爱尔兰本土软件产业在较优惠区的知识密集型产业集群发展的研究【外文翻译】.doc

1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目THEIRISHINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYEXPLAININGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYCLUSTERINALESSFAVOUREDREGION出处ERSA2002DORTMUND42NDCONGRESSOFTHEEUROPEANREGIONALSCIENCEASSOCIATIONAUGUST27TH31ST2002作者MIKECRONE外文原文THEIRISHINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYEXPLAININGTHEDEVELOPMENT

2、OFAKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYCLUSTERINALESSFAVOUREDREGIONMIKECRONENORTHERNIRELANDECONOMICRESEARCHCENTRE,2224MOUNTCHARLES,BELFASTBT71NZ,UKEMAILMCRONEQUBACUKWEBSITEWWWQUBACUK/NIERCABSTRACTOVERTHELASTDECADE,THEREPUBLICOFIRELANDHASEMERGEDASAHOTBEDOFSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTACTIVITYTHESOFTWAREINDUSTRYWASONEOFT

3、HELEADINGSOURCESOFEMPLOYMENTGROWTHINTHEIRISHECONOMYDURING1990SALTHOUGHFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTHASBEENPARTOFTHESTORY,ITISTHEEMERGENCEOFAVIBRANTINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYTHATISPARTICULARLYNOTABLETHEINDIGENOUSINDUSTRYPRESENTLYEMPLOYS14,000PEOPLEANDGENERATESANNUALREVENUESOF14BILLIONITISHIGHLYEXPORTORIENT

4、ED,HASGROWINGPRODUCTIVITYANDISINCREASINGLYINNOVATIVESEVERALOFITSLEADINGFIRMSHAVEFLOATEDONTHENASDAQSTOCKEXCHANGETHEEMERGENCEOFACLUSTEROFKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEBUSINESSES,INWHATHASBEENTRADITIONALLYREGARDEDASALESSFAVOUREDREGION,ISCONCEPTUALLYINTERESTINGANDCERTAINLYOFRELEVANCETOPOLICYMAKERSINCOMPARABLEREGION

5、STHEPAPERSETSTHEAMBITIOUSGOALOFEXPLAININGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIRISHINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRY,DRAWINGONANEXAMINATIONOFSEVERALEXISTINGSTUDIESANDVARIOUSADDITIONALSECONDARYDATASOURCESITBEGINSBYDESCRIBINGTHEKEYCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEINDUSTRYITTHENREVIEWSSOMEOFTHEKEYFACTORSANDPROCESSESTHATHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOITS

6、DEVELOPMENT,WITHINTHECONTEXTOFTHERECENTLITERATUREONCLUSTERSOFKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYTHEINITIALESTABLISHMENTOFTHECLUSTERCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFSOMEFAVOURABLEFACTORCONDITIONSCOUPLEDWITHTHEFIRMANDMARKETBUILDINGEFFORTSOFPIONEERINGENTREPRENEURS,WHOUSEDARANGEOFASTUTECOMPANYDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIEST

7、HEIRISHSTATEPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINCREATINGTHEKEYFACTORCONDITIONSANDINSUPPORTINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSWITHVARIOUSDIRECTANDINDIRECTMEASURESMORERECENTLY,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYHASBEENSUSTAINEDBYVARIOUSAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESANDLOCALISEDCOLLECTIVELEARNINGPROCESSESS

8、OMEIMPORTANTINTERNATIONALTIESHAVECOMPLEMENTEDTHESELOCALDYNAMICSEXPLAININGHOWTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYHASBEENSUSTAINEDANIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTFORENTREPRENEURSHIPANDFIRMBUILDINGAFTERABOUT1997,THEREWASAMARKEDACCELERATIONINTHEGROWTHOFTHEIISINSDSTATISTICSSHOWTHATEMPLOYMENT,THENUMBEROFCOM

9、PANIES,REVENUESANDEXPORTSALLGREWMORERAPIDLYDURING199799THANINTHEPRECEDINGPERIODTABLES1AND2HOTORIGINLTD2001,P5ALSONOTEAMARKEDINCREASEINTHENEWFIRMFORMATIONRATEINTHEINDUSTRYINTHISPERIOD,CLAIMINGTHATHALFOFALLINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREPRODUCTCOMPANIESINTHEINDUSTRYIN2001HADBEENFOUNDEDSINCETHEBEGINNINGOF1999ANOTHE

10、RNOTABLEFACTISTHEVASTMAJORITYOFNEWSTARTUPSINTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREPRODUCTINDUSTRYNOWBEGINASSPINOFFSFROMESTABLISHEDINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSHOTORIGINLTD,2002TOGETHERTHISEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATTHECLUSTERMAYHAVEREACHEDASTAGEOFMATURITYWHERESUCCESSISBREEDINGFURTHERSUCCESSIETHEINDUSTRYSEEMSTOHAVEENTEREDAPHASEOF

11、SUSTAINEDDEVELOPMENTAPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONFORTHISPHASESHIFTISTHATTHEREWAS,BYTHELATE1990S,ANIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTFORENTREPRENEURSHIPANDFIRMBUILDINGINIRELAND,ASCOMPAREDWITHTHEEARLY1990SITISPROPOSEDHERETHATTHISIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTCANBEUNDERSTOODASAFUNCTIONOFTHEOPERATIONOF1AGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESAND2COLLECTIV

12、ELEARNINGORKNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESWITHINTHEEMERGINGCLUSTER,WHICHWEREPREVIOUSLYEITHERABSENTORPRESENTTOAMUCHLESSEREXTENTAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESRECALLFROMEARLIERTHATAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESAREUSUALLYUNDERSTOODASBENEFITSCOSTSAVINGSTHATACCRUETOAFIRMASARESULTOFITSLOCATIONWITHINAGEOGRAPHICALCONCENTRAT

13、IONOFSIMILARORRELATEDFIRMSTHETHREEMAINSOURCESOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESAREASHAREDPOOLOFSKILLEDLABOURATHICKLOCALLABOURMARKET,SPECIALIZEDLOCALSUPPLYINDUSTRIESWHICHDEVELOPINRESPONSETOALOCALCONCENTRATIONOFDEMAND,ANDLOCALISEDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSTHEFIRSTTWOEFFECTSAREDISCUSSEDINTHISSECTIONANDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVE

14、RSARECONSIDEREDINTHESUBSEQUENTDISCUSSIONOFCOLLECTIVELEARNINGPROCESSESSHAREDPOOLOFSKILLEDLABOURONTHEFIRSTTYPEOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMY,ITISCLEARTHATIRELANDHASNOWDEVELOPEDATHICKTECHNICALLABOURMARKETINSOFTWARERELATEDSKILLS,PARTICULARLYINTHEDUBLINREGIONTHEPROLIFICOUTPUTOFCOMPUTINGGRADUATESFROMTHETHIRDLEVEL

15、EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONSSINCETHEMID1980SHASBEENSUPPLEMENTEDBYVARIOUSLABOURMARKETPROCESSESFIRST,THEREHASBEENOVERDECADEOFONTHEJOBLEARNINGWITHINBOTHTHEOVERSEASANDINDIGENOUSSOFTWARESECTORS,ANDRELATEDSECTORSSUCHASTELECOMSANDICTHARDWAREMANUFACTURINGSECOND,THEREWASAWAVEOFRETURNMIGRATIONTOIRELANDINTHELATE1990S

16、,INCLUDINGMANYEXPERIENCEDTECHNICALANDMANAGERIALPERSONNELASDISCUSSEDEARLIERTHIRD,SOFTWAREFIRMSINVESTHEAVILYINEMPLOYEETRAININGBYCOMPARISONWITHOTHERSECTORSOFTHEECONOMYOGORMANETAL,1997TAKENTOGETHERTHESEFACTSCONVEYACLEARADVANTAGEAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESONTODAYSINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSCOMPAREDWITHTHEIRPREDEC

17、ESSORS,NAMELY,THEREISAMUCHGREATERRANGEOFEXPERIENCEDMANAGERIALANDTECHNICALLABOURAVAILABLETOGROWINGFIRMSSPECIALISEDLOCALSUPPLYINDUSTRIESONTHESECONDTYPEOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMY,THEREISCLEAREVIDENCEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVARIOUSSPECIALISEDSUPPLIERSANDSERVICEPROVIDERSWITHINTHECLUSTER,INRESPONSETOTHEGROWINGLOCAL

18、CONCENTRATIONOFDEMANDFROMINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSTHEMOSTOBVIOUSEXAMPLEOFTHISISTHEEMERGENCEOVERTHELASTFIVEORSOYEARSOFASIZEABLEVENTURECAPITALINDUSTRYINIRELAND,INCLUDINGTHEINCREASINGINVOLVEMENTOFINTERNATIONALVCINVESTORSASRIAIN2000,P32NOTES,ITWASONLYIN1998/99THATPRIVATEINVESTMENTCAPITALBECAMEABUNDANTINIR

19、ISHSOFTWARESINCE1999,NUMEROUSEMERGINGINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSHAVERECEIVEDFIRSTANDSECONDROUNDVENTUREFUNDING,RANGINGFROM05TO30MILLIONTABLE11INFACT,VENTURECAPITALISNOWTHEDOMINANTSOURCEOFEXTERNALFINANCEFORBUILDPHASEINDIGENOUSSOFTWARECOMPANIESANDISSAIDTOBEINABUNDANTSUPPLYFORGOODBUSINESSPROPOSITIONSPWC,199

20、9HOTORIGINLTD,2001AND2002MYPRELIMINARYANALYSISOFNEWSCOVERAGEOFTHEINDUSTRYSUGGESTSTHATVENTURECAPITALISTSINVESTEDATLEAST400MILLIONININDIGENOUSSOFTWARECOMPANIESBETWEEN1999AND2001INFACTSUCHISTHEABUNDANCEOFVCINIRELAND,THATPWC1999CLAIMTHECURRENTFINANCEWEAKNESSESOFIRISHSOFTWARERELATETOTHEDEMANDRATHERSUPPLY

21、SIDESPECIFICALLY,PWC1999CLAIMTHATSOMEINDIGENOUSCOMPANIESLACKTHEABILITYTOMARKETTHEMSELVESSUFFICIENTLYINORDERTOATTRACTFUNDINGSOMEFOUNDERSAREALSOSAIDTOBERELUCTANTTORELINQUISHEQUITYSTAKESINTHEIRCOMPANIESPWC,1999,P112ONEINTERESTINGASPECTOFTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEVCINDUSTRYINIRELANDISTHEROLEOFTHESTATEINKICKSTART

22、INGTHEINDUSTRYRIAIN2000,P32NOTESTHATTHEEXPANSIONOFTHEVCINDUSTRYWASINITIALLYLARGELYUNDERWRITTENBYTHESTATEEUFUNDINGHASALSOPLAYEDAVITALROLE,WITHONEPARTICULARINITIATIVETHEEUSEEDANDVENTURECAPITALMEASUREOFTHEOPERATIONALPROGRAMMEFORINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT19941999BEINGPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTHISMEASUREHADTHEOBJ

23、ECTIVEOFESTABLISHINGVCFUNDSTOPROVIDEEQUITYCAPITALFORGROWTHORIENTEDSMESINIRELANDTHEPROGRAMMEALLOCATEDECU439MILLION,WHICHWASUSEDTOLEVERAGEPRIVATESECTORCOMMITMENTS,RESULTINGAROUNDECU90MILLIONBEINGAVAILABLEFORINVESTMENTOVERTHEPERIODOFTHEPROGRAMMETHEPROGRAMMEISADMINISTEREDBYENTERPRISEIRELANDWHICHHAS,THRO

24、UGHITSINVESTMENTSERVICESDIRECTORATE,IMPLEMENTEDAPOLICYOFFORMINGPARTNERSHIPSWITHPRIVATESECTORINSTITUTIONS,CORPORATESANDVENTURECAPITALISTSTOESTABLISHNEWVENTURECAPITALFUNDSTOINVESTTHISFUNDINGINIRISHSMESENTERPRISEIRELAND,2000ALLOFTHEAVAILABLEFUNDINGHADBEENCOMMITTEDTOINVESTMENTSBYTHEENDOF2000,THROUGH15DI

25、FFERENTFUNDS,13OFWHICHHADMADEINVESTMENTSINSOFTWAREFIRMSTABLE12INFACT,SOFTWAREWASBYFARTHELEADINGDESTINATIONSECTORFORINVESTMENTS,WITH98INVESTMENTSTOTALINGIR44MILLION66OFTHETOTALVALUEINVESTEDMANAGERSFROMTHEPRIVATESECTORRUNTHEINDIVIDUALFUNDS,WITHGUIDANCEFROMINVESTMENTCOMMITTEESFROMTHELAUNCHOFTHEMEASUREI

26、N1996TOTHEENDOFDECEMBER2000ATOTALOF214INVESTMENTSHADBEENMADEIN101DIFFERENTCOMPANIES,TOTALINGIR667MILLIONENTERPRISEIRELAND,2000SEVENTYTHREEPERCENTOFTHEVALUEOFTHESEINVESTMENTSWENTTODUBLINBASEDCOMPANIESAFINALIMPORTANTDIMENSIONOFTHEINCREASINGINVOLVEMENTOFVCFIRMSISTHEIRPOTENTIALINFLUENCEONTHEMANAGEMENTAN

27、DBUSINESSSTRATEGIESOFINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSITISCOMMONPRACTICEFORVCFIRMSTOAPPOINTANONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORTOTHEBOARDOFCOMPANIESTHEYINVESTINANDRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATVCAPPOINTEDNONEXECSHAVEPLAYEDANIMPORTANTCOACHINGROLETOENTREPRENEURIALSTARTUPSINSILICONVALLEYEGHELLMAN,2000HELLMANANDPURI,2002THEREAREALSOSIGNS

28、THATASECONDTYPEOFSPECIALISEDSUPPLYINDUSTRYISDEVELOPINGWITHINTHECLUSTER,NAMELY,SERVICEFIRMSWITHASPECIFICFOCUSONTHESOFTWARE/TECHNOLOGYSECTOR,PARTICULARLYINDUBLINONEINTERESTINGEXAMPLEOFTHISDEVELOPMENTISHOTORIGIN,ANEARLYSTAGEVENTURECAPITALANDSPECIALISTCONSULTANCYCOMPANYHOTORIGIN,WHICHISPRIVATELYOWNED,WA

29、SFOUNDEDINMARCH2000INDUBLINBYANEXPERIENCEDTEAMFROMCORPORATE,CONSULTINGANDSTARTUPBACKGROUNDSITSCEOWASFORMERLYHEADOFACCENTURESSTRATEGYPRACTICEINIRELANDONEOFITSAIMSISTOFACILITATETHEGROWTHOFYOUNGSOFTWARECOMPANIESDURINGCRITICALSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENT,BYPROVIDINGESSENTIALSERVICESSUCHASMANAGEMENTTEAMBUILDING,B

30、USINESSSTRATEGYDEVELOPMENT,TECHNOLOGYSTRATEGY,STRATEGICALLIANCEPARTNERSHIPSANDVENTUREFINANCINGANOTHEREXAMPLEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSPECIALISEDBUSINESSSERVICESISTHEDECISIONOFMAJORBOSTONBASEDUSLAWFIRMBROWNRUDNICKBERLACKISRAELSTOOPENANOFFICEINDUBLININ2002THEDUBLINOFFICEADVISESIRISHTECHNOLOGYFIRMSDOINGORPLAN

31、NINGTODOBUSINESSINTHEUNITEDSTATESABOUTISSUESSUCHASEMPLOYMENTLEGISLATION,LEGALDISCLOSURE,PRODUCTLICENSING,INTELLECTUALPROPERTYPROTECTION,RAISINGVENTURECAPITALANDSETTINGUPAUSOFFICETHEFIRMISALREADYWORKINGWITHNEARLY20IRISHTECHNOLOGYCOMPANIES,INCLUDINGEUROLOGICSYSTEMSANDFINEOS23THEDEVELOPMENTOFACRITICALM

32、ASSOFEXPORTORIENTEDSOFTWARECOMPANIESISCLEARLYCRUCIALTOTHEATTRACTIONOFSUCHFIRMS,WHICHSHOULDINTURNFACILITATEFURTHERSUCCESSFORTHEIISILOCALISEDCOLLECTIVELEARNING/KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESRECALLTHATTHECOLLECTIVELEARNINGAPPROACHRECOGNISESTHEPOTENTIALLYCRUCIALROLEOFLOCALISEDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSINSUSTA

33、ININGCLUSTERSOFKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYANDFOCUSESONTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFPROCESSESBYWHICHKNOWLEDGEISDISSEMINATEDTHROUGHTHECLUSTERTHEENSUINGDISCUSSIONHIGHLIGHTSEXAMPLESFROMTHEIISIOFSOMEOFTHEKEYCOLLECTIVELEARNING/KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESIDENTIFIEDBYPINCHANDHENRY1999ANDKEEBLEANDNACHUM2001KNOWLEDG

34、ECIRCULATIONDUETOMOVEMENTOFKEYINDIVIDUALSLOCALISEDSPINOFFSOFNEWFIRMSFROMEXISTINGBUSINESSESRECONFIGURATIONOFSTAFFINNEWFIRMSFORMALANDINFORMALNETWORKINGBYMANAGERSANDPROFESSIONALSDEMONSTRATIONEFFECTSCONCLUSIONWIDERLESSONSBYWAYOFCONCLUSION,IATTEMPTTODRAWOUTANUMBEROFWIDERLESSONSFROMTHECASESTUDYOFTHEIISI,I

35、NCLUDINGLESSONSFORPOLICYMAKERSINOTHERREGIONSIMAKEFOURMAINPOINTSRELATINGTO1THEROLEOFTHESTATEINCLUSTERDEVELOPMENT,PARTICULARLYFORKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRIES2THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINWARDINVESTMENTANDINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENT3THEROLEOFINTERNATIONALORGLOBALTIESINCLUSTERDEVELOPMENTAND4THEORIGINSOFENTREPRENEU

36、RIALSTARTUPSFIRST,THISPAPERHASSHOWNTHEIMPORTANTROLEPLAYEDBYTHEIRISHSTATEANDEUINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIISIFOREXAMPLE,THESTATELAIDTHEFOUNDATIONSFORTHEINDUSTRYBYEXPANDINGTHIRDLEVELEDUCATIONINTECHNICALSUBJECTSINCLUDINGCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDBYUPGRADINGTHETELECOMSINFRASTRUCTURETOINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSALTHOUGHTHE

37、REISSOMEIRONYTHATORIGINALMOTIVATIONWASTOATTRACTFDIRATHERTHANSTIMULATEINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENTTHESTATEALSOPROVIDEDARANGEOFDIRECTFINANCIALANDNONFINANCIALANDINDIRECTASSISTANCETOSUPPORTTHEFIRMANDMARKETBUILDINGEFFORTSOFENTREPRENEURSANDESTABLISHVARIOUSSUPPORTINGINSTITUTIONSTHEREISSURELYALESSONFORPOLICYMAKERS

38、INOTHERREGIONSTHATTHESTATECANPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINSUPPORTINGINDIGENOUSECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,PARTICULARLYINSOCALLEDLESSFAVOUREDREGIONSONEIMPORTANTPOINTTOREMEMBERHERE,THOUGH,ISTHAT,ASIDEFORTARGETINGSOFTWAREANDPROVIDINGSOMESTRATEGICGUIDANCE,ATNOSTAGEDIDTHEIRISHDEVELOPMENTAGENCIESATTEMPTTOPROMOTESPECIFICP

39、RODUCTSORTECHNOLOGIESORINTERFEREWITHCOMPANYDECISIONMAKINGTHESECONDPOINTOFWIDERRELEVANCECONCERNSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINWARDINVESTMENTANDINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENTUPONINITIALINSPECTION,THEPARALLELOFEMERGENCEOFTHEOVERSEASANDINDIGENOUSSEGMENTSOFTHEIRISHSOFTWAREINDUSTRYMAYIMPLYSOMECAUSALLINKFROMINWARDINVESTM

40、ENTTOINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENTHOWEVER,THEAVAILABLEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESUGGESTSANOTEOFCAUTIONREGARDINGTHISINTERPRETATIONAPRIMARYCONSIDERATIONISTHELACKOFANYSIGNIFICANTDIRECTTRADINGRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHELEADINGINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSANDSOFTWAREMNCSOPERATINGINIRELANDTHEMAJORITYOFLEADINGINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMS

41、DERIVEMOSTOFTHEIRREVENUESFROMEXPORTINGSOFTWAREPRODUCTS,RATHERTHANENTERINGINTOSUBCONTRACTINGRELATIONSHIPSWITHMNCSINIRELAND,HENCERIAINS1997,P27ASSERTIONTHATTHEIISIEMERGEDLARGELYFROMASETOFLOCALDYNAMICSITISALSOTHECASETHATSOFTWAREMNCSINIRELANDHAVEBEENRELATIVELYUNIMPORTANTASASOURCEOFNEWFIRMSPINOFFSRIAIN,1

42、997THEONEAREAWHERETHEPRESENCEOFSOFTWAREMNCSINIRELANDDOESSEEMTOHAVEBEENASIGNIFICANTFACTORISTHOUGHINDIRECTSPILLOVERSRELATINGTOTHELABOURMARKETTHUS,OMALLEYANDOGORMAN2001ARGUETHATSOFTWAREMNCSHELPEDTODEVELOPLABOURSKILLSWHICHHAVEPROVEDUSEFULINTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYP315MNCSAREALSOSAIDTOHAVEACTEDASATR

43、AININGGROUNDFORFOUNDINGENTREPRENEURSOFINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSTWOTHIRDSOFTHEMHADGAINEDEXPERIENCEWORKINGINAFOREIGNOWNEDMNCINIRELANDATSOMESTAGEINTHEIRCAREERSOMALLEYANDOGORMAN,1997,P316THISEVIDENCESHOULDMODERATETHEEXPECTATIONSOFPOLICYMAKERSINRELATIONTOTHEANTICIPATEDKNOCKONEFFECTSOFATTRACTINGINWARDINVEST

44、MENTINSECTORSUCHASSOFTWARETHETHIRDPOINTOFWIDERRELEVANCEFROMTHECASEOFTHEIISICONCERNSTHEROLEOFINTERNATIONALORGLOBALTIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDIGENOUSCLUSTERSOFKIIMYARGUMENTSINTHISPAPERARELARGELYSUPPORTIVEOFRIAINS1997,P27ASSERTIONTHATTHEIISIEMERGEDLARGELYFROMASETOFLOCALDYNAMICSFOREXAMPLE,IHAVEEMPHASISEDT

45、HEROLEOFFIRMBUILDINGBYIRISHENTREPRENEURS,VARIOUSSTATESUPPORTSTOTHEINDUSTRYANDLATTERLYVARIOUSAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESANDLOCALISEDCOLLECTIVELEARNING/KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESHOWEVER,IFEELITISIMPORTANTTORESTATETHEIMPORTANTROLEPLAYEDBYVARIOUSINTERNATIONALORGLOBALTIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIISITHEMOSTO

46、BVIOUSPOINTHEREISTHEOVERRIDINGORIENTATIONOFTHELEADINGINDIGENOUSFIRMSTOINTERNATIONALMARKETS,NOTABLYTHEUSTHERISEOFTHEIISIHASBEENTOAGREATEXTENTCONTINGENTONTHESURGINGGLOBALDEMANDFORSOFTWARE,DRIVENBYTHEUSMARKETOTHERIMPORTANTINTERNATIONALDIMENSIONSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIISIINCLUDETHEINCREASINGINVOLVEMENTOF

47、INTERNATIONALVENTURECAPITALISTSINIRELANDANDTHEFLOATATIONOFLEADINGIRISHFIRMSONINTERNATIONALSTOCKEXCHANGES,INCLUDINGTHENASDAQ,THEPARTICIPATIONOFINDIGENOUSFIRMSININTERNATIONALSTRATEGICALLIANCES,ANDTHEPOSSIBLEROLEOFRETURNMIGRATIONOFSKILLED/EXPERIENCEDIRISHEMIGRANTSTHISEVIDENCECONFIRMSTHEIMPORTANCEOFBEIN

48、GAWAREOFTHEWIDERGLOBALCONTEXT,ASWELLASLOCALDYNAMICS,WHENSTUDYINGINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINTERMSOFPOLICY,ONELESSONISTHATDEVELOPMENTAGENCIESSHOULDENCOURAGEFIRMSTOBEOUTWARDLOOKINGFROMTHEOUTSET,POSSIBLYASSISTINGTHEMINEXPORTINGANDFORMINGINTERNATIONALALLIANCESFOREXAMPLEAFOURTHANDFINALPOINTOFWIDERRELEVANCECONCERNS

49、THEORIGINSOFENTREPRENEURIALSTARTUPSINTHECASEOFTHEIISI,THEMAJORITYOFEARLYSOFTWAREPRODUCTFIRMSORIGINATEDASSPINOFFSFROMLARGERFIRMSINOTHERSECTORS,ASSTARTUPSTARGETINGTHEEMERGINGLOCALDEMANDFORITSERVICESANDSPINOFFSFROMACADEMICRESEARCHMORERECENTLY,THEMAJORITYOFFIRMSHAVESTARTEDASSPINOFFSFROMESTABLISHEDINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSANDALSOASACADEMICSPINOFFSONEIMPLICATIONISTHATHIGHTECHENTREPRENEURSHIPISCUMULATIVE,WITHANESTABLISHEDCLUSTEROFKIINATURALLYGENERATINGNEWSPINOFFS,WHICHHELPTOGROWTHECLUSTERINTERMSOFPOLICY,THEEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHEIMPORTANCEOFADEQUATELYFUNDINGUNIVERSITYRESEARCH