Carbon Management in Tourism–A Smart Strategy in Response to Climate Change【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文题目CARBONMANAGEMENTINTOURISMASMARTSTRATEGYINRESPONSETOCLIMATECHANGE出处SPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2010作者WOLFGANGSTRASDASTHEITB2009WASDOMINATEDBYTHEGLOBALFINANCIALANDECONOMICCRISISCOMPAREDTOTHEITB2008,WHENGLOBALWARMINGWASAMAJORISSUE,ONECOULDALMOSTGETTHEIMPRESSIONTHATCLIMATECHANGEANDRESOURCECONSERVA

2、TIONWEREPROBLEMSOFTHEPASTANDNOLONGEROFINTERESTUNFORTUNATELY,CLIMATECHANGEISNOTGOINGAWAYINREALITY,THEOPPOSITEISTHECASERECENTSTUDIESINDICATETHATTHINGSHAVEGOTTENWORSETHANPREDICTEDBYMOSTSCIENTISTSTHEARCTICISWARMINGUPFASTERTHANANTICIPATED,WITHTHEGREENLANDICESHIELDBEINGOFPARTICULARCONCERNASACONSEQUENCEOFT

3、HIS,SEALEVELSAREALSORISINGFASTERWHILETHEFINANCIALCRISISMAYSOONBEOVER,THEIMPACTSOFCLIMATECHANGEWILLSTAYWITHHUMANITYFORTHECENTURIESTOCOMESTOCK20091BACKGROUNDTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOURISMANDCLIMATECHANGEWORLDWIDE,TOURISMISRESPONSIBLEFORABOUT5OFENERGYRELATEDCO2EMISSIONSUNWTO/UNEP2008WHILETHISSHAREM

4、AYAPPEARTOBERELATIVELYSMALL,ITBECOMESMORESIGNIFICANTWHENCOMPARINGITWITHOTHERSECTORSORCOUNTRIESROUGHLY,TOURISMSSHAREOFCO2EMISSIONSEQUALSTHEONEOFTHECHEMICALINDUSTRYIFTOURISMWEREACOUNTRY,ITWOULDRANGEIN5THPLACEAFTERTHEUSA,CHINA,RUSSIAANDINDIAANDWELLAHEADOFMAJORPOLLUTERSSUCHASJAPANANDGERMANYWRI2005HOWEVE

5、R,THISAMOUNTISUNEVENLYDISTRIBUTEDAMONGTOURISMSUBSYSTEMSANDTYPESOFTOURISM75OFOVERALLEMISSIONSAREATTRIBUTEDTOTRANSPORTATION,OFWHICHAIRTRANSPORTACCOUNTSFOR40ANDAUTOMOBILETRAFFICFOR32THESHAREOFACCOMMODATIONIS21IBIDSEEFIGURE1THISMEANSTHATEMISSIONSOFAVIATIONDEPENDENTLONGHAULTOURISMARESUBSTANTIALLYHIGHERPE

6、RTRAVELDAYINGERMANY,FOREXAMPLE,DOMESTICTOURISMREPRESENTSONLY16OFNATIONALEMISSIONSWITHATRANSPORTATIONSHAREOF62,WHILEONINTERCONTINENTALTRIPSTAKENBYGERMANS,THEIRFLIGHTSALONEACCOUNTFOROVER90OFTHEOVERALLTRIPEMISSIONSUBA/KOINSTITUT20022CARBONMANAGEMENTPRINCIPLESANDSTRATEGIES“CARBONMANAGEMENT”CANBEDEFINEDA

7、SAMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTHATAIMSTOREDUCEACOMPANYSORORGANISATIONSGHGEMISSIONSASMUCHASPOSSIBLE,IDEALLYTOZEROTHEUSEOFTHETERM“CARBON”INTHISCASEISACTUALLYQUITENARROWINTHATINITSSTRICTMEANINGITWOULDNOTINCLUDENONCO2EMISSIONSHOWEVER,ASTHEDISCUSSIONABOVEHASSHOWN,ITISIMPERATIVETOINCLUDEOTHERGHGASWELL,ESPECIALLYFORAV

8、IATIONTHEREFORE,THEMORECORRECTTERMWOULDBE“GREENHOUSEGASMANAGEMENT”INTHECONTEXTOFTHISARTICLETHETERM“CARBONMANAGEMENT”ISPREFERREDFORITSGREATEREASEOFUSE,BUTSHALLBEUNDERSTOODINAMORECOMPREHENSIVEWAYTHEOVERALLWARMINGPOTENTIALOFEMISSIONSWOULDTHENBEMEASUREDINCO2EQUIVALENTSCO2ETHETERMISMOSTLYAPPLIEDTOINDIVID

9、UALCOMPANIESORAGENCIES,BUTMAYALSOBEUSEDFORLARGEROPERATIONALUNITS,SUCHASINDUSTRYASSOCIATIONSORDESTINATIONMANAGEMENTORGANISATIONSDMOS,COVERINGGEOGRAPHICAREASATDIFFERENTSCALESASASYSTEMATICAPPROACH,CARBONMANAGEMENTISTOBEIMPLEMENTEDTHROUGHTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPS1MEASUREANDANALYSEEMISSIONSWHEREANDWHENDOEMISSION

10、SOCCURINWHICHDEPARTMENTS,BYWHICHPRODUCTSORACTIVITIESFORWHICHREASONS2ELIMINATEORAVOIDEMISSIONSBYFOREGOINGENERGYINTENSIVEPRODUCTSORACTIVITIESSUCHASSCENICFLIGHTSORWEEKENDTRIPSBYAEROPLANE3REDUCEENERGYCONSUMPTIONBYINCREASINGENERGYEFFICIENCYOFAPPLIANCES,PROCESSES,ETC4SUBSTITUTEFOSSILENERGYSOURCESWITHRENEW

11、ABLEENERGYSOURCESEGTHROUGHFUELSWITCHORALTERNATIVEELECTRICITYPROVIDERS5OFFSETREMAININGEMISSIONSBYINVESTINGINTOCERTIFIEDCOMPENSATIONPROJECTSELSEWHERE6COMMUNICATECARBONMANAGEMENTTOCUSTOMERS,EMPLOYEES,SUPPLIERSANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSSTEPS2TO4ARESOMETIMESSUMMARISEDAS“DECARBONISATION”SEEUNEP2008AOITISIMPORTA

12、NTTOPOINTOUTTHATTHESESTEPSSHOULDPRECEDETHECOMPENSATIONOFEMISSIONS,ASTRATEGYTHATISSEENASVALIDBYTHEAUTHOROFTHISARTICLE,BUTISFRAUGHTWITHANUMBEROFSHORTCOMINGS,INCLUDINGTHERISKOFFAILUREHOWEVER,INMANYCASES,CARBONOFFSETTINGCANDELIVERIMMEDIATERESULTSIMPROVINGACOMPANYSCLIMATERELATEDPERFORMANCE,WHEREASDECARBO

13、NISATIONMAYBEALONGERPROCESSREDUCINGGHGEMISSIONSTOZEROWOULDBETHEIDEALGOALOFCARBONMANAGEMENTTHISISOFTENREFERREDTOAS“CARBONNEUTRAL”OR“CLIMATENEUTRAL”“CLIMATENEUTRALITY”HASRECENTLYBECOMETHEAIMOFSOMETOURISMCOMPANIESANDDESTINATIONS,ANDSOMEBUSINESSESESPECIALLYHOTELSHAVEALREADYACHIEVEDTHISAMBITION2THETERMIT

14、SELFCANBEQUESTIONEDINTHATITISCLOSETOIMPOSSIBLENOTTOPRODUCEANYGHGEMISSIONSUNLESSATOURISMORGANISATIONSENTIREOPERATIONSCANBEFUELLEDBYRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCESHOWEVER,IFDECARBONISATIONISCOMBINEDWITHCARBONOFFSETTING,REMAININGEMISSIONSCANCREDIBLYBECOMPENSATEDNOTREALLY“NEUTRALISED”SEEDISCUSSIONBYGSSLING2009BB

15、YUSINGHIGHQUALITYOFFSETPROJECTSTHATFOLLOWKEYSUSTAINABILITYCRITERIASUCHASADDITIONALITYANDPERMANENCESTRASDAS2007CARBONMANAGEMENTCANBEIMPLEMENTEDBYACOMBINATIONOFSTRATEGIESORTOOLSTECHNOLOGICALEGCOMBUSTIONTECHNOLOGY,INSULATIONOFPIPES/BUILDINGS,HEATRECOVERY,RENEWABLEENERGIES,AUTOMATEDSYSTEMSINGUESTROOMSMA

16、NAGERIALOPTIMISINGLOGISTICSORPROCESSES,STAFFMANAGEMENT,CUSTOMERINFORMATION,TRAFFICMANAGEMENT,PURCHASING,ETCMODALSHIFTSHIFTINGTOURISTMOBILITYFROMMOREENERGYINTENSIVETOLESSENERGYINTENSIVEMODESOFTRANSPORT,IEAWAYFROMAUTOMOBILESANDAEROPLANESTOTRAINS,BUSSESANDMUSCLEPOWEREDVEHICLESBEHAVIOURALCHANGESANDDEVEL

17、OPMENTOFCORRESPONDINGTRAVELPRODUCTSTHATARELESSENERGYINTENSIVEESPECIALLYINCREASEDLENGTHOFSTAYINEXCHANGEFORFEWERTRIPSANDPREFERENCEOFNEARBYDESTINATIONSWITHLESSENERGYCONSUMPTIONPERDAYOFTRAVELGIVINGPREFERENCETODOMESTICANDNEARBYREGIONALSOURCEMARKETSOVERLONGHAULMARKETSAPPLYINGPRINCIPLESOFSOCIALMARKETINGASA

18、TOOLTOINSTIGATEBEHAVIOURALCHANGEANDSELLCLIMATEFRIENDLYTRAVELPRODUCTSUSINGCARBONLABELLINGASACOMMUNICATIONANDMANAGEMENTTOOLONTHEPOLICYLEVELUSEOFDIFFERENTINSTRUMENTSSUCHASREGULATION,FINANCIALINCENTIVESINLIGHTOFTHEENORMOUSEMISSIONREDUCTIONSTHATNEEDTOBEREALISEDINORDERTOSTABILISEGLOBALWARMINGATMANAGEABLEL

19、EVELS,ACOMBINATIONOFMEASURESWILLBENECESSARYMANYTOURISMCOMPANIESALREADYIMPLEMENTTECHNOLOGICALANDMANAGERIALEMISSIONREDUCTIONMEASURESTOINCREASEENERGYEFFICIENCYBECAUSEITISINTHEIRIMMEDIATEINTERESTCOSTSAVINGTODOSOBUTTHISUSUALLYSERVESTOPERPETUATETHESTATUSQUOORTOWORKWITHINTHETOURISMSYSTEMASWEKNOWITTODAYTHER

20、EAREALSOTECHNOLOGICALLIMITATIONSTHATHAVETOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTTHISISPARTICULARLYTHECASEINTHEAVIATIONSECTORWHEREFUELEFFICIENCYGAINSHAVEBEENOUTPACEDBYTHEQUANTITATIVEGROWTHOFTHEINDUSTRYTHEONLYWAYTOSOLVETHISPROBLEMTECHNOLOGICALLYWOULDBETOSWITCHTONONFOSSILFUELSWHILETHEUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCESISONTHERISE

21、INTHEACCOMMODATIONSECTOREVENTHOUGHSIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTBARRIERSDUETOHIGHINITIALCOSTSREMAINANDIMPROVEDFUELEFFICIENCYMAYBEEXPECTEDINTHEAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYINTHECOMINGYEARS,THISPROSPECTISSTILLDECADESAWAYINTHEAVIATIONSECTORIBIDTHEREFORE,STRUCTURALCHANGESINTERMSOFTRAVELBEHAVIOUR,PRODUCTSOFFEREDANDMARKETSTA

22、RGETEDAREALSONEEDEDITISESTIMATEDTHATACOMBINATIONOFMODALSHIFT,INCREASEDLENGTHOFSTAYANDMOREFREQUENTSELECTIONOFNEARBYHOLIDAYDESTINATIONSCANACHIEVEEMISSIONREDUCTIONSOFASMUCHAS44COMPAREDTOTHEBUSINESSASUSUALSCENARIOHOWEVER,INTHEABSENCEOFCOHERENTINTERNATIONALREGULATION,ITISALSOCLEARTHATINDIVIDUALCOMPANIESC

23、ANINFLUENCESTAKEHOLDERSANDSTRUCTURESAROUNDTHEMONLYTOALIMITEDDEGREEMODALSHIFT,FORINSTANCE,ONLYWORKSFORNEARBYORMIDRANGEDESTINATIONSANDWOULDREQUIRESUBSTANTIALINVESTMENTSINTOINFRASTRUCTURE,ESPECIALLYHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYSSOMETHINGTHATHASBEENNEGLECTEDFORDECADESOUTSIDEOFWESTERNEUROPEANDJAPANONTHEOTHERHAND,TOUR

24、ISMCOMPANIESESPECIALLYTHELARGERONESWITHTHEIRENORMOUSMARKETINGBUDGETSANDBARGAININGPOWERSDOHAVETHEPOWERTOINFLUENCETHEIRSUPPLIERSANDCUSTOMERSTOBEMORECLIMATEFRIENDLY3CARBONMANAGEMENTCASESTUDIESINTHEPANELDISCUSSIONATTHEITB2009CONVENTIONGOODPRACTICEEXAMPLESFROMFOURDIFFERENTTOURISMSUBSECTORSWEREPRESENTEDAV

25、IATIONFINNAIRLARGESCALEACCOMMODATIONSCANDICHOTELSTOUROPERATORSINTREPIDTRAVEL,AUSTRALIADESTINATIONSCARIBBEANCOMMUNITYCARICOMALLTHREEINVITEDCOMPANIESHAVEIMPLEMENTEDACOMPREHENSIVECARBONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMANDACHIEVEDMOREORLESSSUBSTANTIALGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSTHEYCANTHEREFOREBEREGARDEDAS“FRONTRUNNERS”INTHEIR

26、RESPECTIVESUBSECTORS,ALTHOUGHTHEIRSELECTIONWASNOTBASEDONASYSTEMATICBENCHMARKINGPROCESS,BUTRATHERONTHEORGANISERSINTIMATEKNOWLEDGEOFCLIMATECHANGEMITIGATIONACTIVITIESINTHETOURISMINDUSTRYTHISISNOTTOSAYTHATTHEREARENOOTHERCOMPANIESWITHSIMILARCOMMITMENTANDACHIEVEMENTSINFACT,SEVERALSMALLERTOURISMCOMPANIESOF

27、TENINDIVIDUALHOTELSANDSPECIALINTERESTTOUROPERATORSAREMOREADVANCEDANDHAVEALREADYACHIEVEDCARBONNEUTRALITYHOWEVER,ITISRECOGNIZEDTHATCARBONMANAGEMENTISMOREOFACHALLENGEFORINTERNATIONALAIRLINES,HOTELCHAINSANDLONGHAULTOUROPERATORSTHEEXAMPLEOFCARICOMISEVENMORECOMPLEXBECAUSEINTHISCASEANENTIREREGION,WHICHINAD

28、DITIONISALMOSTEXCLUSIVELYDEPENDENTONAIRTRANSPORT,STRIVESTOBECOMECLIMATENEUTRALTHISISEXTREMELYAMBITIOUSONTHEONEHAND,BUTCURRENTLYNOTMORETHANAPROJECTONTHEOTHERHANDCARBONMANAGEMENTINTHECARIBBEANISINCIPIENTATBESTFINALLY,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHEFOLLOWINGCASESTUDIESARENOTTHERESULTOFANINDEPTHANALYSIS,BUTRATHE

29、RBASEDONTHEITBPRESENTATIONSOFTHERESPECTIVECOMPANYREPRESENTATIVESANDADDITIONALINFORMATIONALSOPROVIDEDBYTHECOMPANIESTHEMSELVES31FINNAIRFINNAIRISAMEDIUMSIZEDAIRLINETHATHAS66AIRCRAFTANDTRANSPORTSABOUTNINEMILLIONPASSENGERSANNUALLY,WITHASTRONGFOCUSONTRAFFICBETWEENEUROPEANDASIATHECOMPANYPRESENTSITSELFASCOS

30、TEFFICIENTANDECONOMICALLYHEALTHYCOMPAREDTOTHEIRCOMPETITORSITALSOSEESITSELFASA“RESPONSIBLEWORLDCITIZEN”,EMPHASIZINGQUALITYANDSTRIVINGTOBECOMETHE“AIRLINEOFCHOICEFORENVIRONMENTALLYCONSCIOUSTRAVELLERSININTERCONTINENTALTRAVELINTHENORTHERNHEMISPHERE”FINNAIRSENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGYISBASEDONFOURPILLARSTECHNOL

31、OGY,OPERATIONS,ECONOMICMEASURESANDINFRASTRUCTUREONTHETECHNOLOGICALLEVEL,FINNAIRHASBEGUNTORENEWITSFLEETITSEUROPEANFLEETISLESSTHANFIVEYEARSOLDONAVERAGEFORLONGHAULTHECOMPANYSOLDMD11AEROPLANESARETOBEREPLACEDBYMOREFUELEFFICIENTAIRBUSAIRCRAFTBY2010,WITHEXPECTEDFUELEFFICIENCYGAINSOFUPTO30PERSEATTHEADDITION

32、OFWINGLETSANDSLIMMERSEATSFURTHERDECREASESFUELCONSUMPTIONOPERATIONALREDUCTIONMEASURESINCLUDEFREQUENTWASHINGOFENGINESTOINCREASEEFFICIENCYASWELLASREDUCINGTHEWEIGHTOFSERVICEELEMENTSANDEQUIPMENTONBOARDONEOFFINNAIRSBIGGESTENVIRONMENTALASSETSISTHELOCATIONOFITSHUBINHELSINKIANUNCONGESTEDAIRPORTREDUCESHOLDING

33、TIMESANDEXTENDEDTAXIING,THUSLOWERINGFUELCONSUMPTIONTHEAIRPORTALSOFACILITATESAMOREFUELEFFICIENTCONTINUOUSDESCENTAPPROACHCDAFURTHERMORE,HELSINKIISONTHEMOSTDIRECTFLIGHTROUTEFROMEUROPETOEASTERNASIAINADDITION,ASTOPOVERINTHEFINNISHCAPITALREDUCESTHEAMOUNTOFFUELTHATTHEAIRCRAFTHASTOCARRYITISEXPECTEDTHATTHECR

34、EATIONOFASINGLEEUROPEANSKYWILLFURTHERDECREASEEMISSIONSFINNAIRHASANEMISSIONSCALCULATORONITSWEBSITE,WHICHISBASEDONACTUALFUELCONSUMPTIONANDLOADFACTORAPARTFROMCO2,THEAIRLINESCALCULATORALSOINCLUDESNOXEMISSIONS,BUTDOESNOTOFFERITSPASSENGERSTHEOPPORTUNITYTOOFFSETTHEIRPERSONALFLIGHTINSTEAD,THECOMPANYHASSUPPO

35、RTEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEEUROPEANETSFORAVIATIONANDISNOWACTIVELYENGAGEDINAGROUPOFAIRLINES,THEAVIATIONGLOBALDEALGROUP,THATADVOCATESTHEINCLUSIONOFALLINTERNATIONALAVIATIONINTHEKYOTOPROTOCOLWITHREDUCTIONTARGETSRANGINGFROM020BY2020AND5080BY2050LYLE200932SCANDICHOTELSSCANDICOPERATESABOUT150HOTELSANDCLAIMSTO

36、BEONEOFEUROPESBIGGESTHOTELCHAINSTHECOMPANYHASABOUT6,500EMPLOYEESANDANANNUALTURNOVEROFEUR850MILLIONIN1994SCANDICHOTELSCREATEDANENVIRONMENTALPOLICYANDPLEDGEDTOCONTRIBUTETOASUSTAINABLESOCIETY,WHICHITCONSIDERSAPREREQUISITEFORSUCCESSFULBUSINESSENERGYANDCARBONMANAGEMENTAREESSENTIALELEMENTSOFTHECOMPANYSENV

37、IRONMENTALSTRATEGYSCANDICPLANSTOREDUCEGHGEMISSIONSBY25BY2020COMPAREDTO1990LEVELS,EVENTHOUGHBUSINESSVOLUMEISEXPECTEDTOQUADRUPLEDURINGTHESAMEPERIODENERGYSAVINGSALREADYSTARTWITHBUILDINGDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONASWELLASTHEPURCHASEOFFURNITUREANDAPPLIANCESFORTHISPURPOSE,SCANDICHASDEVELOPEDITSOWN“ENVIRONMENTAL

38、REFURBISHMENT,EQUIPMENTANDCONSTRUCTIONSTANDARD”MEASURESTOIMPROVECARBONEFFICIENCYONTHEOPERATIONALLEVELINCLUDEAUTOMATEDENERGYCONTROLINGUESTROOMS,THEUSEOFLOWENERGYLIGHTBULBS,REDUCEDFOODMILESINHOTELRESTAURANTSANDFUELEFFICIENTCOMPANYVEHICLESSWITCHINGTORENEWABLEENERGYSOURCESISANOTHERCORNERSTONEOFTHECOMPAN

39、YENVIRONMENTALCERTIFICATIONISIMPORTANTFORSCANDICHOTELS110OFITS150PROPERTIESARECERTIFIEDBYEITHERTHESCANDINAVIAN“NORDICSWAN”ECOLABELORBYTHE“EUFLOWER”OUTSIDEOFSCANDINAVIABOTHCERTIFICATIONSCHEMESREQUIREHIGHENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDSANDINCLUDECREDIBLEVERIFICATIONPROCEDURESIN1996SCANDICBEGANTOSYSTEMATICALLYME

40、ASURE,REPORTANDMONITORKEYENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEINDICATORSINALLOFITSPROPERTIES,INCLUDINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDCO2EMISSIONSOVERALLANDPERGUESTNIGHTTHECOMPANYCLAIMSTOBETHEFIRSTHOTELCHAININTHEWORLDTOINTRODUCEANDMONITORTHECO2INDICATORTHROUGHOUTITSOPERATIONSANDTOPUBLISHTHERESULTSONITSWEBSITESCANDICSAIMISTO

41、BECOMECARBONNEUTRALBY2025FORITSDIRECTACTIVITIESHOWEVER,THECOMPANYSENVIRONMENTALENGAGEMENTEXTENDSBEYONDIMMEDIATEHOTELOPERATIONSTOINCLUDETHEIROWNBUSINESSTRAVEL,STAFFCOMMUTING,SUPPLIERSANDGUESTMOBILITYACCORDINGTOSCANDICS“ENVIRONMENTALLIVEREPORTS”,ENERGYCONSUMPTIONPERGUESTNIGHTWASCLOSETO3981KWHIN2008,DO

42、WNFROM5287KWHIN1996,AREDUCTIONOF25THISISWELLBELOWTHEGREENGLOBE21BENCHMARKOF133KWH,ANDSTILLBELOWTHEENERGIEKAMPAGNEGASTGEWERBE5BENCHMARKOF40KWH,BUTNOTASGOODASONEOFTHEMOSTENERGYEFFICIENTHOTELSINTHEWORLD,THEBESTWESTERNHOTELVICTORIAINFREIBURG/GERMANY,AFOURSTARS,PRIVATELYOWNEDCITYHOTELWITH63ROOMS,WHICHACC

43、ORDINGTOITSOWNWEBSITECONSUMESONLY30KWHPERGUESTNIGHTONAVERAGE,APARTFROMBEINGCLIMATENEUTRALFORITSEXTENSIVEUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGIESNEVERTHELESS,SCANDICHOTELSRESULTSINTERMSOFENERGYMANAGEMENTAREREMARKABLEFORAHOTELCHAINWHICHHASTOOPERATEUNDERDIFFERENTLOCALCIRCUMSTANCES,NOTALLOFWHICHARECONDUCIVETOENVIRONMENTA

44、LPROTECTIONCO2EMISSIONSATSCANDICHAVEDECREASEDEVENFURTHERTHANENERGYCONSUMPTIONDOWNFROM45KGPERGUESTNIGHTIN1996TO28KGIN2008AREDUCTIONOF39HOWEVER,THELEVELOFCO2EMISSIONSWASALREADYLOWERIN2000,SHARPLYGREWIN2001ANDSUBSEQUENTLYDECREASEDONLYSLIGHTLYNOEXPLANATIONFORTHISISGIVENINTHEENVIRONMENTALREPORTAPOSSIBLEE

45、XPLANATIONMAYBETHATFORSCANDICSFACILITIESINSWEDENANDNORWAYELECTRICITYISCOMPLETELYPURCHASEDFROMRENEWABLESOURCESTHISISNOTYETPOSSIBLEINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHATTHECOMPANYOPERATESIN33INTREPIDTRAVELFOUNDEDIN1989,INTREPIDTRAVELOFAUSTRALIAHASEXPANDEDFROMASMALLCOMPANYTOAMIDSIZEDTOUROPERATORCATERINGTOABOUT80,000CUST

46、OMERSNOWADAYSWITHOFFICESINTHEUNITEDKINGDOMANDNORTHAMERICAANDSEVERALINCOMINGREPRESENTATIONSINITSMAJORDESTINATIONSINTREPIDTRAVELISSTILLANINDIVIDUALLYOWNEDCOMPANYITOFFERSSMALLGROUPTRAVELAVERAGEOF10PERSONSPERGROUPWITHAFOCUSONCULTURAL“IMMERSION”ANDNATUREBASEDACTIVITIESTHEAVERAGEAGEOFCUSTOMERSIS35YEARSRES

47、PONSIBLETRAVELANDSUSTAINABILITYAREAMONGINTREPIDSCOREVALUESFURTHERMORETHECOMPANYRECOGNIZESTOURISMSIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONTOGLOBALWARMING,PARTICULARLYSINCEMOSTOFINTREPIDSTRIPSARELONGHAULCARBONMANAGEMENTISACENTRALPARTOFTHISENDEAVOURTHECOMPANYEMPLOYSAFULLTIMERESPONSIBLETOURISMMANAGERSINCE2000ANDACARBONOFF

48、SETMANAGERSINCE2007CARBONMANAGEMENTCOVERSTHREELEVELSOFTHECOMPANYSOPERATIONSCORPORATEOPERATIONS,INTREPIDSPACKAGETOURSWHICHUSUALLYDONOTINCLUDEINTERNATIONALFLIGHTS,ANDFLIGHTSTAKENBYCUSTOMERS,SOMEOFWHICHARESOLDBYINTREPIDTRAVELITSELFFORALLTHREEOPERATIONALLEVELS,THECOMPANYLARGELYFOLLOWSTHECARBONMANAGEMENT

49、STEPSOUTLINEDINTHEPREVIOUSCHAPTERMEASUREAVOIDREDUCEOFFSETCOMMUNICATEFORINTERNALOPERATIONSELECTRICITYANDOTHERENERGYUSESATTHEOFFICESHEATING/COOLING,LIGHTING,PRINTING,COMPUTERS,ETCARESYSTEMATICALLYMEASURED,ALONGWITHBUSINESSTRIPSTAKENBYSTAFFENERGYAUDITSARECONDUCTEDONAREGULARBASISMITIGATIONSTRATEGIESINCLUDEENERGYEFFICIENCYMEASURESINTHEOFFICES,AVOIDINGUNNECESSARYBUSINESSTRIPSANDSWITCHINGTOMOREENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYMODESOFTRANSPORTATION,IFPOSSIBLEREMAININGEMISSIONS1,200TOFCO2EINFISCALYEAR2007/08ARECOMPLETELYCOMPENSATEDBYINTREPIDSOFFSETPARTNERAGENCIES,INVESTINGINTOVERIF