中小型企业的国际化和国际企业经营：一个评论和政策影响【外文翻译】.doc

1、嘉兴学院本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目INTERNATIONALIZATIONOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESANDINTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPACRITIQUEANDPOLICYIMPLICATIONS出处REGIONALSTUDIES作者MIKEWRIGHT,PAULWESTHEADANDDENIZUCBASARAN原文WRIGHTM,WESTHEADPANDUCBASARAND2007INTERNATIONALIZATIONOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESANDINTERNATIO

2、NALENTREPRENEURSHIPACRITIQUEANDPOLICYIMPLICATIONS,REGIONALSTUDIES41,10131029PRACTITIONERSARESEEKINGTOPROVIDEASUPPORTIVEENVIRONMENTFORGROWINGVENTURESANIMPORTANTPOLICYCHALLENGEISTHEPROVISIONOFSUPPORTFORSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESSEEKINGTOINTERNATIONALIZETOGUIDEPRACTITIONERRESOURCEALLOCATIONDECI

3、SIONS,RECENTCONCEPTUALANDEMPIRICALDEVELOPMENTSRELATINGTOSMEINTERNATIONALIZATIONAREDISCUSSEDANINTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPPERSPECTIVEISPRESENTEDASACOUNTERPOINTTOTHEESTABLISHEDINTERNATIONALIZATIONPERSPECTIVES,WHICHMAYHAVEGUIDEDPRACTITIONERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEASPIRATIONSANDNEEDSOFSMESTHEEMERGINGINTERNAT

4、IONALENTREPRENEURSHIPPERSPECTIVERELATINGTOSMEINTERNATIONALIZATIONISCRITICALLYREVIEWEDWITHREGARDTOTHEFOLLOWINGSEVENTHEMESTHETIMINGOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEINTENSITYANDSUSTAINABILITYOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEMODEOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEDOMESTICENVIRONMENTALCONTEXTONINTERNATIONALIZATIONTH

5、ELEVERAGINGOFEXTERNALRESOURCESTOINTERNATIONALIZETHEUNITOFANALYSISIETHEFIRMORTHEENTREPRENEURANDTHEEFFECTOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONONSMEPERFORMANCEASSUMINGANINTERVENTIONISTSTANCE,ACASEFORMOREBALANCEDPOLICYSUPPORTTOWARDSSMEINTERNATIONALIZATIONISSUGGESTEDTHATTAKESINTOACCOUNTTHEDIVERSITYOFSMESANDENTREPRENEUR

6、STHATOPERATE,ORARECAPABLEOFOPERATING,INFOREIGNMARKETSIMPLICATIONSFORPOLICYANDRESEARCHERSAREPRESENT。THEMESSURROUNDINGTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESTHEME1TIMINGOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHETIMINGOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONISANIMPORTANTDISTINGUISHINGFACTORBETWEENTRADITIONALINTERNATIONAL

7、IZATIONSTUDIESANDINTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPSTUDIESWITHINTHELATTERTHEORETICALPERSPECTIVE,INTERNATIONALNEWVENTUREINVTHEORISTSGUIDEDBYSTRATEGICCHOICETHEORYANDLEARNING/KNOWLEDGETHEORYQUESTIONTHESTAGEMODELTHEORY,ANDSUGGESTTHATMANYNEWPRIVATESMESCANINTERNATIONALIZEFROMTHEINCEPTIONOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSAUT

8、IOETAL,2000INVSAREVIEWEDASORGANIZATIONSTHAT,FROMINCEPTION,SEEKTODERIVESIGNIFICANTCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEFROMTHEUSEOFRESOURCESANDTHESALEOFOUTPUTTOMULTIPLECOUNTRIESMOREOVER,INVTHEORISTSASSERTTHATMANYFIRMSNOLONGERREGARDINTERNATIONALMARKETSASSIMPLEADJUNCTSTOTHEDOMESTICMARKETSMESWITHSPECIFICCOMPETITIVEADVAN

9、TAGESLINKEDTOTHEIRTECHNOLOGICALLEVELANDPRODUCTAND/ORSERVICECHARACTERISTICSMAYBEALERTTOOPPORTUNITIESININTERNATIONALMARKETSFROMTHEOUTSETOVIATTANDMCDOUGALL,1994,1997THESEOPPORTUNITYDRIVENFIRMS,THEREFORE,DONOTFOLLOWANINCREMENTALINTERNATIONALIZATIONPATHBELLETAL,2001FIRMSTHATINTERNATIONALIZEFROMTHEOUTSETM

10、AYBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEASSETOFNEWNESSMOSTNOTABLY,NEWSMESDONOTHAVETOUNLEARNPROCEDURESFOCUSEDONDEVELOPINGADOMESTICMARKETPRESENCEAUTIOETAL,2000MCDOUGALLETAL1994ASSERTEDTHATINTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSTRYTOAVOIDDOMESTICPATHDEPENDENCEBYESTABLISHINGVENTURESTHATHAVEROUTINESFORMANAGINGMULTICULTURALWORKFORCES,FO

11、RCOORDINATINGRESOURCESLOCATEDINDIFFERENTNATIONS,ANDFORTARGETINGCUSTOMERSINMULTIPLEGEOGRAPHICLOCATIONSSIMULTANEOUSLYTHEME2INTENSITYANDSUSTAINABILITYOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONINTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPSCHOLARSHAVEHIGHLIGHTEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFMOREDYNAMICASPECTSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEACQUISITIONANDASSIMILATIONOFN

12、EWKNOWLEDGEZAHRAETAL,2000DECLERQETAL,2005AUTIOETAL2000,FOREXAMPLE,FOUNDTHATTHEGROWTHININTERNATIONALSALESREPORTEDBYSMESWASASSOCIATEDWITHEARLIERINITIATIONOFINTERNATIONALIZATION,ANDGREATERKNOWLEDGEINTENSITYRELATEDTOLEARNINGBEHAVIOURADEVELOPMENTOFSTAGEMODELTHEORYISEXHIBITEDBYTHELATTERTHEORISTSWHOAPPRECI

13、ATETHEROLEOFKNOWLEDGEANDLEARNINGASWELLASENTREPRENEURIALSTRATEGICCHOICETHEIMPLICITIMPLICATIONFROMTHELATTERSTUDIESISTHATMOREKNOWLEDGEABLEFIRMSANDFIRMSTHATHAVELEARNTFROMTHEIRSUCCESSESIEINTELLIGENTLEARNINGFROMMISTAKESWILLINCREASETHEIRCOMMITMENTTOINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEME3MODEOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEMOD

14、EOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONSELECTEDBYAFIRMISANIMPORTANTSTRATEGICCHOICETHATCANINFLUENCEITSPOSITIONINTHESELECTEDMARKETS,ANDITSABILITYTOGAINACCESSTOVITALINFORMATIONANDACQUIRERESOURCESHOLMLUNDANDKOCK,1998FIRMSCANINTERNATIONALIZETHROUGHAVARIETYOFMODESOFARRELLETAL,1998,ANDEACHMODEISASSOCIATEDWITHRISK,CONTROLA

15、NDCOSTISSUESTHATNEEDTOBECONSIDEREDBYTHESMETHEMOSTFREQUENTLYCITEDMODESBYPRIVATESMESRELATETODIRECTEXPORTINGWITHOUTANOVERSEASBASE,ORESTABLISHINGANOVERSEASBASETHROUGHSOMEFORMOFFDIASSOCIATEDWITHAGREENFIELDSITE,ANACQUISITIONORAJOINTVENTURESTAGEMODELTHEORISTSWHOSUGGESTAUNILINEAREVOLUTIONARYINTERNATIONALIZA

16、TIONPROCESS,WITHINCREMENTALSTAGESANDAWELLDEFINEDMODEOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONATEACHSTAGE,HAVEATTRACTEDEXTENSIVECRITICISMBELLETAL,2004STUDIESFOCUSINGONNEWTECHNOLOGYBASEDFIRMSSUGGESTTHATTHEYAREABLETODEVELOPNETWORKSTHATRAISETHEPROBABILITYOFSELECTINGAJOINTVENTURETOENTERTHEFOREIGNMARKETDANAANDWRIGHT,2004GRO

17、WINGENTHUSIASMFORINTERNATIONALIZATIONBYNEWTECHNOLOGYBASEDFIRMSHASLEDTOAGENERALPERCEPTIONTHATALLSMES,IRRESPECTIVEOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITY,CANENTERFOREIGNMARKETSTHROUGHFDIEIM,2005HOWEVER,THISMODEMAYONLYBEAPPLICABLETOTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFASMALLSUBSAMPLEOFPRIVATESMESENGAGEDINKNOWLEDGEANDTECHNOLOGYBASEDA

18、CTIVITIESOFARRELLETAL1998SUGGESTEDTHATTHEINTERNALIZATION/TRANSACTIONCOSTFRAMEWORKOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONISINAPPROPRIATEWHENEXPLORINGBUSINESSSERVICESSMESTHISISBECAUSEBUSINESSSERVICESFIRMSREQUIREANUNDERSTANDINGOFWHATISREQUIREDBESTTOSUPPORTCOLLABORATIONWITHCLIENTSMOREOVER,THEYSUGGESTEDTHATTHETRANSACTION

19、COSTFRAMEWORKISUNABLETOHANDLECOMPLEXCHOICESAMONGALTERNATIVEMODES,ANDITISDIFFICULTTODIFFERENTIATEBETWEENEXPERIENCEDANDINEXPERIENCEDBUSINESSSERVICEFIRMSTHEMODESOFENTRYINTOFOREIGNMARKETSARELIKELYTODIFFERONKEYDIMENSIONSSUCHASTHEAMOUNTOFRESOURCECOMMITMENT,THEEXTENTOFRISK,THEPOTENTIALFORRETURNSANDTHEDEGRE

20、EOFMANAGERIALCONTROLSOMEMODESOFENTRYINVOLVEHIGHERLEVELSOFCOMMITMENTANDHIGHERTRANSACTIONCOSTSANDCOSTSRELATINGTOACQUIRINGRESOURCESZAHRAETAL2000FOUNDIMPORTANTRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEINTERNATIONALMODEOFENTRYANDLEARNINGINNEWHIGHTECHNOLOGYVENTURESMOSTNOTABLY,THEYDETECTEDTHATFOREIGNACQUISITIONSANDOTHERHIGHE

21、RCONTROLMODESOFENTRYFACILITATEDGREATERBREADTHANDSPEEDOFTECHNOLOGICALLEARNINGTHANLOWCONTROLMODESSUCHASINTERNATIONALEXPORTANDLICENSINGAGREEMENTSHOWEVER,THESEMODESMAYNOTBEAPPROPRIATEFORALLSMESTHATINTERNATIONALIZETHEME4INFLUENCEOFDOMESTICENVIRONMENTALCONTEXTONINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEME4ARISESFROMTHENOTIO

22、NTHATFIRMSACCUMULATERESOURCESINDOMESTICMARKETSANDTHEYCANLEVERAGETHESERESOURCESANDLEARNINGTOINTERNATIONALIZETHEIRFIRMSACTIVITIESWIEDERSHEIMPAULETAL,1978RESOURCEBASEDTHEORISTSSUGGESTTHATSOMEFIRMSGAINACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEBASEDONTHEQUALITYANDDISTINCTIVENESSOFTHEIRPRODUCTSAND/ORSERVICESRATHERTHANLOWPRICE

23、ALONETHESEADVANTAGESCANACCRUETOINDIVIDUALSMESWHENMANYFIRMSSPECIALIZINGINTHEVARIOUSLEVELSOFTHEPRODUCTIONCHAINARECLUSTEREDTOGETHERINAPARTICULARGEOGRAPHICALLOCALITYCERTAINLOCALITIESMAY,THEREFORE,ACQUIREAGLOBALSTRENGTHTHATENABLESINDIVIDUALSMESLOCATEDINTHECLUSTERTOLEVERAGEABROADRANGEOFRESOURCESIELEGITIMA

24、CY,TECHNOLOGICALANDMARKETINGKNOWLEDGE,BRANDNAME,ETCTHATCANBEUSEDTOCIRCUMVENTOBSTACLESTOINTERNATIONALIZATIONLEGALESETAL2001SUGGESTEDTHATLOCALGOVERNMENTORLOCALBUSINESSASSOCIATIONSHAVEANIMPORTANTROLEINSUPPORTINGSPECIALIZEDCLUSTERSBYFACILITATINGTHEACCUMULATIONANDSPREADOFLOCALCOLLECTIVECOMPETITIONGOODS,P

25、ARTICULARLYKNOWLEDGE,BETWEENVARIOUSACTORSINTHECLUSTERTHEME5LEVERAGINGEXTERNALRESOURCESTOINTERNATIONALIZERATHERTHANFOCUSINGSOLELYONTHEROLEOFINTERNALRESOURCESONAFIRMSABILITYTOENTERFOREIGNMARKETSBLOODGOODETAL,1996AUTIOETAL,2000,THEREMAYBEBENEFITSASSOCIATEDWITHVIEWINGTHEFIRMASPARTOFANETWORKSFROMARESOURC

26、EBASEDPERSPECTIVE,BEINGPARTOFANETWORKCANPROVIDEEXTERNALTANGIBLEANDINTANGIBLERESOURCESTHATAIDINTERNATIONALIZATIONDANA,2001THESEINTERFIRMRELATIONSHIPSIMPACTONBOTHMARKETSELECTIONANDTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONMODEUTILIZEDBYSMESNETWORKSMAYINVOLVELARGEANDSMALLFIRMSINASYMBIOTICRELATIONSHIPTHATFACILITATESINTERN

27、ATIONALIZATIONDANAANDWRIGHT,2004EVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATSOMESMESFINDITDIFFICULTTOMARKETTHEIRACTIVITIESTOTHEGLOBALECONOMY,EVENWHENLOCALSUPPORTAGENCIESANDASSOCIATIONSTRYTODEVELOPTHEIRCOMPETENCIESBARRIERSTOINTERNATIONALIZATIONCANBECIRCUMVENTEDWHENONEORMORELARGEFIRMSMOVEINTOANAREAANDMAKETHECONNECTIONSFROMLO

28、CALTOGLOBALWITHSMALLERFIRMSBECOMINGTHESUPPLIERSOFTHECORPORATEPRIMEMOVERSLEGALESETAL,2004SIMILARLY,ACSETAL1997SUGGESTTHATBARRIERSTOINTERNATIONALIZATIONBYSMESCANBECIRCUMVENTEDBYUSINGLARGERMULTINATIONALFIRMSASINTERNATIONALCONDUITSFORINTERNATIONALEXPANSIONSMEINTERNATIONALIZATIONCANBEFACILITATEDWHENLARGE

29、FIRMSPROVIDEDESIGNS,TECHNOLOGYSUPPORT,QUALITYCONTROLMECHANISMSANDESTABLISHEDBRANDNAMESSMESWITHSMALLERRESOURCEPOOLSMAY,THEREFORE,BEABLETOBORROWSIZEPHELPSETAL,2001ANDRESOURCESFROMLARGERORGANIZATIONSLOCATEDELSEWHERETORETAINEXISTINGCUSTOMERSINDOMESTICMARKETS,SMESWITHLIMITEDRESOURCESMAYBEPULLEDINTOFOREIG

30、NMARKETSBYTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONACTIVITIESOFLARGERNETWORKPARTNERS,SUCHASDOMESTICCLIENTSWHOHAVEESTABLISHEDRELATIONSHIPSWITHORGANIZATIONSINFOREIGNMARKETSINORDERTODEFENDORMAINTAINAPOSITIONINABUSINESSNETWORK,AFIRMMAYBEPUSHEDINTOBECOMINGANEXPORTER,PARTICULARLYIFTHEMAJORCUSTOMERSHAVEENTEREDFOREIGNBUSINES

31、SNETWORKSTHISISCONSISTENTWITHTHEPIGGYBACKMODEOFENTRYSOMESMESINTERNATIONALIZEBECAUSETHEYAREREACTIVEEXPORTERSWITHALARGERPARTNERORGANIZATIONOBTAININGTHECONTRACTTOSERVICEFOREIGNCUSTOMERSOFARRELLETAL,1996BYJOININGNETWORKSANDFORMINGALLIANCESPARTICULARLYWITHLARGERORGANIZATIONSSMESCANEXPANDTHEIRSOCIALCAPITA

32、LSMESCANSUBSEQUENTLYUTILIZEKNOWLEDGEYLIRENKOETAL,2002ANDVALUECREATINGRESOURCESTHATCANNOTBECREATEDINDEPENDENTLYHOWEVER,THEREMAYBEMAJORCONSTRAINTSONTHEABILITYOFSOMESMESTODEVELOPBROADERSOCIALANDBUSINESSNETWORKSTHEME6UNITOFANALYSISIETHEFIRMORTHEENTREPRENEURTRADITIONALINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHEORIESEXCLUSIV

33、ELYFOCUSONTHEFIRMASTHEUNITOFANALYSISTHISLITERATUREMAYDIRECTPOLICYMAKERATTENTIONTOWARDFIRMISSUESTOTHEDETRIMENTOFENTREPRENEURISSUESWHOACTUALLYCREATEAND/ORDISCOVEROPPORTUNITIESINFOREIGNMARKETSSIMILARLY,INTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPSCHOLARSPURPORTINGTHEINVPERSPECTIVEFOCUSONTHEACCUMULATIONOFKNOWLEDGEBYTH

34、EFIRMRATHERTHANBYTHEINDIVIDUALENTREPRENEURINDEED,MOSTINTERNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPSTUDIESGENERALLYFAILTOCONSIDERENTREPRENEURSPECIFICVARIABLESALTHOUGHAUTIOETAL2000CONSIDEREDOWNERMANAGEDFIRMS,THEYDIDNOTCONSIDERTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONEXPERIENCEOFTHEENTREPRENEURZAHRAETAL2000CONSIDEREDINTERNATIONALIZATIO

35、NEXPERIENCEBUTONLYATTHEFIRMLEVELHOWEVER,DURINGTHEEARLYSTAGESOFPRIVATEFIRMDEVELOPMENT,OWNERS,NOORGANIZATION,CHARACTERISTICSPLAYAPIVOTALROLEINSHAPINGEXPORTPERFORMANCEKUNDAANDKATZ2003INMANYSMES,THEOWNERSISTHEKEYRESOURCETHEYCANACCUMULATEHUMANCAPITALANDSOCIALCAPITALLEADINGTOINDUSTRYANDMANAGEMENTKNOWHOWPH

36、YSICALANDFINANCIALCAPITALNEEDEDTODEVELOPAVENTUREANDTHEORGANIZATIONALCAPITALTHATENABLESTHECOMPETITIVEPRODUCTIONOFGOODSANDSERVICESOFFEREDBYAFIRMBRUSHETAL,2002INBOTHDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALMARKETSITISREASONABLETOASSUMETHATENTREPRENEURSANDENTREPRENEURIALTEAMSCANACQUIREANDLEVERAGEFOREIGNBUSINESSKNOWLEDGE

37、,FOREIGNINSTITUTIONALKNOWLEDGEANDINTERNATIONALIZATIONKNOWLEDGEERIKSSONETAL,1997THEME7EFFECTOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONONSMEPERFORMANCETHEVIEWTHATINTERNATIONALIZINGFIRMSREPORTSUPERIORPERFORMANCEISAWIDELYRECEIVEDWISDOMANDCANBEREGARDEDASTHEME7ITISACKNOWLEDGEDHERETHATTHISVIEWISWIDELYASSUMEDALTHOUGHNOTDIRECTL

38、YSTATEDORVALIDATEDBYMANYACADEMICSANDPRACTITIONERSEIM,2005AREVIEWOFTHEEVIDENCE,HOWEVER,INDICATESNOCLEARANDCONSISTENTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENANSMESPROPENSITYTOEXPORTANDABILITYTOREPORTSUPERIORFIRMPERFORMANCETHEREISNOCONSENSUSSURROUNDINGHOWTOMEASUREINTERNATIONALIZATIONPERFORMANCEKATSIKEASETAL,2000THEVARIETYO

39、FPERFORMANCEINDICATORSUSEDMAKESCOMPARISONACROSSSTUDIESDIFFICULTMOREOVER,RESULTSMAYBEAFFECTEDBYTHESECTORSANALYSEDANDTHETIMEFRAMESOFANALYSISINDEED,MANYSTUDIESHAVEFAILEDTOCONSIDERINTERINDUSTRYDIFFERENCESBETWEENNONEXPORTERSANDEXPORTERS译文中小型企业的国际化和国际企业经营一个评论和政策影响中小型企业的国际化和国际企业经营一个评论和政策影响，区域研究41，10131029。

40、实践者正在寻求为企业发展提供一个有利的环境。一个重要的政策挑战是为中小型企业寻求国际化提供支持。为了指导从业者资源分配的决策，最近与中小企业国际化相关的概念和经验的发展进行了讨论。一个国际企业家的观点是一个既定的国际化的对位角度，这可能指导从业者了解中小企业的愿望和需要。正在形成与中小企业国际化相关的国际创业的观点是严格审查了关于以下七个主题国际化的时机国际化的强度和可持续性国际化模式国内的环境背景对国际化的影响外部资源利用国际化，单位分析（即企业或企业家），以及国际化对中小企业绩效的影响。假设干预的立场，一个为中小企业提供更多平衡的政策建议的案例建议考虑到中小企业的多样性（企业家）的操作，或

41、者是在国外市场经营能力。政策和研究人员给出的启示。围绕中小企业国际化的专题主题一国际化时机国际化的时机是一个重要的区别传统的国际化研究和国际化企业家精神研究的因素。在后一种理论的角度来看，国际新企业（INV）的理论指导下的战略选择理论与学习/知识理论问题的阶段模型理论，并提出许多新的私营中小型企业可以从企业国际化经营开始AUTIOETAL,2000。INVS被视为从一开始，争取从资源利用和产出销售到多个国家带来巨大的竞争优势的组织。此外，INV理论家断言，许多企业不再把国内市场作为国际市场的简单附属物。与他们的技术水平和产品或服务联系的竞争优势特点的中小企业从一开始就对国际市场中的机会警觉OV

42、IATTANDMCDOUGALL,1994,1997。因此这些机会驱动的企业，不遵循渐进式国际化道路BELLETAL,2001。企业的国际化从一开始就可能与崭新的资产有关联。最值得注意的是，新的中小企业没有忘记把发展集中在现有的国内市场上AUTIOETAL,2000。MCDOUGALLETAL1994宣称国际企业家尽量避免国内路径通过建立合资企业已在管理协调位于不同国家的多元文化的劳动力资源和程序，以及针对客户在多个地理位置的同时依赖。主题二国际化的强度和可持续性国际创业学者都强调了与收购及相关的新知识同化相关的更具活力方面的重要性ZAHRAETAL,2000DECLERQETAL,2005A

43、UTIOETAL2000，例如，发现在中小企业国际销售增长报告与先前相关的国际化起步和更大的知识密度与学习行为有关。一个阶段模型理论被领会知识和学习的角色和企业战略选择的后面理论者表现出来。后者研究隐含的含义是，知识化公司和企业已经从他们的成功经验中学习（即从错误中学习）会增加他们的国际承诺。主题三国际化模式被企业选择的国际化模式是一种在市场选择中可以影响它的位置的重要的战略选择,并有能力去获得必要的信息和获得资源HOLMLUNDANDKOCK,1998。企业可以通过多种方式国际化OFARRELLETAL,1998,并且每一个模式下中小企业都是需要考虑风险、控制和成本之间的问题。最常被引用的方

44、式是被一些没有海外基地的民营中小企业用来直接出口的,或通过某种形式的外国直接投资相关的绿地网站、获得物或者合资企业建立海外基地。建议使用直线发展的国际化程序的阶段模型理论者,用国际化进程递增阶段和在国际化的每个阶段一个定义明确的模式,吸引了广泛的争议BELLETAL,2004。研究重点集中在建议科技型企业能够去发展网络,提高了他们选择一个合资企业进入外国市场的可能性DANAANDWRIGHT,2004。越来越多的新技术为基础的积极的企业国际化，导致人们普遍认为所有中小型企业，无论工业活动，通过外国直接投资可以进入国外市场外商EIM,2005。但是这种模式可能只适用于从事知识和技术型活动的民营中

45、小企业中的一小部分进入国际化。OFARRELLETAL1998认为当以国际化角度探讨中小型企业的商业服务时，国际化交易成本国际化的框架是不恰当的。这是因为商业服务公司需要去了解什么是必需的，去尽最大的努力去支持与客户的合作。此外,他们认为运用交易成本框架是无法去处理在可供选择方案模式中的复杂选择，并且它是很难区分有经验的和没有经验的商务服务公司。进入外国市场的模式可能在资源数量保证,在一定程度上的风险,潜在的回报,管理控制的程度上是不同。一些涉及更高水平的承诺和更高的交易成本和相关的费用的进入方式去获取资源。ZAHRAETAL2000发现在进入国际化模式和在高新技术合资企业学习的重要关系。最值

46、得注意的是,他们发现海外并购和其他更高的进入控制模式比如国际出口和许可协议的低控制方式更容易促进更大的广度和速度去推动技术学习。然而,这些模式可能并不适合所有的中小企业国际化。主题四国际化中国内环境的影响主题四起因于公司准备在国内市场积累资源和他们认为可以利用这些资源和学习使企业的活动置于国际管理下的见解WIEDERSHEIMPAULETAL,1978资源基础理论家建议一些公司通过他们的产品或服务而不是低价来获得基于产品的质量和独特性的竞争优势。这些优点归属于民营中小企业将许多公司专门从事各级生产链条聚集一个特定的地理位置。因此,某些地方具备国际力量使民营中小企业集群去利用广泛的资源如合法性、

47、技术、营销知识、品牌等可以用来规避国际化阻碍。LEGALESETAL2001建议地方政府或当地商会在支持促进积累和当地集体竞争商品的传播的专业集群方面扮演着一个重要的角色，特别是知识在产业集群中扮演着不同的角色。主题五利用外部资源到达国际化而不是集中单独依靠一家公司的内部资源的作用去进入国外市场BLOODGOODETAL,1996AUTIOETAL,2000,这可能有利于有联系的观察公司做为网络的一个组成部分。从资源的角度来看,作为网络的一部分能够提供有形资产和无形资源去援助国际化发展DANA,2001。这些公司间的关系影响市场选择和中小企业利用国际化模式两个方面。网络包含能促进国际化发展的共

48、生模式的大小公司DANAANDWRIGHT,2004。有证据表明,一些中小企业发现很难进入市场全球经济的活动,即使本地支持机构和协会试图去创造他们的能力。走向国际化的障碍可能被包围当一个或者多个大公司进入一个区域并且由区域性向全球性的连接通过更小的公司成为企业初期公司的供应商LEGALESETAL,2004。同样,ACSETAL1997认为发展国际化的障碍可能被中小企业包围通过利用更大的跨国公司进行国际扩张。中小企业的国际化可以促进大公司提供设计、技术支持、质量控制机制和建立品牌。因此拥有更小的资源库的中小企业，可以借用位于其他组织的规模和资源PHELPSETAL,2001。为了保持在国内市场

49、的现有客户,中小企业以有限的资源通过更大的网络伙伴的国际化活动去拉”进入国际市场,例如本国客户与海外市场中组织建立了良好的关系。为了保持和维持在业务网络中的一个位置,一个公司可能被“推“的转变成为一个出口国,特别是如果主要客户已进入外国商业网络。这有符合“采取模式”的入口。一些中小企业国际化因为他们是有更大的合作伙伴组织的反应性的出口商，去获得合同以保持国外顾客OFARRELLETAL,1996。通过加入网络和形成联盟特别是更大的组织，中小企业可以扩展其社会资本。中小企业可以接着利用知识YLIRENKOETAL,2002和不能创造独立性的创造价值资源。然而,可能会有大量的约束条件去制约中小企业发展更广泛的社会和商业网络。主题六分析单位例如公司或企业家传统的国际化理论专门集中在作为理论分析的单位的公司。这些著作可以指导决策者将注意力趋向于对公司不利的在海外创造或发现机会的企业家问题上。同样,国际创业学者们声称INV观点集中于累积企业知识而不是个人的企业家。的确,多数国际创业者研究一般没有认真考虑到企业家特定的变量。虽然AUTIOETAL2000认为拥有管理公司,他们没有考虑拥有国际化经验的企业家。ZAHRAETAL2000被认为是拥有国际化经验,但只在公司的水平上。然而,在私营公司的早期发展中,所有者不是组织，特点在处于良好状态下的出口业绩中扮演着