对南非低碳经济成功转型的挑战：贫穷的都市社区【外文翻译】.doc

1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目CHALLENGESTOACHIEVINGASUCCESSFULTRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMYINSOUTHAFRICAEXAMPLESFROMPOORURBANCOMMUNITIES出处SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA作者THULINMDLULIENERGYAVAILABILITYACCESSAFFORDABILITYOFALTERNATIVEENERGYSOURCESANDARANGEOFHEALTHIMPACTS,INCLUDINGAIRPOLLUTIONNOTWITHSTANDINGC

2、ALLSFORATRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMY,THEREHAVEBEENFEW,RECENTASSESSMENTSINSOUTHAFRICAOFTHECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHSUCHATRANSITION,PARTICULARLYTHESOCIALANDECONOMICCOSTSFORTHEPOORWHOUSEENERGYINAVARIETYOFWAYSINTHISPAPERWEFOCUSONTRYINGTOUNRAVELSOMEOFTHECOMPLEXENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURINCLUDINGUNDERSTANDINGWHATDRIVE

3、SCONSUMERSINRESOURCEPOORAREASTOCHOOSEANDUSEPERSISTENTLYRISKYENERGYOPTIONSANALYSISOFQUALITATIVEDATAINTWOTOWNSHIPAREAS,DOORNKOPANDKWAGUQA,SHOWSTHATTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDS,WHETHERELECTRIFIEDORNOT,CONTINUETOBURNCOALINBOTHSTUDYAREAS,ANESTIMATED80OFELECTRIFIEDHOUSEHOLDSBURNCOALFORSPACEHEATINGANDCOOKINGANDALSOM

4、AKEUSEOFMULTIPLEFUELSOURCESFORARANGEOFACTIVITIESALTHOUGHTHEMAJOROBSTACLESPREVENTINGPEOPLEFROMDISCONTINUINGDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONAREPOVERTY,THEREADYAVAILABILITYANDSOCIALACCEPTABILITYOFCOALTOGETHERWITHOTHERSOCIALCUSTOMSCANNOTBEUNDERRATEDTHISPAPERTHEREFOREHIGHLIGHTSSOMEOFTHEPERSISTENTCHALLENGESASSOCIAT

5、EDWITHSUSTAINABLEENERGYTRANSITIONSINSOUTHAFRICAINCLUDINGIMPLICATIONSFORIMPROVEDMITIGATIONANDADAPTATIONFORTHEENERGYSECTORINWIDERCLIMATECHANGEEFFORTSKEYWORDSDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONENERGYUSEPATTERNSINTRODUCTIONCLIMATECHANGEPOSESMANYCHALLENGESTOAVARIETYOFSECTORSSUCHASWATER,ENERGY,ANDAGRICULTUREIPCC2007IN

6、AFRICAANDTHESOUTHERNAFRICANREGION,INCLUDINGISSUESRELATEDTOADAPTATIONANDMITIGATIONIPCC2007WHEREASSIGNIFICANTATTENTIONISFOCUSSEDONMITIGATION,PARTICULARLYTHOSEEFFORTSLINKEDTOENERGYPRODUCTION,RELATIVELYFEWASSESSMENTSINTHEENERGYSECTORFOCUSONADAPTATIONISSUESANDONWHATMAYBETERMEDTHESOFTERSIDEOFENERGYUSEANDU

7、PTAKEEGIMPROVEDUNDERSTANDINGOFBOTHTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALCOSTSUNDERPINNINGENERGYUSEADAPTATION,FOREXAMPLE,ISBEINGPROMOTEDASAWAYTOREDUCETHEVULNERABILITYOFBOTHNATURALANDHUMANSYSTEMSTOEXPECTEDCLIMATECHANGEEFFECTSIPCC2007ANDCANINCLUDEANTICIPATORY,REACTIVE,PRIVATE,PUBLICANDPLANNEDADAPTATIONMOREOVER,MOREATTEN

8、TIONISREQUIREDONTRYINGTOIDENTIFYANDUNDERSTANDSOMEOFTHEBARRIERSTOBETTERANDMOREEFFECTIVEENERGYFUELUSAGEINSOUTHERNAFRICAFEWINSOUTHAFRICA,FOREXAMPLE,HAVEUNDERTAKENANASSESSMENTOFBEHAVIOURALFACTORSTHATMAYEXPLAINPERSISTENT,COMPLEXENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSPARTICULARLYFORTHOSEALREADYFACINGSEVEREENERGYCONSTRAINTSEG

9、THEPOORSOMEARGUETHATAFOCUSONLYONTHEHARDISSUESMAYINDEEDLEADTOABIASTHATRESULTSINIMPLEMENTATIONMEASURESTHATCENTREONSTRUCTURALMEASURESWITHTHE“NEGLECTOFPOTENTIALLYCRITICALSOFTMEASURESNEEDEDTOFACILITATEADAPTATION”ANDOTHEREFFORTSEGBEHAVIOURALANDPOLICYMEASURESAGRAWALAANDFANKHAUSER2008,3SOUTHAFRICASECONOMYIS

10、ENERGYINTENSIVEWINKLER2006SEVERALMONTHSAFTERTHERESEARCHFORTHISPAPERWASUNDERTAKEN,FOREXAMPLE,COUNTRYWIDEROLLINGENERGYBLACKOUTSOCCURREDEGINTHEEARLYMONTHSOF2008,PROFILINGENERGYASADEVELOPMENTCONCERNINTHECOUNTRYFACEDWITHTHECOMBINEDCHALLENGESOFCLIMATECHANGEANDENERGY,THEGOVERNMENTOFSOUTHAFRICAHASPROPOSEDSE

11、VERALSTRATEGIESINCLUDINGALTERNATIVEENERGYSOURCESTOREDUCETHEHEAVYDEPENDENCEONDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONBRITTON1998HOETS1998SURRIDGE2004WINKLERANDMARQUARD2009MORERECENTLY,THEFOCUSHASALSOEXPANDEDTOINCLUDEENERGYRESOURCEISSUES,DEVELOPMENTCONCERNSANDENERGYANDCLIMATECHANGETHEMESUNFCCC2000EGTHELONGTERMMITIGATIO

12、NSCENARIOS,LTMS1WINKLER2009WINKLERANDMARQUARD2009THENATIONALCLIMATECHANGERESPONSESTRATEGYEFFORTSDEAT2004BANDTHENATIONALENERGYEFFICIENCYACCORDSTILES2006ANDNATIONALCOMMUNICATIONASSESSMENTSASPARTOFTHEUNITEDNATIONSFRAMEWORKCONVENTIONONCLIMATECHANGEDEAT2004ATHECARBONDISCLOSUREPROJECTINSOUTHAFRICA,WHEREBY

13、SOMEOFTHETOPJOHANNESBURGSTOCKEXCHANGECOMPANIESDISCLOSETHEIRCARBONREDUCTIONEFFORTSANDSTRATEGIES,HASFOREXAMPLE,ALSOSEENTHEINCREASEDENGAGEMENTOFTHEBUSINESSCOMMUNITYINCLIMATECHANGEEGCDP2007AND2008THEFOCUSANDEFFORTSINCARBONTRADINGANDTHESEARCHFORCARBONASSETSTHUSHASMANYENGAGINGINAVARIETYOFENERGYENDEAVOURSI

14、NSOUTHAFRICADESPITETHISACTIVITY,WEARGUEINTHISPAPER,THATFEWEFFORTSTOUNDERSTANDTHEIMPLICATIONOFSUCHENDEAVOURS,INCLUDINGESTIMATIONSOFTHECOSTSBOTHFINANCIALANDSOCIAL,PARTICULARLYATTHELOCALLEVEL,HAVEBEENUNDERTAKENARGUABLYWHERETHERUBBERHITSTHEROADWINKLER2009INANATTEMPTTOADDRESSSOMEOFTHESECONCERNS,WEUSETHEC

15、ONCEPTOFTHEENERGYLADDERTOEXAMINEENERGYUSAGEINTWOTOWNSHIPSSETTINGSINSOUTHAFRICA,NAMELYDOORNKOPANDKWAGUQATHISINVESTIGATIONSHOWS,ANDCONFIRMSEARLIERINVESTIGATIONSOFTHISTYPEVANHORENETAL1993MASERAETAL2000WINKLERETAL2000,THATTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDS,WHETHERELECTRIFIEDORNOT,STILLCONTINUETOBURNCOALWETHENBEGINTOEXP

16、LOREWHYTHISBEHAVIOURPERSISTSBYIDENTIFYINGSOMEOFTHECHALLENGESANDCONSTRAINTSFACINGENERGYUSERSTHISLOCALCOMPARATIVESTUDYTHUSEXPANDSONEARLIERWORKOFTHISNATUREINCLUDINGOVERVIEWSOFTHESOCIALDIMENSIONSIMPACTINGONENERGYUSEEGWINKLER2009SUCHADETAILEDASSESSMENT,WEARGUE,WHENCOUPLEDTOARANGEOFOTHERMACROECONOMICCHALL

17、ENGES,MAYINDEEDPROVIDEADDITIONALNUANCESTOWHATISALREADYACOMPLICATEDSETOFISSUESFACINGANYENGAGEDINTHESEARCHFORTRANSITIONSTOALOWENERGYECONOMYWIDER,MACROISSUES,WHILECRITICAL,ARENOTEXAMINEDHEREEGWHATTYPESOFENERGYTRANSITIONANDPATHWAYSMAYBESTSUITETHECOUNTRYSOMEOFTHISISEXPLOREDMOREBROADLYBYFISCHERKOWALSKIAND

18、HABERL2007ANDFORSOUTHAFRICABYWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009ANDALSOINTHELTMSWHILETHEFIELDRESEARCHISNOWABITDATED,WEBELIEVETHATTHEBROADOUTCOMESOFTHESTUDYHIGHLIGHTPERSISTENTISSUESTHATMERITFURTHERATTENTIONBEYONDPOLLUTIONANDCARBONESTIMATIONSCONCEPTSONENERGYUSEATTHEHOUSEHOLDLEVELSEVERALINTERNATIONALANDLOCALASSESSM

19、ENTSHAVEHIGHLIGHTEDCRITICALPOLLUTIONCONCERNSASSOCIATEDWITHDOMESTICENERGYUSETHENATIONALRESEARCHDEFENCECOUNCILNRDCNRDC2004ANDWORLDHEALTHORGANISATIONWHOWHO2004,2005,FOREXAMPLE,HAVEESTABLISHEDALINKBETWEENAIRPOLLUTION,HUMANHEALTHANDTHEENVIRONMENTWITHPOLLUTEDAIRPOSINGSIGNIFICANTHEALTHRISKSTOUSERSBURNETT19

20、97DOPPEGIETERETAL1998METZNER2003INDOORSMOKERELEASEDFROMTHECOMBUSTIONOFSOLIDFUELS,SUCHASCOAL,CONTAINSARANGEOFHEALTHDAMAGINGPOLLUTANTSTHATAREABLETOPENETRATEDEEPINTOTHELUNGSROLLINETAL2004WHO2005INDOORAIRPOLLUTIONISAPARTICULARPROBLEMMAINLYINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWHEREHUGEPROPORTIONSOFTHEPOPULATIONRELYONSOL

21、IDFUELSASPRIMARYSOURCESOFENERGYBRUCE2002SMITH2002WHO2005NOTWITHSTANDINGTHESEHEALTHCONCERNSPERSISTENTUSAGEOFCOALASADOMESTICENERGYSOURCECONTINUESSPALDINGFECHER2005INSOUTHERNAFRICA,MORESPECIFICALLYINSOUTHAFRICA,AIRPOLLUTIONANDITSCONSEQUENCESHAVEALSOBEENAKEYFOCUS,WITHNUMEROUSVALUABLEREGIONALAIRPOLLUTION

22、ASSESSMENTSUNDERTAKENEGTERBLANCHEETAL1994SWAPETAL2003INSOUTHAFRICA,THECOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUELSCOALANDPETROLEUMCONTRIBUTESSIGNIFICANTLYTOTHEHIGHLEVELSOFAIRPOLLUTIONINTHECOUNTRYANDTHEREGIONSCORGIEETAL2003ACOALCOMPRISESAROUND70OFSOUTHAFRICASPRIMARYENERGYWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009OFSOUTHAFRICASCOALPRODUCTION

23、,HOWEVER,ANESTIMATED2GOESTODOMESTICHEATINGANDCOOKINGQASEETAL2000DESPITETHISLOWVALUE,PERSISTENTUSAGEINDENSELYPOPULATEDAREAS,AGGRAVATEDBYATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS,REMAINSACONCERNINTHETOWNSHIPS,DOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONREMAINSASIGNIFICANTSOURCEOFBOTHINDOORANDAMBIENTAIRPOLLUTIONANNEGARNANDSITHOLE1997ANNEGARNET

24、AL1998BARNES2005WHO2005OFGREATERIMPORTANCE,ISTHEFACTTHATSUCHCOMBUSTIONAFFECTSTHEHEALTHOFEXPOSEDPOPULATIONSSCORGIEETAL2001THEREAREFEW,RECENT,PLACEBASEDASSESSMENTSOFWHYSUCHENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSPERSISTVARIOUSCONCEPTSOFENERGYUSEAREEXPLOREDINANATTEMPTTOFRAMEANDHELPASSESSTHEFINDINGSNOTEDHEREWHILETHEFINDINGS

25、ARENOTNECESSARILYNEW,THEYUNDERSCORETHEPERSISTENCEOFENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSDESPITESIGNIFICANTEFFORTSTOTRANSITIONTOALTERNATIVEENERGYSCENARIOSHOUSEHOLDENERGYISDEFINEDASENERGYCONSUMEDBYPEOPLEINTHEIRHOMESFORCOOKING,SPACEANDWATERHEATING,LIGHTINGANDRECREATIONALACTIVITIESTERBLANCHEETAL1994ANENERGYLADDERFIG1HASB

26、EENTYPICALLYUSEDTOEXPLAINTHETYPEOFENERGYUSEDASBOTHLEVELSOFPROSPERITYANDCOSTBENEFITSINCLUDINGCLEANLINESSINCREASEHOUSEHOLDENERGYSOURCESTHATARELOWONTHEENERGYLADDERAREAVAILABLEATALOWCOSTBUTAREALSOUSUALLYLOWINCOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYANDCAUSEHIGHADVERSEIMPACTSTERBLANCHEETAL1995ABRIEFREVIEWOFTHEENERGYCONTEXTIN

27、SOUTHAFRICAIN2004,70OFSOUTHAFRICASPRIMARYENERGYWASESTIMATEDTOBEDERIVEDFROMCOALWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009WITHAPPROXIMATELY92OFELECTRICITYPOWERGENERATIONCOMINGFROMCOALFIREDPOWERSTATIONSDME2003,2004WINKLERANDMARQUARD2009DOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONHASALSOHADDEEPHISTORICALROOTSINSOUTHAFRICATHATCANBETRACEDBACKTOTH

28、EAPARTHEIDERACHARACTERISEDBYINEQUITABLEDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCESINCLUDINGENERGYANC1994ERC2004SEVERALBACKLOGSINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFSERVICES,SUCHASELECTRICITYPROVISION,INTHEBLACKURBANAREASTOWNSHIPSOCCURREDSCORGIEETAL2003BCOAL,BEINGACHEAPSOURCEOFENERGY,BECAMETHEPREDOMINANTENERGYSOURCEUSEDINTOWNSHIPSHOETS199

29、4WHO2004AFTER1994,THEGOVERNMENTSETOUTTOREDUCETHISINEQUITABLEDISTRIBUTIONOFENERGYTHROUGHWHATISTERMEDTHEENERGISATIONPROGRAMMEINTHEWHITEPAPERONENERGYANDOTHERRELATEDPOLICIESBEKKERETAL2008DME1998,2003FORAGOODREVIEWSEEALSOWINKLER2009THOUGHSOUTHAFRICACANBOASTOFSUCCESSSTORIESOFELECTRIFICATIONINAFRICA,WITHRE

30、CORDSOF80ELECTRIFICATIONINSOMEURBANAREASSPALDINGFECHER2002,PEOPLECONTINUETOUSETRADITIONALFUELSSUCHASCOALINTHEIRHOUSEHOLDSBORCHERSETAL2001MALZBENDERANDKAMOTO2005GAUNT2005SOMESTUDIESHAVELINKEDTHISTOMICROANDMACROECONOMICISSUESOFPERSISTENTPOVERTYANDUNEMPLOYMENTINTHECOUNTRYINCLUDINGFACTORSGOVERNINGDIFFER

31、ENTIALACCESSTOENERGYEGTHEROLEOFGENDERANDENERGYACCESSANDUSE,ANNECKE1999DESPITENATIONALELECTRIFICATIONEFFORTSTHEUSEOFCOALISSTILLPREVALENTINTOWNSHIPSHOETS1998SCORGIEETAL2001FORDETAILSOFTHESCALEOFELECTRIFICATIONSEESPALDINGFECHERANDMATIBE2003ANDWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009SOMEEARLYQUALITATIVESTUDIESOFTHEIMPACT

32、SOFELECTRIFICATIONHAVEBEENUNDERTAKENTOASSESSWHATHASINDEEDOCCURREDEGANNECKE1999BANKETAL1996ALONGITUDINALSTUDY,FOREXAMPLE,INGAUTENGTRIEDTOASSESSPATTERNSINFUELUSEAFTERELECTRIFICATIONPALMER1999ASHIFTINFUELUSEFROMFUELTOGREATERUSEOFELECTRICITYWASFOUNDNOTTOBEIMMEDIATE,TAKINGINSOMECASESFIVEYEARSTOCOMPLETESP

33、ALDINGFECHERANDMATIBE2003SIMILARLY,OTHERSTUDIESHAVEALSOSHOWNTHATCOALCOMBUSTIONPERSISTSAFTERTHEELECTRIFICATIONOFHOUSEHOLDSHOETS1998QASEETAL2000MDLULIETAL2003THEQUESTIONTHATARISESTHENISWHYDOESDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONPERSISTASADOMINANTENERGYSOURCETERBLANCHEETAL1993NOTETHATTHEPERSISTENCEOFDOMESTICCOALCOMB

34、USTIONISDUETOALACKOFRESOURCESTOCREATEANINFRASTRUCTUREFORACOMPLETETRANSITIONTOELECTRICITYANDTHELACKOFMONEYTOMAINTAINTHESYSTEMOTHERSSUGGESTTHATDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONPERSISTSBECAUSETOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDSDONOTHAVEELECTRICAPPLIANCESHOETS1998WHILESOMEHAVEATTEMPTEDTOSHOWTHATELECTRICITYISTOOEXPENSIVEFORTOWNSHIP

35、HOUSEHOLDSWINKLERETAL2000,2009SCORGIEETAL2001WITHSOMESTUDIESLINKINGPERSISTENCEOFCOALUSETOPOVERTYANNECKE1999GIVENTHISARRAYOFPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONSOFFUELUSAGEARENEWEDEFFORTTOEXPLOREANDBETTERUNDERSTANDCOMPLEX,ENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURS,INTWOTOWNSHIPAREASWASUNDERTAKENWITHTHEAIMOFPROVIDINGSOMEUPDATEDEVIDENCEONENE

36、RGYBEHAVIOURINTOWNSHIPAREASENERGYUSAGEINTOWNSHIPSINSOUTHAFRICATWOTOWNSHIPSLOCATEDINTHEGAUTENGANDMPUMALANGAPROVINCES,SOUTHAFRICA,WERESELECTEDFOREXAMINATIONTHESEAREBOTHREPRESENTATIVEOFHIGHCOALUSEAREASINTHECOUNTRYSPALDINGFECHER2005THESETOWNSHIPSARELOCATEDINSOWETODOORNKOPANDWITBANKKWAGUQAANDAREALSOREPRE

37、SENTATIVEOFRESIDENTSINTWOLARGEURBANAREASTHATALTHOUGHPOOR,ARENONETHELESSLOCATEDINWIDER,MIDDLEINCOMESETTINGSASHIGHLIGHTEDABOVE,OTHERSTUDIESPERTAININGTODOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONHAVEALSOBEENCONDUCTEDINSIMILARSETTINGSTHUSPROVIDINGSOMEBASELINESFORINVESTIGATIONANNEGARNANDSITHOLE1997ANNEGARNETAL1998SCORGIEETAL

38、2003AVARIOUSFACTORSSHAPINGBOTHACCESSANDUSEOFENERGYINTHETWOTOWNSHIPSWEREPROBEDINCLUDINGPOSSIBLEECONOMICREASONSEXPLAININGPREFERREDCOALUSAGEPREFERREDUSEOFENERGYSOURCEEGSINGLESOURCE,SUCHASCOAL,VERSUSMULTIPLEENERGYSOURCESTHEROLEOFACCESSANDLOCATIONEGPROXIMITYTOCOALFIELDS,COALTRADERSTHEROLEOFPERCEPTIONS,IN

39、CLUDINGAWARENESSOFTHEHEALTHIMPLICATIONSCOUPLEDTOTHEUSEOFCERTAINENERGYSOURCESANDOTHERINFLUENCESONENERGYUSEEGSOCIALFACTORSCONCLUSIONINTHISPAPERWEHAVETRIEDTOUPDATESOMEOFTHEEXISTINGASSESSMENTSONENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURBYUNDERTAKINGSURVEYSFOCUSSINGONTWOTOWNSHIPAREASINSOUTHAFRICATHENEEDFORTHESEUPDATESWASDRIVEN,

40、INPART,BYTHEEMERGINGCLIMATECHANGECONCERNSTHATHAVELARGELYBEENFOCUSSEDONMITIGATIONISSUESANDLONGTERMENERGYMITIGATIONSCENARIOSFEW,HOWEVER,HAVETRIEDTOEXTENDTHEEARLIERWORKONHOUSEHOLDSANDENERGYDEMANDINSOUTHAFRICABYEXAMININGENERGYUSAGEINVERYCHANGING,DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICCONTEXTSTHISPAPERTHUSBEGINSTOFURTHER

41、HIGHLIGHTANUMBEROFWHATMAYBETERMEDDEVELOPMENTALISSUESTHATTENDTOBEHIDDENBYADISCOURSETHATISUSUALLYCASTPREDOMINANTLYINPOLLUTIONAND/ORINMITIGATIONSTUDIESANUMBEROFENERGYPRACTICESTHUSEMERGE,SOMENOTTHATNEW,BUTNONETHELESSCONFIRMEARLIERASSESSMENTSFIRST,ENERGYSOURCESOFCHOICEARENOTALWAYSACCESSIBLEEITHERBECAUSET

42、HEYAREUNAVAILABLEORPEOPLECANNOTAFFORDTHEMMEHLWANAANDQASE1996ELECTRICITYISINACCESSIBLETOTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDSWHOCANNOTAFFORDTOUSEITANDTOTHOSETHATARENOTYETELECTRIFIEDINTHISSTUDY,ELECTRICITYWASFOUNDTOBEUNDERUTILISEDINMANYTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDSBECAUSEITISTOOEXPENSIVEFORPEOPLETOENJOYITSBENEFITSSINCETOWNSHIPSARE

43、REGARDEDASLOWINCOMEORPOORAREASMEHLWANAANDQASE1996SCORGIEETAL2001SPALDINGFECHER2005INEARLIERASSESSMENTSTHEREWASLACKOFEXTENSIVEELECTRICITYSUPPLYINTOWNSHIPAREASANDFEWCASESTHATCOULDSHOWWHETHERPEOPLEWEREBEGINNINGTOCHANGETHEIRWAYSOFHEATINGANDCOOKINGTERBLANCHEETAL1994DURINGTHECOURSEOFTHISSTUDY,MOSTHOUSEHOL

44、DSINPOORERRESIDENTIALAREASALREADYHADELECTRICAPPLIANCESTHECOSTOFENABLINGSUSTAINABLEUSEOFTHEAPPLIANCES,HOWEVER,WASTOOPROHIBITIVEHOUSEHOLDSDIDNOTUSETHEAPPLIANCESBECAUSEOFLOWINCOMESANDTHEINABILITYTOPAYFORSERVICESMEHLWANAANDQASE1996STATEDTHATPEOPLESUSEOFAPPLIANCESDEPENDSONWHETHERTHEYCANAFFORDTOBUYTHEM,OR

45、ATLEASTTOBUYTHEFUELSTHEYREQUIREMOSTHOUSEHOLDSCOULDAFFORDTOBUYTHEAPPLIANCESBUTCOULDNOTAFFORDTOPURCHASETHEELECTRICITYUNITSTOBEABLETOSUSTAINABLYUSETHEMSECOND,SIMPLENOTIONSOFENERGYUSEEGENERGYLADDERS,WHILEINITIALLYUSEFULREQUIREMORENUANCEDINFORMATIONANDASSESSMENTENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSARENOTSTATICANDCANNOTBEF

46、RAMEDONLYACCORDINGTOINCOMELEVELSASOTHERSHAVENOTED,ALINEARTRANSITIONOFUSEOFFUELISNOTACOMMONANDUNIVERSALEXPLANATIONFORENERGYUSEBEHAVIOUREGTERBLANCHEETAL1994BRUCE2002THISSTUDYTHEREFORECONCURSWITHACALLFORANEXPANDEDUSEOFTHECONCEPTOFTHEENERGYLADDER,ACKNOWLEDGINGITSLIMITATIONSINTHISSTUDY,LOCALRESIDENTSWERE

47、MOREATTACHEDTOWHATTHEENERGYSOURCESPROVIDEDRATHERTHANTOTHEENERGYSOURCESTHEMSELVESTHEIMPORTANCEOFANENERGYSOURCEWAS,THEREFORE,LINKEDTOTHEPERCEIVEDGREATNESSOFTHEENERGYNEEDENERGYBEHAVIORISALSOSHOWNHERETOBEMADEEVENMORECOMPLEXBYTHEOBSERVATIONOFVARIOUSSOCIALANDCULTURALFACTORSTHEROLEOFSOCIALNETWORKSANDOTHERS

48、OCIALPRACTICESAPPEARTOBEINFLUENCINGENERGYUSEANDCLEARLYREQUIREMOREDETAILEDASSESSMENTTOMAKEAMOREPERSUASIVECASEFINALLY,THISSTUDYILLUSTRATESTHATMOREEFFECTIVEWAYSOFCAPTURINGTHEDYNAMICCOMPLEXITYOFENERGYUSEBEHAVIORARENEEDEDPARTICULARLYFORTHOSETHATEMERGEINTHEINTERSECTIONBETWEENDEVELOPMENT,CLIMATECHANGEMITIG

49、ATIONANDADAPTATIONANDPOVERTYALLEVIATION译文对南非低碳经济成功转型的挑战贫穷的都市社区摘要南非面临着一些发展挑战，包括气候变化。能源的使用已经被迫成为发展的新挑战（当做暖气来源的廉价煤被用来通路及其他可能能源的来源，但是对人类健康造成冲击，包括空气污染）。对低碳经济的成功转型，目前全世界还很少。最近，南非的关于联合费用的经济评估就进行了这样的转型，特别是在利用很多方法进行能源利用的贫穷社区。本文致力于提出一些能源使用方式，包括促使消费者在资源匮乏区域如何进行能源的选择和使用。在两个小镇区域DOORNKOP和KWAGUQA在用电还是继续烧煤方面进行了定性的数据分析，80左右的家庭选择使用煤炭进行家庭供暖和烹调，其他活动使用多种燃料来源。虽然国内煤炭贫瘠，但是煤炭的备用性和社会可接受性与其他能源一起不能被低估。因此，本文突出强调在气候变化上足以支撑南非的能源使用的转型，以缓和和改进能源部门对于能源的适应。关键词国内煤炭燃烧能源使用方式一、介绍在非洲大部分南部地区，气候变化使得许多部门面临挑战，例如水利、能源、农业等，以及一系列联系的问题。然而，其中重大的问题却没有受到极大关注，尤其是那些链接能源生产的行业，那些相对较少的能量评估领域是气候适应性问题和被称为“能源消耗和吸收的温柔一面”（如双方的经济和社会