在中国和墨西哥的发展模式和产业升级【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目DEVELOPMENTMODELSANDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGINCHINAANDMEXICO出处EUROPEANSOCIOLOGICALREVIEW作者GARYGEREFFITHEREAREFUNDAMENTALCHANGESAFOOTINTHEGLOBALECONOMY,ANDNOSIMPLEANSWERSFORCOUNTRIESTHATWANTTOIMPROVEOREVENMAINTAINTHEIRLEVELSOFDEVELOPMENTINRECENTDECADES,NATIONALANDREGIONALDEVELOPMENTMODELSHAV

2、ECOMEUNDERINCREASINGSCRUTINY,ANDCOUNTRIESARETRYINGTODETERMINEWHATKINDSOFPOLICIESANDINSTITUTIONSPROVIDETHEBESTOPPORTUNITIESFORLONGTERMGROWTHANDPROSPERITYTHISARTICLEWILLEXPLORETHESEISSUESTHROUGHACOMPARATIVEANALYSISTHATFOCUSESONHOWINTERNATIONALTRADEANDFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDIHAVESHAPEDTHEDEVELOPMENTT

3、RAJECTORIESOFCHINAANDMEXICO,TWOOFTHEMOSTDYNAMICEMERGINGECONOMIESINTHEWORLDTHEFIRSTSECTIONOFTHEARTICLEPROVIDESABROADCOMPARISONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTMODELSINLATINAMERICAANDCHINA,WITHANEMPHASISONHOWEACHHASCHANGEDINRECENTDECADESTHESECONDPARTOFTHEARTICLEUSESINTERNATIONALTRADEDATATOEXAMINEINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGPAT

4、TERNSINMEXICOANDCHINA,WITHANEMPHASISONTHEIRCOMPETITIVENICHESINTHEUSMARKETANDWHYCHINAISTAKINGTHELEADINANUMBEROFDIFFERENTINDUSTRIESTHETHIRDANDFINALPARTOFTHEARTICLELOOKSMORECLOSELYATANEWFEATUREOFCHINASINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGPATTERNKNOWNASSUPPLYCHAINCITIESCHINASUNIQUEMODELOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTISFASCINATINGI

5、NITSOWNRIGHT,BUTCHINASESCALATINGIMPORTANCEASASUPPLIER,AMARKET,ANDRECENTLYASASOURCEOFOUTWARDDIRECTINVESTMENTMAKESMANYCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSINTHEWORLDHIGHLYDEPENDENTONCHINASFUTUREECONOMICPERFORMANCEINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGISDEFINEDASTHEPROCESSBYWHICHECONOMICACTORSNATIONS,FIRMS,ANDWORKERSMOVEFROMLOWVALUETORELA

6、TIVELYHIGHVALUEACTIVITIESINGLOBALPRODUCTIONNETWORKSONEOFTHEWAYSTHATWECANASSESSINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGFOREXPORTORIENTEDECONOMIESLIKECHINAANDMEXICOISTOLOOKATSHIFTSINTHETECHNOLOGYCONTENTOFTHEIREXPORTSOVERTIMEWEDIVIDEEACHCOUNTRYSEXPORTSINTOFIVEPRODUCTGROUPINGS,WHICHARELISTEDINASCENDINGLEVELSOFTECHNOLOGICALC

7、ONTENTPRIMARYPRODUCTS,RESOURCEBASEDMANUFACTURES,ANDLOW,MEDIUM,ANDHIGHTECHNOLOGYMANUFACTURESTHUS,MEXICOANDCHINAHAVEANUMBEROFCOMMONALITIESINTHEIREXPORTTRAJECTORIESTOTHEUSMARKETDURINGTHEPASTTWODECADESBOTHAREDIVERSIFIEDECONOMIES,WITHARANGEOFDIFFERENTTYPESOFEXPORTPRODUCTSINBOTHCASES,MANUFACTUREDEXPORTSAR

8、EMOREIMPORTANTTHANPRIMARYPRODUCTORRESOURCEBASEDEXPORTSWITHINMANUFACTURING,HIGHANDMEDIUMTECHNOLOGYEXPORTSAREDISPLACINGLOWTECHNOLOGYGOODSWHILETHESEEXPORTDATAHAVELIMITATIONSASINDICATORSOFINDUSTRIALUPGRADING,BOTHECONOMIESAPPEARTOBEINCREASINGTHESOPHISTICATIONOFTHEIREXPORTSTRUCTURESWHYHASCHINAGAINEDUSMARK

9、ETSHAREOVERMEXICOSORAPIDLYANDDECISIVELYTHEREARESEVERALFACTORSFIRST,CHINAHASSIGNIFICANTLYLOWERLABORCOSTSTHANMEXICOIN2002,THEUSBUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICSCALCULATEDCHINASAVERAGEMANUFACTURINGCOMPENSATIONAT064ANHOUR,3COMPAREDWITHMEXICOSUS248ITREMAINSTOBESEENIFTHISGAPWILLWIDEN,SHRINK,ORBEMAINTAINEDINCOMINGYE

10、ARSPERSISTENTLABORSHORTAGESARENOWBEINGREPORTEDATHUNDREDSOFCHINESEFACTORIES,ATRENDTHATISPUSHINGUPWAGESANDLEADINGANUMBEROFMANUFACTURERSTOCONSIDERMOVINGTHEIRFACTORIESTOLOWERCOSTCOUNTRIESLIKEVIETNAMSECOND,CHINAHASSOUGHTTOLEVERAGEITSHUGEECONOMIESOFSCALE,ANDITHASMADEMAJORINVESTMENTSININFRASTRUCTUREANDLOGI

11、STICSTOLOWERTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSANDTOSPEEDTIMETOMARKETFORTHEIREXPORTPRODUCTSTHEGROWTHOFCHINASSUPPLYCHAINCITIESLEDBYFDIDRIVENCLUSTERSINGUANGDONGINCLUDINGDONGGUANANDHUMENANDSINGLEPRODUCTCLUSTERSINZHEJIANGSUCHASANJIANDDATANGISAPERFECTILLUSTRATIONOFHOWCHINASGOVERNMENTSANDENTREPRENEURSARETURNINGSCALEDRIVE

12、NSPECIALIZATIONINTOAPERSISTENTCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEFORTHECOUNTRYTHIRD,CHINAHASACOHERENTANDMULTIDIMENSIONALUPGRADINGSTRATEGYTODIVERSIFYITSINDUSTRIALMIXANDTOADDHIGHVALUEACTIVITIESINTHEIRCAREFULSTUDYOFCHINASEXPORTPERFORMANCE,LALLANDALBALADEJOARGUETHATCHINAANDITSEASTASIANNEIGHBORSAREDEVELOPINGHIGHTECHNOL

13、OGYEXPORTSINAREGIONALLYINTEGRATEDFASHION,BASEDONCOMPLEXNETWORKSOFEXPORTPRODUCTIONTHATLINKLEADINGELECTRONICSMNCSANDTHEIRFIRSTTIERSUPPLIERSANDGLOBALCONTRACTMANUFACTURERSTHEEXPORTPATTERNSFORHIGHTECHPRODUCTSREVEALCOMPLEMENTARITYRATHERTHANCONFRONTATIONBETWEENCHINAANDITSMATUREEASTASIANPARTNERSJAPAN,SOUTHK

14、OREA,TAIWAN,ANDSINGAPORECHINASROLEASAMOTOROFEXPORTGROWTHFORTHEREGION,HOWEVER,COULDCHANGEASCHINAITSELFMOVESUPTHEVALUECHAINANDTAKESOVERACTIVITIESCURRENTLYCARRIEDOUTBYITSREGIONALNEIGHBORSRODRIK2006SUGGESTSTHATCHINAISALREADYEXPORTINGAWIDERANGEOFHIGHLYSOPHISTICATEDPRODUCTS,ANDHECALCULATESTHATCHINASEXPORT

15、BUNDLEISSIMILARTOTHATOFACOUNTRYWHOSEPERCAPITAINCOMEISTHREETIMESHIGHERTHANCHINASCURRENTLEVELFOURTH,CHINAISUSINGFDITOPROMOTEFASTLEARNINGINNEWINDUSTRIESANDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSINITSDOMESTICMARKETDESPITERESTRICTIONSIMPOSEDBYTHEWTOAGAINSTDOMESTICPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSFORMNCS,CHINASLOCALMARKETISSUFFICIENTL

16、YATTRACTIVEFORMULTINATIONALMANUFACTURERSTHATTHEYAREWILLINGTOCOMPLYWITHTHEWISHESOFLOCAL,REGIONAL,ANDNATIONALGOVERNMENTAUTHORITIES,DESPITESTRINGENTTECHNOLOGYTRANSFERREQUIREMENTSTHECONCEPTOFSUPPLYCHAINCITIESHASBEENUSEDINMEDIAREPORTSANDACADEMICLITERATURETOHIGHLIGHTTHEGROWTHOFLARGESCALEPRODUCTIONINCHINAA

17、NDTHEAGGLOMERATIONOFMULTIPLESTAGESOFTHEVALUECHAININPARTICULARLOCALESWITHINCHINAASAKEYTOITSUPGRADINGSUCCESSBARBOZA2004,FOREXAMPLE,LAYSOUTTHEINCREDIBLESPECIALIZATIONANDSCALETHATCHARACTERIZESCHINASDIVERSIFIEDEXPORTSUCCESSINTHEAPPARELINDUSTRY,EVENBEFORETHEPHASEOUTOFTHEMULTIFIBREARRANGEMENTANDAPPARELQUOT

18、ASBYTHEWTOON1JANUARY2005THETERMSUPPLYCHAINCITIESENCOMPASSESTWODISTINCT,BUTRELATED,PHENOMENAINCHINATHEFIRSTUSAGEREFERSTOGIANT,VERTICALLYINTEGRATEDFIRMFACTORIESAPPELBAUM2005,ASWELLASAVARIETYOFTEXTILEJOURNALSANDLARGETEXTILE/APPARELCOMPANIESLIKELUENTHAI2004,USESUPPLYCHAINCITYTOINDICATEANEWBREEDOFSUPERFA

19、CTORYTHATFIRMSARECONSTRUCTINGINCHINAANDINOTHERPARTSOFASIATHESEFACTORIESARECOMPANYSPECIFIC,ANDAREDESIGNEDTOBRINGTOGETHERMULTIPLEPARTSOFTHEFIRMSSUPPLYCHAINDESIGNERS,SUPPLIERS,ANDMANUFACTURERSSOASTOMINIMIZETRANSACTIONCOSTS,TAKEADVANTAGEOFECONOMIESOFSCALE,ANDFOSTERMOREFLEXIBLESUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTLUENTH

20、AISFACTORIESINGUANGDONGPROVINCEINDONGGUAN,QINGYUAN,ANDPANYUARETHEPOSTERCHILDRENFORTHISAPPROACHMANYOFTHEFIRMSACTIVELYESTABLISHINGTHESEGIANTFACTORIESAREFROMHONGKONGANDTAIWANASECONDUSAGEOFTHISTERMREFERSTOSOCALLEDCLUSTERCITIESBARBOZA2004ANDOTHERSUSESUPPLYCHAINCITIESWHENDISCUSSINGTHEGROWINGNUMBEROFSINGLE

21、PRODUCTINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSTHATHAVESPRUNGUPINCHINASCOASTALREGIONSTHESEAREASHAVEDRAMATICALLYINCREASEDPRODUCTIONOFONESPECIFICPRODUCT,ANDARECHURNINGOUTMASSIVEVOLUME,BUTARENOTLIMITEDSIMPLYTOMANUFACTURINGFIRMSASTHESECLUSTERSHAVEGROWN,THEYHAVEATTRACTEDRELATEDANDSUPPORTINGBUSINESSES,INCLUDINGYARNDEALERS,SEWE

22、RS,PRESSERS,PACKAGERS,ANDFREIGHTFORWARDERSTHESECLUSTERSALSOFEATURELARGESPRAWLINGFACTORIES,WITHFACTORYBUILDINGS,DORMITORIES,ANDLIMITEDAMENITIESFORWORKERS,BUTTHEFOCUSHEREISONTHEOVERALLCLUSTEROFFIRMSILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLESINCLUDEDATANGANDSHENGZHOUWHATFORCESDRIVETHEFORMATIONOFCHINASSUPPLYCHAINCITIESINADDRE

23、SSINGTHISQUESTION,BOTTOMUPVERSUSTOPDOWNMETAPHORSOFFERAMISLEADINGDICHOTOMYFORCHINA,SIMPLYBECAUSEBOTHCHARACTERIZATIONSAREOVERSIMPLIFIEDTOPDOWNIMPLIESTHATDEVELOPMENTPATTERNSAREDIRECTEDCLOSELYBYTHECENTRALGOVERNMENT,WHILEBOTTOMUPIMPLIESTHATDEVELOPMENTPATTERNSAREDETERMINEDPURELYBYMARKETFORCESTHEREALITYINC

24、HINALIESSOMEWHEREINTHEMIDDLESUPPLYCHAINCITYSUPERFACTORIESAPPEARTOBEMOREBOTTOMUPTHANTOPDOWN,SINCETHEYRESULTFROMINDIVIDUALSOURCINGDECISIONSBYPRIVATEFIRMSANDARENOTDIRECTEDBYCENTRALGOVERNMENTPOLICYTHELOCATIONOFMANYOFTHESEFACTORIESISTIEDTOEXISTINGMANUFACTURINGACTIVITIESANDTHELOWCOSTOFFACTORINPUTSLAND,ELE

25、CTRICITY,ANDLABOR,THOUGHLOCALANDPROVINCIALGOVERNMENTHASPLAYEDAKEYROLEINPROVIDINGABENEFICIALPOLICYENVIRONMENTTAXINCENTIVES,STREAMLININGBUREAUCRATICREDTAPE,ETCASFORTHEFORMATIONOFCLUSTERS,THISSTORYISMORECOMPLICATED,ANDINVOLVESREGIONAL,TECHNOLOGICAL,ANDINDUSTRYFACTORSTHEREISAGROWINGBODYOFSCHOLARSHIPMOST

26、LYINCHINESEONTHISTOPIC,ADDRESSINGTHEECONOMIC,POLICY,CULTURAL,ANDHISTORICALREASONSBEHINDCLUSTERFORMATIONATTHERISKOFOVERGENERALIZINGCHINASCURRENTSITUATION,THEMAJORANALYTICALDIVIDEINTHESECLUSTERSSEEMSTOBEBETWEENCLUSTERSWHOSEFORMATIONWASDRIVENINITIALLYBYFOREIGNCAPITAL,ANDTHOSEWHOSEFORMATIONWASINITIATEDB

27、YDOMESTICENTREPRENEURSHIPTHEFOREIGNLEDCLUSTERSWEREFOUNDEDFIRSTINTHE1970SAND1980SASEXPORTORIENTEDPRODUCTIONPLATFORMS,MAINLYINSOUTHCHINAGUANGDONG,FUJIANTHESEBEGANINLOWCOSTMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIES,INCLUDINGTEXTILESANDAPPAREL,ANDHAVENOWEXPANDEDTOINCLUDENEWERINDUSTRIESLIKEELECTRONICSFOREIGNINVESTMENTWASPA

28、RTICULARLYIMPORTANT,WITHLARGEINVESTMENTSCOMINGFROMHONGKONG,TAIWAN,ANDMACAOTHUSTHECENTRALGOVERNMENTSROLEINDETERMININGFDIPOLICYWASIMPORTANTTHESECLUSTERSWEREFOUNDEDINSOUTHCHINADUETOITSLOWCOSTLABORANDITSRELATIVEPROXIMITYTOBOTHINVESTORSANDMAJORTRANSPORTATIONCENTERSGUANGDONGCLOSETOHONGKONGANDFUJIANACROSSF

29、ROMTAIWANWEREPIONEERSOFTHISTYPEOFCLUSTER,WITHLARGERCITIESINTHEYANGTZERIVERDELTASHAOXING,HANGZHOUDEVELOPINGATALATERDATETHECHINESELEDCLUSTERSAREMAINLYINZHEJIANGANDJIANGSUPROVINCES,ANDBEGANTOGROWMORERAPIDLYINTHE1990STHESECLUSTERSAREBASEDONSOCALLEDTOWNANDVILLAGEENTERPRISESTVESTHATWEREAMAJORPARTOFTHEGOVE

30、RNMENTSPUSHFORECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINTHE1980SAND1990S,ANDAREOFTENINTRADITIONALLYRURALAREASINZHEJIANG,MANYOFTHESECLUSTERSWEREFOUNDEDBYCHANCEWITHACONFLUENCEOFHISTORICALKNOWLEDGE,INDIVIDUALENTREPRENEURSHIP,NETWORKING,ANDPURELUCKBUTCONTINUEDTOGROWBECAUSEOFCONSCIOUSLOCALGOVERNMENTPOLICYTHUS,PRIVATEENTREPRE

31、NEURSHIPISCRITICAL,BUTTHEGOVERNMENTHADANIMPORTANTFACILITATIVEROLEANADDITIONALQUESTIONISWHETHERTHESECLUSTERSARESEEKINGTOUPGRADEANDMOVEUPTHEVALUECHAINAGAIN,ITISHELPFULTOSEPARATEOURCLUSTERSINTOTWOGROUPSSOUTHCHINATHEFOREIGNLEDCLUSTERCITIESINGUANGDONGANDFUJIANSEEMTOBEFURTHERALONGINTERMSOFFOSTERINGNEW,HIG

32、HERTECHINDUSTRIES,BUILDINGFIRMSWITHINTERNATIONALBRANDS,ANDFEATUREABROADEREXPORTMIXINTRADITIONALINDUSTRIESTHEGROWTHOFTHEELECTRONICSINDUSTRYISAGOODEXAMPLEEASTCHINATHESECITIESLIEATANEARLIERPOINTONTHEDEVELOPMENTTRAJECTORY,ANDCHINESEAUTHORSLIKEJICIWANGHAVECOMMENTEDTHATTHESEAREASARESTILLPRODUCINGATTHELOWE

33、NDOFTHETECHNOLOGYVALUECHAINEVENHERE,FIRMSANDGOVERNMENTOFFICIALSAREINCREASINGLYCONSCIOUSOFTHEIRNEEDTOFINDNEWCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGES,ESPECIALLYINTHEFACEOFRISINGLABORCOSTSANDGROWINGCOMPETITIONFROMOTHERLOCATIONSINTHEPASTSEVERALDECADES,CHINAANDLATINAMERICAHAVEPURSUEDVERYDIFFERENTECONOMICTRAJECTORIESCHINASD

34、EVELOPMENTMODELAPPEARSTOHAVESERVEDITWELL,DELIVERINGSTEADYLEVELSOFGROWTHSINCE1978ANDFACILITATINGCHINASRISETOECONOMICPROMINENCEONTHEWORLDSTAGELATINAMERICA,INCONTRAST,HASDISPLAYEDAFARMOREUNEVENPATTERNOFGROWTH,ANDPOLITICALOBSERVERSHAVENOTEDTHESHIFTTOMORERADICALLEADERSANDLEFTISTRHETORICINBOTHCASES,HOWEVE

35、R,INTERNATIONALTRADEANDFDIHAVEPLAYEDMAJORROLESINPROMOTINGINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGYET,THESETWOREGIONSHAVEMUCHTOLEARNFROMEACHOTHERBOTHCHINAANDMEXICOCURRENTLYFACEAHOSTOFNEWSOCIALANDECONOMICPROBLEMSCORRUPTION,ENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATION,ANDINCOMEINEQUALITYANDAREACTIVELYQUESTIONINGTHEMERITSOFANEOLIBERAL,EXPORTLE

36、DGROWTHMODELNOLAN,2005EACHREGIONFACESCRITICISMTHATPREVIOUSPARADIGMSOFDEVELOPMENTHAVELEFTPARTSOFTHEECONOMYVULNERABLETOFOREIGNCONTROLORFOREIGNPRESSUREINEACHCASE,REFORMERSARECALLINGFORNEWSOCIALWELFAREPROGRAMSTOADDRESSTHEIRCONCERNS,ANDTHEYCONFRONTTHOSEWHOARGUETHATONLYAFULLERIMPLEMENTATIONOFNEOLIBERALISM

37、CANADDRESSTHEPROBLEMSOFDEVELOPMENTINADDITION,CHINASGROWINGECONOMICLINKSWITHMEXICOANDLATINAMERICAMAKETHISSTUDYAVALUABLEONELATINAMERICAHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTSOURCEOFRAWMATERIALEXPORTSTOCHINAINTHELASTDECADE,ANDAFOREIGNPOLICYPRIORITYASWELL,MARKEDBYMAJORVISITSTOTHEREGIONBYPRESIDENTHUJINTAOANDVICEPRESIDENTZ

38、ENGQINGHONGINRECENTYEARSINADDITION,MEXICOANDCHINAARECOMPETINGFORUSMARKETSINAWIDENINGARRAYOFPRODUCTLINES,RANGINGFROMTEXTILESAPPARELANDFURNITURE,TOAUTOMOTIVEANDELECTRONICPRODUCTSTOUNDERSTANDCHINASDEVELOPMENTMODELANDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGEXPERIENCE,ONEMUSTSITUATECHINAWITHINEMERGINGINTRAREGIONALTRADEANDPRO

39、DUCTIONNETWORKSINEASTASIA,ASWELLASTOEXAMINECHINASBROADERROLEINTHEGLOBALECONOMYFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTHASFACILITATEDCHINASEXPORTDIVERSIFICATION,BUTCHINAISALSOPIONEERINGNEWFORMSOFDOMESTICINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONINTHEFORMOFSUPPLYCHAINCITIESTHECHINESEMODELISPREDICATEDONACLEARVALUECHAINSTRATEGYOFGIVINGHIGH

40、VALUEACTIVITIESTHEMOSTATTENTION,ANDTHUSTHEREISAGROWINGEMPHASISONRD,DESIGN,SCIENCEANDENGINEERINGEDUCATION,ANDBRANDSBOTHCHINAANDMEXICOARETRYINGTOMOVEBEYONDASIMPLECOSTBASEDAPPROACHTOCOMPETITIVENESSINCREASINGLY,THESTAKESAREDEFINEDNOTASARACETOTHEBOTTOM,BUTASAQUESTTOPUSHTHEUPGRADINGMODELBEYONDCOMPARATIVEA

41、DVANTAGESINRAWMATERIALS,CHEAPLABOR,ANDMANUFACTURINGPRODUCTIONTOHIGHVALUENICHESINABROADRANGEOFGLOBALINDUSTRIESCHINASCURRENTEDGEISITSHUGEDOMESTICMARKETANDITSVORACIOUSAPPETITEFORRAWMATERIALSANDINTERMEDIATEINPUTSFROMABROADTOFEEDITSSOARINGINDUSTRIALGROWTHHOWEVER,MASSIVERURALTOURBANMIGRATION,POORWORKINGCO

42、NDITIONS,ACUTELABORSHORTAGES,ANDADETERIORATINGENVIRONMENTTHREATENTOUNDERMINETHECHINESEMODELIFTHESEPROBLEMSARENOTAMELIORATEDWHILECHINAANDMEXICOHAVEMADEREMARKABLEECONOMICPROGRESSINRECENTDECADES,THEIRDEVELOPMENTCHALLENGESCONTINUETOGROWATLEASTASFASTASTHEIRACCOMPLISHMENTS译文在中国和墨西哥的发展模式和产业升级全球经济发生了根本性的变化，

43、对那些想提高甚至维持发展水平的国家来说也没有简单的答案。近几十年来，国家和地区的发展模式受到了越来越多的审视，同时各个国家正在试图确定什么样的政策和机构能够为长期的发展和繁荣提供最好的机会。本文将通过比较分析两个世界上最具活力的新兴经济体中国和墨西哥的国际贸易、外商直接投资的发展轨迹来探索这些问题。文章的第一部分对拉丁美洲和中国的发展模式提供了一个广泛比较,并强调近几十年来发生的变化。这篇文章的第二部分采用国际贸易数据来检查墨西哥和中国的产业升级模式,并重点强调他们在美国的竞争利基市场以及中国领先多个不同行业的原因。文章的第三和最后部分更深入地分析了中国作为供应链城市的产业升级模式的新特性。中

44、国独特的经济发展模式就其本身而言很迷人,但是中国作为一个供应商,一个市场越来越重要,最近作为一个对外直接投资的来源使世界许多国家和地区高度依赖于中国未来的经济效益。产业升级的定义是,“在全球生产网络中通过经济主体国家、企业、工人，产品从低值易耗品到相对高价值的过程”。我们的其中一种用来评估外向型经济体例如中国和墨西哥的产业升级的方式是，着眼于最后他们出口品技术含量的变化。我们把每个国家的出口品分为五个产品群组，是按它们所获得的技术含量水平而罗列的，分别是初级产品、资源基础型制成品、低科技含量制成品、中科技含量制成品、高科技含量制成品。因此,墨西哥和中国在过去的二十年对美国市场的出口轨迹中有许多

45、共同点。两者都是多元化经济体,拥有一系列不同类型的出口产品。在这两个国家,制成品出口比初级产品和资源基础型出口显得更重要；在制成品中，高级技术产品和中级技术产品正逐渐替代低级技术产品。虽然这些出口数据作为产业升级的指示器可能有所限制，两国的经济似乎增加了他们的出口结构的复杂性。为什么中国战胜墨西哥如此快速果断地获得美国市场的份额这其中有几个因素。首先,中国拥有显著低于墨西哥的劳动力成本。在2002年,美国劳动统计局的计算出中国普通制造补偿为一个小时064美元,而墨西哥是248亿美元，整整超过中国3倍之多。在未来几年，这种差距是否会加大、缩小或者维持，都有待观察。成千上万的中国工厂正在发生持续的

46、劳动力短缺危机,这一趋势正在迫使工资升高，同时使得许多制造商考虑将他们的工厂转移到低成本的国家,例如越南。其次,中国一直在寻求利用其巨大的经济规模,在后勤及基础设施方面投入了大量的投资，降低了运输成本,并缩短出口产品进入市场的时间了。中国作为供应链城市的经济增长，是被广东包括东莞、虎门的外商直接投资和浙江如安吉,大唐的单个产品集群所驱使的，这是中国的政府和企业家将规模经济转化为一个国家可持续的比较优势的完美例证。再次,中国有一个清晰且多维的的升级策略使得产业结构多样化，从而增加高价值的活动。在仔细研究中国的出口表现后，劳尔和阿布拉戴尤认为中国和东亚的邻居正在整合的区域中发展高科技的产品出口,基

47、于联系领先的电子产品跨国企业、一线供应商和提供专业技术支持的全球制造厂商的复杂网络。高新技术产品出口模式展示了中国同其成熟的东亚合作伙伴日本、韩国、台湾、新加坡之间的互补而非对抗。中国作为这个区域汽车的出口增长点,却能改变自身的价值链并接管目前亚洲友邻所实施的活动。罗德里克表明,中国已经出口了广泛的高度复杂的产品,他计算出,中国的出口束已经同高于中国目前的人均收入水平三倍的国家相似了。紧接着,中国在国内市场正在利用外国直接投资来促进新兴产业的快速学习以及知识溢出。尽管在世贸组织对跨国公司国内表现要求的限制下,中国本土市场对跨国制造商仍然具有足够的吸引力,尽管严格的技术转让的要求，他们愿意遵从地

48、方、区域和国家当局的意愿。供应链城市的概念市已经应用于各种媒体报告和学术文献,以突出在中国大规模生产的增长和在特定地点的价值链的多级集聚，它是升级成功的关键。巴布杰勾画出在中国服装产业中最令人难以置信的专业化和规模出口多样化的成功,甚至在多纤维安排和WTO在2005年一月一日分配的服装配额撤销之前。供应链城市这个术语包括中国两种截然不同的,但又相关的现象。第一个用法是指巨大,垂直整合的工厂企业。艾比利鲍尔，曾说各种纺织期刊和例如联泰控股这样的大型服装纺织公司,使用“供应链城市”表示一种新型的超级工厂，这种工厂正在中国和亚洲其它地方建设中。这些工厂通常是特定的公司设计用来将企业供应链设计者,供应

49、商和制造商等多个不同的部分结合起来，为了最大限度地降低交易成本,利用规模经济,培育更具有弹性的供应链管理。联泰控股在广东省在东莞、清远、和番禺的工厂是这种方法的体现，建立这些大型工厂的企业一般来自香港和台湾。这个术语的第二种用法指的是所谓的集聚城市。鲍勃拉和其他一些人在讨论沿海地区涌现的单一产品产业集聚的增长数量时，使用了供应链城市这个术语。这些地区某一特定产品的产量明显增加,甚至是巨量的,但是不仅仅被制造公司所限制。当这些集群扩大,他们吸引了相关和支持的商业公司,包括纱线经销商、裁缝师、压制、包装和货运代理。这些集群也有独特的大型纵横交错的工厂,附带有给工人的厂房、宿舍、有限的便利设施,但是这里的焦点是综合集群公司，范例包括大唐和嵊州。什么因素驱使中国供应链城市的形成呢为解决这个问题,“自下而上”和“自上而下”的比喻为中国提供一种误导的二分法,仅仅都是因为两种特征都过于简单。“自上而下”意味着发展模式是由中央政府直接引导的,而“自下而上”意味着发展模式是由纯粹的市场力量决定的。然而我国的实际情况是处于这两种情况中间的某一位置。供应链城市的超级市场显得比自上而下更具自下而上的特性,因为他们的决定是来自于个人私营公司且不直接由中央政府的政策引导。许多这类工厂的位置与现有工