1、毕业论文外文翻译出处SUSTAINABILITY,20102,20842116作者STEFFIEBROER;HELENATITHERIDGE原文ECOSELFBUILDHOUSINGCOMMUNITIESARETHEYFEASIBLEANDCANTHEYLEADTOSUSTAINABLEANDLOWCARBONLIFESTYLESABSTRACTTHISPAPERCONCERNSHOWSUSTAINABLEANDLOWCARBONLIVINGCANBEENABLEDINNEWHOUSINGDEVELOPMENTSINTHEUKITISHERERECOGNIZEDTHATCONSUMPTIONO
2、FENERGYANDRESOURCESISNOTJUSTWHATGOESINTOTHEBUILDING,BUTALSOLONGTERMTHROUGHOCCUPANCYANDACTIVITIESCURRENTAPPROACHES,WHICHREQUIREHOUSINGDEVELOPERSTOREDUCETHECARBONEMISSIONSOFTHEHOMESTHEYBUILDTHROUGHAMIXTUREOFENERGYEFFICIENCYANDRENEWABLEENERGYSYSTEMS,DONOTSUFFICIENTLYCONTRIBUTETOTHECARBONEMISSIONREDUCTI
3、ONSWHICHARENECESSARYFORMEETINGUKGOVERNMENTTARGETSANDTOAVOIDDANGEROUSCLIMATECHANGEPURCHASINGAHOMETIESPEOPLEINTONOTJUSTDIRECTCONSUMPTIONOFENERGYHEATING,HOTWATER,ELECTRICITY,BUTALSOEFFECTSOTHERAREASOFCONSUMPTIONSUCHASTHEEMBEDDEDENERGYINTHEBUILDINGANDACTIVITIESASSOCIATEDWITHTHELOCATIONANDTHETYPEOFDEVELO
4、PMENTCONVENTIONALBUSINESSMODELSFORNEWHOUSINGDEVELOPMENT,OPERATINGUNDERCURRENTGOVERNMENTREGULATIONS,POLICIESANDTARGETSHAVEFAILEDTODEVELOPHOUSINGWHICHENCOURAGESTHEADOPTIONOFSUSTAINABLELIFESTYLESTAKINGWHOLELIFECONSUMPTIONINTOACCOUNTANALTERNATIVEBUSINESSMODELOFECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITIESISPROPOSEDASAWAYTOFO
5、STERDESIREDBEHAVIORCHANGETHEFEASIBILITYOFECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITIESANDTHEIRSCOPEFORSUPPORTINGLOWCARBONSUSTAINABLELIFESTYLESISASSESSEDTHROUGHSTAKEHOLDERINTERVIEWS,ANDTHROUGHQUANTITATIVEASSESSMENTOFCOSTS,CARBONEMISSIONREDUCTIONPOTENTIAL,ANDOTHERSUSTAINABILITYIMPACTSOFTECHNICALANDLIFESTYLEOPTIONSANDTHEIRC
6、OMBINATIONSTHERESEARCHSHOWSTHATECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITIESAREBOTHFEASIBLEANDHAVETHEABILITYTODELIVERLOWCARBONLIFESTYLESINCOMPARISONTOCONVENTIONALAPPROACHESTOBUILDINGNEWHOUSING,THEYHAVEFURTHERADVANTAGESINTERMSOFDELIVERINGWIDERSOCIAL,ENVIRONMENTALASWELLASECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYOBJECTIVESIFIMPLEMENTEDCORRECT
7、LYTHEYCOULDSUCCEEDINMAKINGSUSTAINABLELIFESTYLESATTRACTIVE,ANDFOSTERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPROENVIRONMENTALSOCIALNORMSINTRODUCTIONANDBACKGROUNDPREVIOUSRESEARCHBYBROERANDTITHERIDGE4,5FOUNDTHATSOFTMEASURESNOTUSUALLYREQUIREDBYTHEDEVELOPMENTCONTROLAUTHORITIESORASPARTOFTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONS,COULDBEMOREEFFECTIVE
8、ATREDUCTIONCARBONEMISSIONSTHANTHEZEROCARBONHOMESAPPROACHADVOCATEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTANDWOULDCOSTLESSINADDITION,BROERANDTITHERIDGE5IDENTIFIEDANUMBEROFWIDERSUSTAINABILITYBENEFITSRESIDENTSINVOLVEMENTINTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFNEWHOUSINGHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASAPOSSIBLEOPPORTUNITYTOCREATESUCHMOMENTUM5THISMAYHEL
9、PCREATEMORESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTSPLACESWHEREITISCOOLTOBEGREEN,PLACESWHICHCOMMUNICATETHATBEINGGREENCANBEFUNTHEREBYCHANGINGAWARENESSANDBEHAVIORNOTONLYWITHINTHECOMMUNITYITSELF,BUTWHICHSUPPORTASHIFTINSOCIALNORMSINTHEWIDERSOCIETYSELFBUILDISONEMECHANISMBYWHICHRESIDENTSCANBECOMEMOREINVOLVEDINTHEDESIGNANDC
10、ONSTRUCTIONPROCESSSELFBUILDISTHEPRACTICEOFCREATINGANINDIVIDUALHOMEFORONESELFTHROUGHAVARIETYOFDIFFERENTMETHODSTHESECANRANGEFROMDESIGNINGANDBUILDINGTHEWHOLEHOUSEONESELFTHROUGHTOSIMPLYMANAGINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSOREMPLOYINGANARCHITECTTODESIGNANDMANAGETOCONSTRUCTIONOFAPERSONALIZEDDESIGNINTHEUKTHEDEMAN
11、DFORSELFBUILDHOMESEXCEEDSITSSUPPLY6INADDITIONTHEREISINCREASINGDEMANDFORSUSTAINABLEHOMESANDCOMMUNITIES7,8ANDINNOVATIVEANDSUSTAINABLETECHNOLOGY,FOREXAMPLEHIGHLEVELSOFINSULATION,TIMBERFRAME,SOLARENERGY,UNDERFLOORHEATING,ANDVENTILATIONSYSTEMSAREPARTICULARLYFAVOREDAMONGSTMANYSELFBUILDERS6,911FURTHERMOREB
12、UILDINGHOMESASPARTOFACOMMUNITYCANHAVEANUMBEROFADVANTAGESANDADDITIONALOPPORTUNITIESSUCHASCOMMUNALINFRASTRUCTUREANDRENEWABLEENERGYSYSTEMS,COMMUNALRECYCLINGFACILITIES,ASHAREDGARDEN,BULKPURCHASEANDSHARINGSKILLSANDADVICEDURINGCONSTRUCTIONWITHEACHOTHERTHUSTHECOMMUNITYSELFBUILDROUTETONEWHOUSINGMAYPRESENTAN
13、OPPORTUNITYFORCREATINGMORESUSTAINABLEANDLOWCARBONCOMMUNITIESTHISPAPERASSESSESTHEPOTENTIALOFUSINGTHESELFBUILDMODELFORCREATINGSUSTAINABLECOMMUNITIESINTHEUKLITERATUREREVIEWLITERATUREWASREVIEWEDTOUNDERSTANDTHEDEMANDFORBOTHSELFBUILDANDFORSUSTAINABLEHOMESANDSELFBUILDCOMMUNITIES,ASWELLASINDUSTRY,MARKETANDC
14、USTOMERPREFERENCESRELATINGTONEWHOMESDEFININGSUSTAINABLECOMMUNITIESBOTHTHETERMSSUSTAINABILITYANDCOMMUNITYAPPEARTOBEUSEDDIFFERENTLYINPOLITICALDISCOURSEFORTHISREASONWEHEREDEFINETHEUSEOFBOTHTERMSINTHECONTEXTOFTHISPAPERSUSTAINABILITYHASNOSINGLEORAGREEDMEANINGITTAKESONMEANINGWITHINDIFFERENTPOLITICALIDEOLO
15、GIESANDPROGRAMMESUNDERPINNEDBYDIFFERENTKINDSOFKNOWLEDGE,VALUESANDPHILOSOPHY12AWEAKVIEWOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTLOOKSTOCONTINUINGECONOMICGROWTHONTERMSTHATFAVOREXISTINGFINANCIERSANDCORPORATIONS13ASTRONGVIEWREPRESENTSAREVISEDFORMOFSELFRELIANTCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTWHICHSUSTAINSPEOPLESLIVELIHOODSUSINGAPPROP
16、RIATETECHNOLOGY12THEFORMERWOULDFITINWITHWHATWEMIGHTNOWDESCRIBEASTHEMAINSTREAMOFPOLITICSINMANYNORTHERNCOUNTRIESTHELATTERREPRESENTSAGREENERANDMOREHOLISTICVISIONITECHOESTHECONCERNSOFEFSCHUMACHER14WHENHEARGUEDFORACONCERNWITHAPPROPRIATESCALE,WHOLENESSANDCONNECTEDNESS13WEHEREDEFINESUSTAINABILITYASTHELATTE
17、RINASIMILARFASHIONDISCUSSIONOFCOMMUNITYISFRAUGHTWITHDIFFICULTIESFORSOMEITMEANSLITTLEMORETHANAGLORIFIEDREWORKINGOFTHEMARKET,ANDTHETERMSUSTAINABLECOMMUNITYISOFTENUSEDTODESCRIBEENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYFEATURESOFAHOUSINGDEVELOPMENTWITHOUTINCLUDINGSOCIALFACTORS15OTHERSUSETHETERMCOMMUNITYASSOCIATEDWITH
18、THEHOPEANDTHEWISHOFREVIVINGONCEMORETHECLOSER,WARMER,MOREHARMONIOUSTYPEOFBONDSBETWEENPEOPLE,BRINGINGTOGETHERSOLIDARITY,COMMITMENT,MUTUALITYANDTRUST15,16THETERMCANBEASSOCIATEDWITHAPARTICULARPLACE,ORITCANBEAPPLIEDTOANETWORKORGROUPOFPEOPLEWITHASHAREDINTERESTWEHEREUSETHETERMCOMMUNITYASMEANINGAPLACEWITHIN
19、CREASEDNEIGHBORHOODATTACHMENTASCANBEMEASUREDTHROUGHSOCIALBONDINGANDBEHAVIORALROOTEDNESSASDEFINEDBYRIGERANDLAVRAKAS17INDUSTRYANDCOMPETITIONTHESELFBUILDINDUSTRYCURRENTLYLARGELYCONSISTSOFINDIVIDUALSELFBUILDERSWHOPURCHASEAVAILABLESINGLEPLOTS,TYPICALLYINFILLINURBANAREAORSMALLBROWNFIELDSITESTHESUPPLYFORSE
20、LFBUILDPLOTSISCURRENTLYLIMITEDTOSINGLEPLOTS,ASMULTIPLEPLOTSITESTENDTOBESOLDTOHOUSEBUILDERSWHOSPECIALIZEINBUILDINGANDSELLINGHOMESCOMMUNITYSELFBUILDPROJECTSLOOKTOPURCHASELARGERSITES10SUITABLEFORMULTIPLEPLOTSANDTHEREFORECOMPETEAGAINSTCONVENTIONALHOUSINGDEVELOPERSFORLANDTHEREARETWOMAINGROUPSOFHOUSEBUILD
21、ERSSERVINGTHEUKHOUSINGMARKETFORMULTIPLEPLOTSITES,DIFFERENTIATEDBYTHEIRSIZE1VOLUMEHOUSEBUILDERSWHOTENDTOBUILDLARGEDEVELOPMENTSOFHUNDREDSORTHOUSANDSOFHOMES,BUTSOMETIMESALSOBUILDSMALLERDEVELOPMENTS2ABUILDERWITHHISTEAM,WHOISLIKELYTOBUILDANDSELLSMALLGROUPSOFPROPERTIESATATIMEINADDITIONTOTHISTHEREAREANUMBE
22、ROFSMALLDEVELOPERSWHOBUILDMEDIUMSIZEDDEVELOPMENTSSOMEOFTHESEAREBUILDINGINNOVATIVESUSTAINABLEHOMESANDCANBESEENASPIONEERSMOSTOFTHELARGERSCALEDEVELOPERSANDTHESMALLSCALEBUILDERSAREPRIMARILYCONCERNEDWITHREDUCINGCOSTS,TENDTOAVOIDUSINGINNOVATIVECONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUESANDMATERIALS,ANDAIMTOMEETTHEMINIMUMREQUI
23、REMENTSOFTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHEYDONOTSEETHEOPPORTUNITIESPRESENTEDBYANDCUSTOMERDEMANDFORSUSTAINABLECONSTRUCTIONASMALLMINORITYOFHOUSEBUILDERSANDDEVELOPERSARESTARTINGTOPIONEERTHESUSTAINABILITYMARKETNOCOMPANYISCURRENTLYCOORDINATINGTHECONSTRUCTIONOFPRIVATEINDIVIDUALSELFBUILDHOMES,THOUGHANUMBEROFCOMPAN
24、IESARELOOKINGINTOTHISOPPORTUNITY,WITHOUTHOWEVERATHOROUGHLYDEVELOPEDCONCEPTTHATDELIVERSSUSTAINABILITYANDLOWCARBONLIVING20THESUPPLYOFSUSTAINABLEANDSELFBUILDCOMMUNITYHOMESMAYNOTONLYBECONSTRAINEDBYTHELACKOFCOMPANIESOFFERINGSUCHFRAMEWORKS,BUTALSOBYTHEAVAILABILITYOFLANDINLOCATIONSWHEREDEMANDEXISTS,ANDWHER
25、EPLANNERSWOULDBEOPENTOTHISSORTOFDEVELOPMENTFOREXAMPLE,SOMEDEVELOPMENTOPPORTUNITIESAREININNERCITIES,WHICHLOCALPLANNINGAUTHORITIESWOULDEXPECTTOBEDEVELOPEDTOVERYHIGHDENSITIESBLOCKSOFHIGHRISEAPARTMENTSMAYNOTLENDTHEMSELVESEASILYTOSELFBUILDANDCOMMUNITYPROJECTSRESULTSBARRIERS/SUPPORTFORCOMMUNITIESARANGEOFT
26、HEMESEVOLVEDFROMTHEINTERVIEWSWHICHCLARIFIEDTHEBARRIERSANDSUPPORTMECHANISMSFORCOMMUNITIESTOFORMHERESUCHSUPPORTSTRUCTURESANDBARRIERSAREDESCRIBEDANDTHEPOTENTIALTOOVERCOMETHEMISDISCUSSEDTHESEARECOVEREDINTHEFOLLOWINGSUBTHEMES1ASUPPORTIVELOCALAUTHORITYSHOULDBEASITESELECTIONCRITERIA2ATIGHTLEGALSTRUCTURETHA
27、TACHIEVESTHERIGHTBALANCEBETWEENCHOICEANDSTRUCTURE3LANDOWNERSANDDEALSTRUCTURE4ALLSTAKEHOLDERS,PARTICULARLYTHECLIENTSVALUETHESHAREDPURPOSE5TAKEPEOPLEIMPACTINTOACCOUNTWHENCHOOSINGECOANDLOWCARBONFEATURES6OFFERSUPPORTTOSELFBUILDERS7SUSTAINABLECOMMUNITYECOSELFBUILDDEVELOPMENTSCANIMPROVETHENEIGHBORHOODOVER
28、ALLTAKEPEOPLEIMPACTINTOACCOUNTWHENCHOOSINGECOANDLOWCARBONFEATURESBOTHPOTENTIALCUSTOMERSINTERVIEWEES11,1214,15,16,18,19AND20ANDCONVENTIONALANDGREENHOUSEBUILDERSINTERVIEWEES31,32,33FELTTHATTHEYWOULDBEUNLIKELYTOPAYFORHIGHCOSTSUSTAINABILITYFEATURESEG,PHOTOVOLTAICSWHICHTHEYDONOTBENEFITFROMDIRECTLYLIFESTY
29、LESOLUTIONSSUCHASCOMMUNALGARDENS,PEDESTRIANFRIENDLYSTREETSWITHCARSHARESCHEMES,WOODSTOVES,PASSIVESOLARDESIGN,ANDTHEOPPORTUNITYTOGROWFOODWEREPOPULARCRITICALFACTORSINBUILDINGECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITIESREVIEWINGTHELISTEDTHEMES,THEFOLLOWINGFACTORSARESEENASCRUCIALTOTHESUCCESSOFANECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITYVENTURE,B
30、OTHINTERMSOFBEINGFINANCIALLYVIABLEANDINTERMSOFBEINGABLETOLEAVEASOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALLEGACYSELECTPARTICIPANTSBASEDONTHESOCIALCAPITALTHATTHEYCANBRINGTHEREFORESELLATAFIXEDPRICE,TOPEOPLEYOUINTERVIEWANDTAKEUPREFERENCESPARTICIPANTSMUSTBEMOTIVATEDTOLIVESUSTAINABLY,HAVETHEKNOWHOWANDFINANCESTODOIT,BELIKELYT
31、OCONTRIBUTEANDTOBEPROACTIVECREATEACHILDFRIENDLYDEVELOPMENTTHISISBYFARTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORTHATPOTENTIALRESIDENTSSEEMEDTOBEATTRACTEDBYLANDDEALLANDISTHELARGESTEXPENSEFORSELFBUILDERSTHEREFOREITISANIMPORTANTFACTORINFLUENCINGFINANCIALPROFITMARGINSCOMMUNITYPROVISIONSWHILSTCREATINGSPACESFORPRIVACYTHEDESIG
32、NNEEDSTOALLOWBOTHFORPRIVACYANDENCOURAGECOMMUNITYINTERACTIONSUPPORTTOSELFBUILDERSAHANDHOLDINGSUPPORTSERVICEFORSELFBUILDERSISVERYLIKELYTOINCREASETHEAVAILABLEMARKETSIZEINADDITIONTRAININGINECOCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSISLIKELYTOLEADTOBETTERENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEASHAREDPURPOSETHESHAREDPURPOSEOFCREATINGABRIGHT
33、ERGREENERFUTUREISIMPORTANTFORBRINGINGTHECOMMUNITYTOGETHERTHESHAREDPURPOSEISVITALFORACHIEVINGLOWCARBONLIFESTYLESWITHINTHEDEVELOPMENTCONCLUSIONTHISPAPEREXAMINEDTHEPOTENTIALFORECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITIESASAVIABLEOPTIONTOHOUSINGDEVELOPMENTSIGNIFICANTDEMANDFORTHEPROPOSITIONWASIDENTIFIEDTHISPROPOSITIONISMOREC
34、OMPLEXTHANCONVENTIONALPROPERTYDEVELOPMENTASITREQUIRESPEOPLESKILLS,AMORECOMPLEXSETUP,MORECOMPLEXPLANNINGNEGOTIATIONSANDTHERIGHTCONTRACTUALFRAMEWORKTOENSUREFINANCIALSUCCESSANDAHIGHLEVELOFSUSTAINABILITYAMAJORDRIVERISTHEPOLITICALPUSHFORMORESUSTAINABLEANDLOWCARBONHOUSINGANDTHERESULTINGOPPORTUNITYFORGAINI
35、NGPLANNINGPERMISSIONWITHTHISCONCEPTFORSCHEMESANDSITESWHICHOTHERWISEMAYNOTTHEINITIALCUSTOMERSFORECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTSARELIKELYTOBEENVIRONMENTALPIONEERSRATHERTHANTHEMAJORITYOFUKCUSTOMERSWHOPURCHASENEWHOMESHOWEVERINCLUDINGNOTONLYPLOTSFORSELFBUILD,BUTALSOSELFFINISHANDCOMPLETEDSUSTAINABLEHOME
36、SINSUCHAPROJECT,WOULDCREATEGREATERAPPEALTOTHEMAJORITYINTHEUKECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTSCANBEADAPTEDTODIFFERENTLOCATIONSANDTYPESOFCUSTOMERHIGHANDLOWDENSITY,URBANANDRURAL,FORFAMILIESANDINDIVIDUALS,FORHIGHANDLOWBUDGETSEXPERIENCEFROMOTHERCOUNTRIESSHOWSTHATWHEREMARKETBARRIERSTOSELFBUILDAREREMOVEDAM
37、ARKETPENETRATIONOF50TO80OFNEWBUILDCANBEACHIEVED6THISINDICATESTHATAREMOVALOFSUCHBARRIERSTHROUGHTHEPROPOSEDAPPROACHAND/ORPOLICYCHANGESISLIKELYTOLEADTOAMUCHGREATERUPTAKEOFSELFBUILDINTHEUKECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTOFFERSSIGNIFICANTPOTENTIALFORREDUCINGCARBONEMISSIONSINTHEUKBY2050,THROUGHENABLINGLOW
38、CARBONLIFESTYLESGIVENTHATSIMILAREMISSIONSAVINGSASTHOSELIKELYTOBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHTHEUKGOVERNMENTSZEROCARBONHOMESINITIATIVECANEASILYBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHECOSELFBUILDCOMMUNITYPROJECTSTHEANALYSISOFTHEFINANCIALVIABILITYOFSUCHSCHEMESSHOWEDTHATITWOULDBEPOSSIBLETOCOVERTHECOSTSOFTHENECESSARYINPUTSTOGETASUCCESSFUL
39、SCHEMEOFFTHEGROUNDTHROUGHTHEPREMIUMPEOPLEWOULDBEWILLINGTOPAYFORTHISTYPEOFSERVICE毕业论文外文翻译译文生态自建住房社区它们是可行的,它们会导致可持续、低碳的生活方式吗摘要本文关注这样一个问题可持续的低碳生活可以在英国启用新的房产开发。在这里认识到能源消费和资源不仅仅是进入房子,而且还要长期通过占用和活动。目前采用的方法,这就要求房地产开发商减少碳排放,通过混合能源效率和可再生能源系统建立被摧毁的房屋,却不够有助于碳减排为满足英国政府的目标,避免全球气候变暖的危险。在不只是直接消费的能源(采暖,热水,电),但也影响其他
40、消费领域,如建筑公司的位置和发展型能源采购有关的活动的嵌入式家庭关系的人。根据传统的商业模式,新的房产开发的操作在当前的政府法规、政策和目标没有实现住房,鼓励采用可持续生活方式以整个生活消费的考虑。另一种商业模式提出了生态自建社区的培养作为一种期望的行为改变。生态自建社区的可行性和范围支持低碳可持续生活方式是通过评估利益相关者,并且通过定量评估的成本、碳减排的潜力,和其他可持续发展技术和生活方式的影响及其组合的。研究表明,生态自建社区都是可行的,有能力提供低碳的生活方式。相对于采用传统办法建立新的住房,他们提供更广泛的社会环境,以及经济可持续发展的目标方面有进一步的优势。如果正确执行,他们能够
41、成功的使可持续生活方式具有吸引力,树立专业的鼓励发展环保的社会规范。介绍和背景BROERAN和TITHERIDGE以前的研究发现4,5,温和的措施经常不被开发管理部门或作为建筑物规例的一部分需要,可以更有效的减少二氧化碳的排放量比零排放家庭方法所倡导的政府,成本也比较低。此外,BROERAN和TITHERIDGE5,确定了一些可持续性的更广泛的好处。居民参与设计和施工的新住房已经被证明是一个可能的机会,来让我们创造出这样的动力5。这也能帮助创造更多的可持续发展的地方,哪里从酷的到绿的转变,传达出这样的地方,即绿色可以很有趣,从而不仅改变在社区本身的意识和行为,也支持在社会规范转变更广泛的社会行
42、为。自建是居民可以更加积极的参与到设计和施工过程一种机制。自建的做法是通过各种不同的方法为自己创造一个独立的私人的房子。这些范围可以从设计与建造整幢房子,到自己通过简单地管理施工过程中或招聘一名建筑师设计建设和管理个性化的设计。在英国自建房子的需求超过供应6。此外,家庭和社区的可持续发展需求增加,和创新和可持续的技术的需要,例如高水平的绝缘、木头框架、太阳能、地下供暖,通风系统特别青睐以及很多自我建设者6,911。此外作为社区建设的一部分房子可以比对方有建筑的优点,如公用基础设施和可再生能源系统,公共回收设施,共享的花园,批量采购和分享技能和建议额外机会。因此,社区自建途径可能出现新的住房创造
43、更加可持续发展、低碳的社区。本文评估了利用自建在英国创建可持续社区模式的潜力。文献回顾文献,综述了理解自建可持续的家庭和自建社区的需求,以及产业、市场和客户对新家的喜好。定义可持续社区这两个条款的可持续性和社区似乎是用在不同的政治话语。为此,我们在这里定义了这两个术语在本文的上下文中使用。可持续发展没有单一的或同意的意思。“它在不同的政治意识形态和项目,以价值观和理念为基础的方案有不同的含义12。”一个弱的可持续发展的角度看继续现有的条件有利于融资和公司经济增长13。一个强烈的观点体现了修订的形式自力更生的社区发展拱民生的改善使用适当的技术的12。前者在许多北欧国家适合,我们可能现在描述为主流
44、政治后者代表了一个更环保,更整体的视觉。它呼应的EFSCHUMACHER14当他主张关注整体规模适度13,连通性争辩。我们在这里定义为后者的可持续性。以同样的方式讨论社区是困难重重。对一些人来说意味着多一点的市场美化改造,以及长远的可持续社区通常是被用来描述特征不包含住宅发展社会因素的环境可持续发展15。别人使用术语社区联系在一起的唤醒他们的希望,希望再一次拉近温暖,更和谐,人与人之间的债券型汇集团结,承诺,信任15、16。这个词可以用于一个特定的地方,也可以被应用到网络或共享利益的一群人。我们在这里使用术语社区意味着一个地方附近增加附件,可以采用社交凝结和行为根据RIGER和LAVRAKAS
45、17的定义。工业和竞争目前的自建房屋行业在很大程度上由个人自建房屋者组成,他们主要是那些购置合适的单片小土地,典型的主要有城市地区或小块的城中旧房被清除后可盖新房的区域。供应自建房屋的土地目前只限于单片的小土地,因为多样土地往往是卖给对建筑有专门研究和销售房屋的房屋建设者。社区自建房屋项目打算购买土地规模较大10,适合多样土地的,因此与传统的房屋开发商进行土地竞争。主要有两组自建房屋者服务于英国房地产市场的多样土地,主要通过它们的大小来区分1注重空间大小的房屋建设者倾向于建起大型的成百上千的房屋,有时也建设较小的。2在一个团队里的建设者喜欢一次性建设和销售空间较小的房屋群。除此之外,也有很多建
46、造中型房屋的小的开发商。其中的一些是建设创新的可持续的住房,可以被看作是开拓者。大部分的规模较大的开发商和小规模的建设者主要关注降低成本,往往避免使用创新的建筑技术和材料,目的是满足要求的建筑法规的最低要求。他们没有看到可持续建筑的客户需求带来的机遇。少数房屋建设者与开发者开始开拓可持续性的市场。目前,没有一家公司正在协调建设私营个体自建家园,虽然许多公司正在寻找机会进入这个,但并没有彻底的开发理念,提供可持续发展和低碳的生活20。可持续的自建社区家庭可能不仅是由公司提供这种框架的约束,但还缺乏对土地的需求中存在的地点,在规划者会乐意接受这种发展。例如,一些发展机会在城市的中心,这地方规划当局
47、会想到会发展到非常高的密度。高层公寓块可能不适于容易自建和社区项目。结果社区的支持及障碍一系列的主题是由采访了机制障碍和支持社区形成的。这里对支持结构和障碍进行了描述,并对他们的潜力进行了讨论。这些都包含在以下主题1一个支持性的地方政府应该是一个地点选择标准2紧密的法律结构在选择和结构之间应该达到最佳平衡3土地所有者和交易结构4所有股东,特别是客户价值的共同目标5将人对生态、低碳的影响加入考虑的因素中6对自建折提供支持7可持续的生态自建社区的发展可以改善附近的全部事项将人对生态、低碳的影响加入考虑的因素中潜在客户受访者11、12、14、15、16、18、19、29)和传统且绿色环保的房屋建筑商
48、受访者31、32、33都认为,她们也不可能来支付成本例如,太阳能电池),他们不直接受益。生活方式解决方法例如,公共花园,行人与汽车、火炉友好相处的街道,积极的太阳能设计,种植食物的机会都是很流行的。在生态自建社区建设中的关键因素回顾以上的主题,下列因素被认为对生态自建社区的风险是很重要的,不管是从在经济上可行性,还是对社会和环境遗产而言选择基于社会资本的参与者,他们可以以固定价格出售给你采访的人,并给予参考。参与者必须是出于可持续生活的动机,并有知道怎么做,有资金来做,来做这件事,可能愿意贡献并有积极主动性。创造一个孩童友好发展机制是到目前为止最重要的因素,似乎是吸引潜在的居民。土地交易是自建
49、者最大的支出费用。因此,重要的因素影响金融的利润空间。社区规定而对隐私的空间设计创造需求,使双方的隐私,并鼓励社区的互动。支持自建设者,一只手拿着自建设者的支持服务是非常有可能增加可用的市场规模。此外,在生态建设方法的培训可能会导致更好的环保性能。一个共同的目标,共同目的是创造更加美好的绿色未来的社区是非常重要的。共享的目的是为了实现发展低碳生活方式。结论本文研究了对生态的自我建设成为一个可行的选择住房开发社区的潜力。命题的意义重大是明确的。这个命题较传统的物业发展复杂,因为它需要人们的技能,一个更复杂的设置、更复杂的规划和正确的合同谈判框架,以确保财务的成功和高水平的可持续发展。一个主要的驱动力是政治推动更加可持续发展、低碳住房,为获得与这一计划和用地规划许可的概念,否则可能不会产生机会。生态自建社区发展的最初客户很可能是环境的先驱,而不是大多数购买新房子的英国客户。然而不仅包括地块自建,而且也包括在这样一个可持续的家园里自我完成和已完成的项目,将会在英国创造更大的吸引力。生态自建社区的发展可以适应不同的位置和客户类型高和低密度,城市和农村,为家庭和个人的高与低预算。来自其他国家的经验表明,市场去除自建市场的壁垒,50到80的市场渗透率,新的建设就可以实现6。这表示在英国通过提出的方法和/或政策的改变除去这种障碍,将导致一个更大量的自建。英国
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