCOMMONPROBLEMSTHEIRROLEINAGRICULTUREHASLONGBEENRECOGNISEDASOFFERINGSTABILITYANDSECURITYTOSMALLFARMERS,WHOALONESTRUGGLETOCOPEINCOMPETITIVEANDFLUCTUATINGMARKETSTHROUGHCOOPERATIONFARMERSMAYREALISEECONOMIESOFSCALEINACQUIRINGFARMIN
17、PUTS,IMPROVETHEIRSTANDARDSOFPRODUCTIONANDMARKETINGANDJOINTLYORGANISECREDIT,TRANSPORT,PROFESSIONALSERVICESANDPROCESSING,CREATINGOFFFARMEMPLOYMENTASWELLASFUNDSTOHELPIMPROVERURALSOCIALSERVICESCOOPERATIVESMAYTHENSERVEASACOUNTERVAILINGFORCEINTHEMARKETPLACETOTHELARGETRADERS,INCREASINGTHEBARGAININGPOWEROFT
18、HESMALLERFARMERSVISVISLARGESCALEAGRIBUSINESS,SOASTOCAPTUREMOREOFTHEVALUECHAINTHEPARTICIPATORYGOVERNANCEOFCOOPERATIVES,BASEDONVOLUNTARYMEMBERSHIP,AUTONOMOUSDECISIONMAKINGACCORDINGTOONEMEMBERONEVOTE,ANDTHERETURNOFSURPLUSACCORDINGTOUSEORTOLABOURRATHERTHANTOCAPITAL,ISPARTICULARLYVALUEDASPROMOTINGEQUITAB
19、LE,DEMOCRATISINGDEVELOPMENTCOOPERATIVESARESEENTOBEINCLUSIVENOTONLYINENHANCINGTHEPOSITIONOFMARGINALIZEDGROUPSINCOMPETITIVEMARKETS,BUTALSOINSTRENGTHENINGTHEIRCONTROLOVERTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESS,THROUGHCOLLECTIVEOWNERSHIPANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEIROWNPRODUCTIVECAPACITIESINTHISWAY,ITISARGUED,COOPERATIVESOFFERSMAL
20、LFARMERSANALTERNATIVEPATHOFDEVELOPMENTFROMTHEIRREDUCTIONTOASEMIAGRICULTURALPROLETARIATCOOPERATIVESAREOFTENVIEWEDAS“DEVELOPMENTPROMOTERS”LINKINGFARMINGCOMMUNITIESINTOWIDERREGIONAL,NATIONALANDINTERNATIONALNETWORKSOFINFORMATIONANDNEWKNOWLEDGECOOPERATIVESAREALSOSEENTOPLAYAPARTICULARROLEINCOMMUNITYREGENE
21、RATION,MOBILISINGLOCALSTRENGTHSANDCAPACITIESTOADDRESSLOCALNEEDS,BUILDINGONCOMMUNITYNETWORKSANDRETAININGWEALTHWITHINTHELOCALAREATHECOOPERATIVEFORMISTHEREFOREREGARDEDASHAVINGENORMOUSPOTENTIALFORDELIVERINGPROPOORGROWTHTHATISOWNEDANDCONTROLLEDBYPOORPEOPLETHEMSELVESNEVERTHELESSITISRECOGNISEDTHAT,LACKINGI
22、NCAPITALANDBUSINESSMANAGEMENTCAPACITY,COOPERATIVESHAVEHADARATHERDISAPPOINTINGHISTORYINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESBIRCHALL,2004THEREISANARGUMENTTHENTHATITISTHEBROADERCHARACTERISTICSOFCOOPERATIVEORGANISATIONSUCHASSOCIALOWNERSHIP,PEOPLECENTREDOBJECTIVESANDTHEIRCOMMUNITYBASE,RATHERTHANTHEIRPRECISEORGANISATIONAL
23、FORMTHATSHOULDBEADVOCATEDTHE“SOCIALECONOMY”APPROACHEMBRACESAWIDERRANGEOFENTERPRISEFORMSTHATMAYALSOCONTRIBUTETOPOVERTYREDUCTIONANDTHECREATIONOFAMOREINCLUSIVEANDEQUITABLEECONOMY2HOWEVER,DEFINITIONSVARYANDITISHARDTODEMARCATETHEBOUNDARIESOFTHEECONOMYFORSOMETHEKEYFEATUREOFASOCIALENTERPRISEISTHEPRIMACYOFS
24、OCIALOBJECTIVESOVERTHESTRICTLYCOMMERCIALPURSUITOFPROFITFORSOCIALFIRMS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,OFTENOPERATINGINFRAGILEECONOMICENVIRONMENTSWITHHIGHRATESOFBUSINESSFAILURE,THEEMPHASISISONECONOMICVIABILITYANDTHEYAIMTOTHEPAYAMARKETWAGETOTHOSEDISADVANTAGEDINLABOURMARKETSTHESEFIRMSTHENREPRESENTMOREOFAHYBRIDBETWEENFO
25、RPROFITANDNONPROFITORGANISATION3HOWEVER,ITMAYBESAIDTHATTHESOCIALECONOMYHASCERTAINKEYCHARACTERISTICSFIRSTLY,ITCONTRIBUTESTOSOCIALLYINCLUSIVEWEALTHGENERATIONWITHSOCIALENTERPRISESCOMMITTEDTOTHESOCIALANDECONOMICINTEGRATIONOFDISADVANTAGEDORMARGINALISEDGROUPSSECONDLY,SOCIALENTERPRISESHAVECLOSELINKSWITHTHE
26、IRCOMMUNITIES,HARNESSINGLOCALRESOURCESFORCOMMUNITYNEEDSANDDRAWINGONSOCIALCAPITALTHELOCALSOLIDARITIES,RECIPROCALSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSANDPROBLEMSOLVINGCAPACITIESTHATGIVESCOMMUNITIESTHEIRSTRENGTHSCOOPERATIVES,BETWEENPLANANDMARKETDEVELOPMENTSINTHREEPHASESTHEHISTORYOFCOOPERATIVESINCHINACANPROBABLYBETRACEDB
27、ACKTOTHE1900SSTETTNERANDORAM,1987DURINGTHE1920SANDEARLY1930STHENATIONALISTGOVERNMENTBEGANTOPROMOTENUMBERSOFRURALCREDITCOOPERATIVES,ANINITIATIVECOMMENDEDBYTHEHISTORIANRHTAWNEYHOWEVER,ITWASNOTUNTILAFTER1949,WHENWIDESPREADAGRARIANREFORMSHADHELPEDTORELEASESOMEOFTHECONSTRAINTSONRURALDEVELOPMENT,THATANEMB
28、RYONICNETWORKOFSUPPLYANDMARKETING,CREDIT,HANDICRAFTANDAGRICULTURALPRODUCERCOOPERATIVESBEGANTOTAKEREALSHAPEHOWEVER,FOLLOWINGACOLLECTIVISATIONDRIVEIN1955/1956,THISNETWORKWASEFFECTIVELYABSORBEDINTOTHEFRAMEWORKOFSTATEPLANNINGBYTHEENDOFTHE1950STHEELEMENTOFCOMPULSIONINTHEPARTYLEDDRIVEESSENTIALLYDESTROYEDA
29、NYPROSPECTSFORTHEEMERGENCEOFASTRONGERAUTONOMOUSCOOPERATIVEMOVEMENTANDTHISEXPERIENCEHASLEFTALEGACYOFDEEPSCEPTICISMABOUTCOOPERATIVESINCHINATHATCONTINUESTOINHIBITTHEIRDEVELOPMENTFORFEAROFREINCORPORATIONBYLOCALGOVERNMENTTHESEDOUBTSAREUNDERPINNEDBYTHEFACTTHAT,ACCORDINGTOARTICLE8OFTHECHINESECONSTITUTION,T
30、HEVARIOUSFORMSOFCOOPERATIVEECONOMYREMAINCONSTITUTEDASA“SECTOROFSOCIALISTECONOMYUNDERCOLLECTIVEOWNERSHIPBYTHEWORKINGPEOPLE”OVERALL,REFORMSOFTHECOOPERATIVESYSTEMCANBESEENTOHAVEBROUGHTFARMERSTOTHEMARKETGRADUALLY,UNEQUALLYANDINJERKS19831991MARKETOPENINGTHEPATHTOANEWSOCIALISTCOOPERATIVEECONOMYINTHISINITI
31、ALPHASE,PRICEREFORMSWEREINTRODUCEDTOOPERATEESSENTIALLYWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFTHEPLANNEDECONOMYFOLLOWINGARISEINPRICESPAIDTOFARMERSFORGRAIN,THEGOVERNMENTBEGANTOLIFTRESTRICTIONSONTHEPRICESOFNONSTAPLEFOODS,ENCOURAGINGDIVERSIFICATIONBEYONDTHESTATECONTROLLEDGRAINECONOMYTHESEDEVELOPMENTSWERESUPPORTEDBYARADICA
32、LRESTRUCTURINGOFTHERURALECONOMYWITHTHEABOLITIONOFTHECOMMUNESYSTEMIN1984ANDTHECHANGETOASYSTEMOFFAMILYFARMINGTHROUGHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEINDIVIDUALHOUSEHOLDRESPONSIBILITYSYSTEMNEVERTHELESS,COLLECTIVELANDOWNERSHIPREMAINEDTHEBASISOFTHERURALECONOMYANDTHECOOPERATIVEECONOMICNATUREWASMAINTAINEDASPRICERISESBE
33、GANTOFUELARURALBOOM,THEGOVERNMENTPURSUEDFURTHERMARKETLIBERALISATIONINPARALLELWITHASERIESOFDIRECTIVESTOIMPROVETHECOOPERATIVEECONOMYTHEAIMWASTOENCOURAGEEXPERIMENTSINADIVERSITYOFCOOPERATIVEFORMSANDDIVIDENDPAYMENTSWEREPERMITTEDTHISWASSEENBYSOMETOHERALDTHEEMERGENCEOFA“NEWSOCIALISTCOOPERATIVEECONOMY”SEEHO
34、WARD,1987RURALCOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESINLINEWITHTHERECOMMENDATIONONABOLISHINGTHECOMMUNES,THERURALCOLLECTIVEECONOMYWASREFORMEDIN1985INTOCOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESATTOWNSHIPANDVILLAGELEVELTHESEBECAMETHECRUCIBLEFORDEVELOPMENTOFAVARIETYOFOTHERRURALCOOPERATIVEFORMSASREFORMSPROGRESSEDTHECOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESARECO
35、MMUNITYORIENTEDMULTIPURPOSEORGANISATIONSRESPONSIBLEFORHANDLINGTHEADMINISTRATIVEANDSOCIALAFFAIRSOFTHEVILLAGEPROVIDINGAGRICULTURALASWELLASPUBLICSERVICESLEASINGLANDANDCOORDINATINGLANDANDWATERUSEANDORGANISINGINITIATIVESTODEVELOPTHEVILLAGEECONOMYTHEHOUSEHOLDRESPONSIBILITYSYSTEMTHENOPERATESASATWOTIERMANAG
36、EMENTSTRUCTUREINVOLVINGBOTHTHECOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVES,WHICHCONTRACTSOUTTHELANDTOHOUSEHOLDSWHICHGAINEDCONTROLOVERTHEUSEOFLANDANDLABOURANDTHERIGHTSTODISPOSEOFSURPLUSPRODUCTANDSIDELINESTHECOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESWEREINPRINCIPLEFOUNDEDONVOLUNTARISM,SUPPORTINGTHECHANGETOASTATEPURCHASESYSTEMBASEDONCONTRACTSTHA
37、TWERETOBEEXTENDEDFROM3TO15YEARSHOWEVER,THENATUREOFTHEGOVERNMENTFARMERCONTRACT,ANDTHEREFORETHECOOPERATIVECHARACTEROFTHECOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESHASBEENAMATTEROFDEBATEFORPEI1998,THEDEVELOPMENTMARKEDASTEPTOWARDSPEASANTEMPOWERMENTWITHCOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESCONTAININGANELEMENTOFAUTONOMYGIVENTHENEGOTIATEDELEMEN
38、TINGOVERNMENTFARMERCONTRACTSZHANG1995ONTHEOTHERHANDNOTESTHATINPRACTICETHECOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESREMAININDIRECTLYCONTROLLEDBYTHESTATESINCETHECONTRACTSAREBASEDONTHECOLLECTIVEOWNERSHIPOFLANDTHECOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESTHENINTEGRATEBOTHLOCALADMINISTRATIVEANDECONOMICFUNCTIONSANDMAINTAINANORIENTATIONTOWARDSTHES
39、TATEASWELLASTHECOMMUNITYTOWNSHIPANDVILLAGEENTERPRISESTVESWITHTHEDISMANTLINGOFTHECOMMUNESYSTEM,LOCALGOVERNMENTSWEREDEPRIVEDOFREVENUESANDTURNEDTOTHEPROMOTIONOFRURALSMALLSCALEINDUSTRIESTHETVESTOOFFSETCOSTSANDSUBSIDISEAGRICULTURALSERVICESSELDEN1998ARGUESTHATTHETVESCONTAINEDELEMENTSOFCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE
40、SOFREDISTRIBUTIONANDOPENAUTONOMOUSORGANISATIONSINCE,WHILSTTHEYOPERATEDINAMARKETENVIRONMENT,THEYWERERUNNOTFORPROFITBUTTOCREATEJOBSANDSUBSIDISEVILLAGESERVICESONTHEOTHERHAND,THETVESWEREESSENTIALLYRUNBYLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOSTRENGTHENTHEIRCOLLECTIVISTBASESUPPLYANDMARKETINGCOOPERATIVESSMCSANDRURALCREDITCOOPE
41、RATIVESRCCSTHERCCSANDSMCSRESUMEDSERVICESTOINDIVIDUALMEMBERSEARLYINTHEREFORMPROCESS,ANDBEGANTOPLAYAPARTINCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESINRURALAREASINTHEEARLY1980SATTEMPTSWEREMADETOINCREASETHEINDEPENDENCEOFTHESMCSANDRCCSANDREESTABLISHTHEMASFARMERSCOOPERATIVESREFORMSWEREINTRODUCEDTOPAYSTAFFSALARIESOUTOFPROFITSIN
42、THESMCS,NEWFARMERMEMBERSWEREINVITEDTOPARTICIPATEANDPURCHASESHARESTSANG,1996,ANDSERVICESTOMEMBERSATTOWNSHIPLEVELSBEGANTOIMPROVERCCSALSOBEGANTOBUILDUPTHEIRSAVINGSBASEAMONGINDIVIDUALFARMERSHOWEVER,WITHPRICEREFORMSATTHISTIMELIMITEDWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFAPLANNEDECONOMY,THESMCSWERESTILLREQUIREDTOCONTINUETOP
43、ERFORMVITALFUNCTIONSINGOVERNMENTCONTROLOFKEYAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSANDINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,CHEMICALFERTILISERSALESANDCOTTONPURCHASETHERCCSALSOREMAINEDCLOSELYLINKEDWITHTHEAGRICULTURALBANKOFCHINA,SHARINGSTAFFWITHITSBRANCHESATGRASSROOTSLEVELSINADDITION,LOCALGOVERNMENTSRETAINEDTHERIGHTTOAPPOINTRCCMANAGERSANDW
44、EREABLETODIRECTTHEIRLENDINGTOWARDSTHEFINANCINGOFTVESLI,2002WHILSTREFORMSINTHESTATISTCOOPERATIVEECONOMYREMAINEDLIMITED,INDEPENDENTPRODUCTIONANDTRADINGACTIVITIESGREWWITHNUMBERSOFSPECIALISEDHOUSEHOLDSTAKINGADVANTAGEOFTHEINITIALLIBERALISATIONOFNONSTAPLEFOODSTOSETUPSIDELINES,MOVINGALSOINTOTRANSPORTANDRET
45、AILINGTOBENEFITFROMTHERURALBOOMBYTHEENDOFTHE1980S,WITHINCREASINGNUMBERSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSPASSINGTHROUGHFREEMARKETCHANNELS,THEREFORMSMETDIFFICULTIESWHENFLUCTUATIONSINSUPPLIESCAUSEDAJUMPINFOODPRICESTHISLEDTOCONFLICTSINCITIESCAUSINGTHEGOVERNMENTTOREINTRODUCECONTROLSTOHEADOFFURBANUNRESTWITHTHESTATEF
46、URTHERTIGHTENINGITSGRIP,THERCCSANDSMCSREMAINEDCLOSELYINTEGRATEDINTOTHEADMINISTRATIVEPROCESSTHEFAILURETOREALISEATLEASTSOMEOFTHEEARLYOPTIMISMFORCOOPERATIVEREFORMLEFTTHEMARKETS,ONCETHEYRECOVERED,AMOREOPENFIELDFORTHEBURGEONINGPRIVATESECTOR19911997QUASICOOPERATIVESINTHE“SOCIALISTMARKETECONOMY”DENGSDECLAR
47、ATIONATTHE14THPARTYCONGRESSIN1991THATCHINAHADBECOMEA“SOCIALISTMARKETECONOMY”UNLEASHEDAFURTHERROUNDOFECONOMICREFORMSTHISNEWSTAGEWASMARKEDBYTHEDRIVETOFORMNATIONWIDEMARKETSAND,WITHTHELIBERALISATIONOFPRICESOFMANYAGRICULTURALSTAPLESANDINPUTS,BY1993,MARKETSDETERMINEDTHEPRICESOFABOUT90PERCENTOFAGRICULTURAL
48、PRODUCTSLI,1996INTERESTINCOOPERATIVESREVIVEDASTHEEARLIEREXPERIMENTSINENTERPRISEFORMSBEGANTOSPREADNATIONWIDEFOLLOWINGTHEPUBLICATIONOFMINISTRYOFAGRICULTURECIRCULARSAIMINGTOSTANDARDISEMODELSATTENTIONFOCUSEDINPARTICULARONSPECIALISEDPRODUCTIONTECHNICALASSOCIATIONSTHEREFORMOFTVESINTOSHAREHOLDINGCOOPERATIV
49、ESANDRURALCOOPERATIVEFUNDASSOCIATIONS,ANEWDEVELOPMENTINTHERURALFINANCIALSECTORTHESEQUASICOOPERATIVESWEREGENERALLYMARKEDBYTHEINVOLVEMENTOFTHERURALCOMMUNITYCOOPERATIVESATTOWNSHIPANDVILLAGELEVELBUTFORSOMECOMMENTATORS,THESENEWDEVELOPMENTSBEYONDTHESTATISTCOOPERATIVEECONOMYHADREALPOTENTIALTOSTRENGTHENTHEPOSITIONOFFARMERSONACOOPERATIVEBASISDESPITETHEIRLIMITATIONSSELDEN,1998CLEGG,1998NEVERTHELESS,ASREFORMSCONTINUEDTOEXPANDSPACESFORMOREAUTONOMOUSINITIATIVE,THESEWERETOBEFILLEDPRIMARILYBYTHEEMERGINGRURALELITESSPECIALISEDHOUSEHOLDSANDTVEMANAGERSWHOTENDEDTOLEADTHENEWORGANISATIONSINTH
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