1、外文题目CAMBRIDGEHIGHTECHNOLOGYCLUSTERGROWTHANDCHANGESINTHEEMPIRICALSTUDY出处STANFORDINSTITUTEFORECONOMICPOLICYRESEARCH作者SUMASATHREYE外文原文AGGLOMERATIONANDGROWTHASTUDYOFTHECAMBRIDGEHITECHCLUSTERSUMASATHREYELECTURERINECONOMICSFACULTYOFSOCIALSCIENCESTHEOPENUNIVERSITYWALTONHALLMILTONKEYNESMK76AAEMAILADDRESSSSA
2、THREYEOPENACUKABSTRACTTHISCHAPTERISANEMPIRICALSTUDYOFTHEGROWTHANDCHANGEINTHECAMBRIDGEHIGHTECHNOLOGYCLUSTERCAMBRIDGESHOWSTHEPARADOXICALCOEXISTENCEOFVASTLYSMALLERSCALEOUTCOMESBUTMANYQUALITATIVESIMILARITIESTOSILICONVALLEYOURMAINQUESTIONSFROMTHEEMPIRICALENQUIRYINTHISCHAPTERAREBROADFIRST,HOWHASTHECAMBRID
3、GEHITECHNOLOGYCLUSTERCHANGEDANDGROWNOVERTIMESECONDLY,WEAREINTERESTEDINWHATSORTSOFMICROECONOMICFACTORSEXPLAINTHESEBIGGERCHANGESWITHANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESETWOQUESTIONSWEDRAWSOMEIMPLICATIONSOFTHECAMBRIDGESTORYFOROURUNDERSTANDINGOFWHATKINDSOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESANDEXTERNALITIESWEREIMPORTANTTOTHEGROWTHO
4、FTHECAMBRIDGECLUSTERTHEFAILUREOFCAMBRIDGETOGLOBALISETOTHESAMEDEGREEASSILICONVALLEY,WEARGUE,ACCOUNTSFORTHEDISSIMILARITIESINTHETWOEXPERIENCESAGGLOMERATIONANDGROWTHASTUDYOFTHECAMBRIDGEHITECHCLUSTER1THECAMBRIDGEPHENOMENONISITSILICONFENTHE“CAMBRIDGEPHENOMENON”WASATERMCOINEDBYSEGAL,QUINCEANDWICKSTEEDSQWIN
5、1986TODESCRIBETHEMUSHROOMINGOFOVER300HIGHTECHNOLOGYFIRMSINTHECAMBRIDGEAREA,AFTERTHECAMBRIDGESCIENCEPARKRECEIVEDITSFIRSTOCCUPANTIN1976THISNUMBERHASINCREASEDSTEADILYTHROUGHTHEDECADEOFTHENINETIESANDHADMORETHANTRIPLEDIN1999BYTHEENDOF1999,THENUMBEROFHITECHESTABLISHMENTSHADGROWNTO959INALLEMPLOYINGOVER31,0
6、00PEOPLEINTERMSOFITSECONOMICIMPACTONTHEREGION,THECAMBRIDGEAREAACCOUNTEDFOR60OFALLHITECHESTABLISHMENTSANDOVER70OFALLHITECHEMPLOYMENTINCAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYCAMBRIDGEHASALSODEVELOPEDANARRAYOFINSTITUTIONS,UNIVERSITYINDUSTRYLINKSANDLOCALTECHNOLOGYVENTURECAPITALTHATHAVEFAVOUREDANDSOUGHTTONURTUREENTREPRENEU
7、RSHIPINSCIENCEBASEDINDUSTRIESINTHESEINSTITUTIONALDEVELOPMENTS,CAMBRIDGEISUNIQUEOFALLTHEOTHERITCLUSTERSTHATFOLLOWEDINTHEWAKEOFSILICONVALLEYSSUCCESSNOOTHEREUROPEANREGIONHASSHOWNTHESAMESCALEOFENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYINSCIENCEBASEDSECTORSASCAMBRIDGEORCANBOASTTHEEMERGENCEOFSIMILARINSTITUTIONSWITHOUTANYSTA
8、TEINTERVENTIONFURTHERMORETHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGEHASBEENAKEYPLAYERINTHESEINSTITUTIONALDEVELOPMENTSTHESEQUALITATIVEFEATURESOFTHEGROWTHOFCAMBRIDGEHAVEPROMPTEDSEVERALCOMPARISONSWITHSILICONVALLEYDESPITETHESESIMILARITIES,GROWTHANDCHANGEWITHINTHECAMBRIDGECLUSTERHASNOTPRODUCEDTHESAMESORTOFECONOMICOUTCOMESA
9、SSILICONVALLEYTHEDIFFERENCESTHATSTANDOUTMOSTMARKEDLYARETHESMALLERSCALEOFCAMBRIDGEWHETHERMEASUREDBYPOPULATIONSIZEORREGIONALGDPANDTHEABSENCEOFLARGEFIRMSBASEDONPRODUCTMARKETSUCCESSESESTIMATESSUGGESTTHATTHOUGHCAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYANDSILICONVALLEYSANTACLARACOUNTYENCOMPASSASIMILARGEOGRAPHICALAREA,THEIRECON
10、OMICSCALEISVASTLYDIFFERENTTHUSCAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYWITHOUTPETERBOROUGHHASAPOPULATIONOF543,000COMPAREDWITH16MILLIONPEOPLEINSILICONVALLEYAVERAGEEARNINGSARE20,000INCONTRASTWITH31,000INSILICONVALLEYMOSTTELLINGLY,THEREGIONALGDPOFTHESILICONVALLEYAT42MILLIONIS6TIMESTHATOFCAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYASECONDDIFFERENC
11、EINECONOMICOUTCOMESISTHATCAMBRIDGEHASNOTPRODUCEDALARGENUMBEROFOUTSTANDINGLYSUCCESSFULFIRMSTHATHAVEGROWNTOLARGESIZESINTHEMANNEROFSILICONVALLEYSUCCESSESLIKEHEWLETTPACKARDORINTELTHISHASNOTCHANGEDVERYMUCHINTHERECENTPASTTHOUGHTHEREAREIMPRESSIVESTOCKMARKETSUCCESSESTHEAVERAGERATEOFGROWTHFORCAMBRIDGEFIRMSCO
12、NTINUESTOBELOW,ANDTHEFASTERGROWINGFIRMSHAVENOTSHOWNAGREATGROWTHOFEMPLOYMENTASWESHOWLATERINTHEPAPER,THEGROWTHOFEMPLOYMENTINTHEAREACOMESPREDOMINANTLYFROMTHEGROWTHINTHENUMBERSOFESTABLISHMENTSLASTLY,UNLIKESILICONVALLEYTHECAMBRIDGEAREAISNOTREGIONALLYSPECIALISEDINHITECHNOLOGYPRODUCTIONINTHEUKREGIONALSPECI
13、ALISATIONISINFERREDFROMTHEHIGHERTHANAVERAGEPROPORTIONOFEMPLOYMENTINANYINDUSTRYORGROUPOFINDUSTRIES,WITHTHEAVERAGEBEINGDEFINEDBYTHENATIONALAVERAGERECENTCOMPUTATIONSOFRELATIVESPECIALISATIONINDICESOFDIFFERENTUKREGIONSINKNOWLEDGEBASEDBUSINESSES2BYHUGGINS2000SHOWSTHATCAMBRIDGESHOWEDROUGHLYTHESAMEPROPORTIO
14、NOFKNOWLEDGEBASEDBUSINESSESASTHEUKAVERAGETHUS,CAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYSHOWSASPECIALISATIONINDEXOF1055ANDISRANKED20THAMONGUKREGIONSWITHHIGHVALUESFORSPECIALISATIONINKNOWLEDGEBASEDSERVICESTHEAREASTHATWEREREGIONALLYSPECIALISEDINKNOWLEDGEBASEDBUSINESSESLAYAROUNDLONDON,ANDINCLUDEDAREASLIKEBRACKNELL,WOKINGHAM,
15、SURREY,ANDREADINGANEARLIERESTIMATEBYBEGG1991COVERINGTHE198189,SHOWEDTHATCAMBRIDGERANKED18THAMONGUKURBANAREASTHATWERERELATIVELYSPECIALISEDINHITECHNOLOGYACTIVITY3THEREGIONSRANKEDHIGHERTHANCAMBRIDGEINCLUDEDBRACKNELL,STEVENAGE,ANDWELWYNALLAREASTHATLAYOUTSIDELONDONTHUS,WHILECAMBRIDGEHASSUCCEEDEDINGETTING
16、ASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFSCIENCEBASEDENTREPRENEURSHIP,SOMELOCALNETWORKEFFECTSAMONGTHESCIENTISTS,THEREISNOTMUCHINTHEWAYOFSUCCESSINAFIRMGROWTHSENSEOREVENINTHENUMBEROFFIRMSTOSTARTMAKINGABIGNATIONALCONTRIBUTION,ASISCONFIRMEDBYREGIONALSPECIALISATIONINDICESTHISPARADOXOFVASTLYSMALLERSCALEOUTCOMESBUTQUALITATIVES
17、IMILARITIESFRAMESTHESTUDYOFGROWTHANDCHANGEINTHECAMBRIDGEHITECHCLUSTERINTHISCHAPTERINTHISCHAPTER,WEDEFINETHECAMBRIDGEAREAASCOMPRISINGCAMBRIDGECITY,SOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIREDISTRICT,EASTCAMBRIDGESHIREANDTHEFENLANDSAREA4OURMAINQUESTIONSFROMTHEEMPIRICALENQUIRYAREBROADFIRST,HOWHASTHECAMBRIDGEHITECHNOLOGY5CLUST
18、ERCHANGEDANDGROWNOVERTIMETHISISSPECIALLYINTERESTINGWHENWECONSIDERTHATCOMPAREDWITHALLTHEOTHERCLUSTERSSTUDIEDINTHISBOOK,CAMBRIDGEHASBEENRECOGNISEDASACLUSTERFORTHELONGESTSECONDLY,WEAREINTERESTEDINWHATSORTSOFMICROECONOMICFACTORSEXPLAINTHESEBIGGERCHANGESWITHANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESETWOQUESTIONSWEDRAWSOMEIMP
19、LICATIONSOFTHECAMBRIDGESTORYFOROURUNDERSTANDINGOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESANDEXTERNALITIESINTHEGROWTHOFCLUSTERSTHECHAPTERISEMPIRICALANDDRAWSONTWOMAINSOURCESOFDATA,WHICHAREDETAILEDINAPPENDIX1THEREMAINDEROFTHECHAPTERISORGANIZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGWAYSECTION2DESCRIBESTHEFEATURESOFCHANGEANDGROWTHOFTHECAMBRIDGEHI
20、TECHCLUSTERBETWEEN19882000SECTION3HIGHLIGHTSTHEMAINMICROECONOMICPROCESSESTHATAPPEARTOLIEBEHINDTHESECHANGESSECTION4EXAMINESTHESOMEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESEDYNAMICSPARTICULARLYTHERELATIVEUNIMPORTANCEOFMARSHALLIANAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIES,BUTTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEMOBILITYOFPERSONNELANDSMALLOLSONIANGROUPSTHATHAVEPLA
21、YEDACRUCIALROLEINLINKINGUNIVERSITYANDINDUSTRYANDINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINSTITUTIONSTONURTUREENTREPRENEURSHIPSECTION5CONCLUDESWITHSOMELESSONSTHATCOMPARINGCAMBRIDGEWITHSILICONVALLEYALLOWSUSTODRAW2GROWTHANDCHANGEINTHECAMBRIDGEHITECHCLUSTER21GROWTHINTHECAMBRIDGEAREAFIGURES1AND2DOCUMENTTHEGROWTHINNUMBERSOFFIR
22、MSANDINEMPLOYMENTINTHECAMBRIDGEAREAINTHEABSENCEOFDATAONTHEVALUEOFSALESOFFIRMS,WERELYUPONTHEGROWTHINEMPLOYMENTTOGIVEUSAMEASUREOFGROWTHFORTHEREGIONASAWHOLETHEGROWTHOFEMPLOYMENTANDESTABLISHMENTSSHOWSASTEADYRATHERTHANEXPLOSIVEGROWTHFIGURES1FIGURES2DECOMPOSINGTHECHANGESINTHESTOCKOFFIRMSOVERTHEPERIOD19889
23、8INTOGAINSANDLOSSESDUETOVARIOUSREASONSASSHOWNINTABLE1REVEALSTHATITISTHEHIGHRATEOFNEWFIRMFORMATIONTHATHASSUSTAINEDTHEGAINSINTHESTOCKOFFIRMSSINCE1988THISISNOTANEWTRENDKEEBLE1988SHOWEDTHATRATESOFNEWFIRMFORMATIONINTHECAMBRIDGEAREAHADCONSISTENTLYBEENFARABOVENATIONALAVERAGESEVENINEARLIERPERIODSTABLE1THECA
24、TEGORYOFNEWFIRMSINTABLE1DOESNOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENINDIGENOUSNEWFIRMSANDFIRMSFROMOUTSIDETHATAREMOVINGINTOCAMBRIDGEOTHERSTUDIESHOWEVERHAVESHOWNTHATTHEPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTFIRMSINTHEREGIONISREMARKABLYHIGHTHUS,SQWIN1986ESTIMATEDTHAT75OFFIRMSWEREINDEPENDENTANDLATERESTIMATESBYGARNSEYPUTTHISFIGUREAT66THUS
25、,ITISTHEINDEPENDENTSTARTUPSOFNEWFIRMS,RATHERTHANTHESETUPOFBRANCHPLANTSOFNATIONALFIRMSORSUBSIDIARIESOFLARGEINTERNATIONALFIRMS,WHICHEXPLAINTHEHIGHRATESOFNEWFIRMFORMATIONINTHECAMBRIDGEAREATHEPROPORTIONOFFIRMSTHATEMERGEDASNEWSTARTUP,ORASASPINOFFFROMOTHERFIRMS,INTHECAMBRIDGEAREAHASINCREASEDOVERTIMETABLE2
26、ATHISPROPORTIONWASHIGHAT73INSQWS1984STUDY,ANDTHELATERSQW1998PUTSTHISFIGUREATAHIGHER79,BUTTHECBR1996STUDYFOUNDTHEPROPORTIONOFNEWFIRMSANDSTARTUPSTOBEEVENHIGHER88TABLE2ACTHEMOREINTERESTINGASPECTOFNEWFIRMFORMATIONREVEALEDBYTHECBRSURVEYISTHATMORETHANONETHIRDOFTHESENEWFIRMSWERESPINOFFSFROMOTHERFIRMSANDTHE
27、UNIVERSITYTHESQWSTUDYHADNOTEDTHATABOUTTWOTHIRDSOFALLHITECHBUSINESSES244OUTOFATOTALOF355KNOWNFIRMSWEREINTERCONNECTEDTHISISSTRIKINGLYEVIDENTINTHEIR“FAMILYTREE”OFENTERPRISESTHECBRSURVEYDOESNOTDRAWASIMILARFAMILYTREEBUTREVEALSNONETHELESSTHATLINKAGESBETWEENFIRMSDUETOCOMMONORIGINSAREVERYPREVALENTTHUSTHEYSH
28、OWTHATANOVERWHELMINGLYLARGEPROPORTIONOFTHEFOUNDERSOFNEWCOMPANIESSTARTUPSANDSPINOFFSCOMEFROMLOCALFIRMS,FOLLOWEDBYUNIVERSITYDEPARTMENTSTABLE2BFURTHER,NEARLYHALFTHESURVEYEDLOCALFIRMSREPORTSTAFFLEAVINGTOSETUPANEWFIRMSTABLE2CANDALARGEMAJORITYOFTHE“PARENT”FIRMSHADFORMALANDINFORMALLINKSWITHFIRMSSOSETUP22TH
29、EGROWTHOFFIRMSTHEREGIONDOESNOTBOASTOFALARGENUMBEROFOUTSTANDINGLYSUCCESSFULFIRMSTHATGREWTOLARGESIZESEVENNOW,THOUGHTHEREAREFIRMSTHATHAVEAHIGHSTOCKMARKETCAPITALISATION,FIRMSTHATALARGESIZEDAREFEWTHUS,THESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFFIRMSREPORTEDINTABLE3REVEALSVERYSMALLNUMBERSOFLARGEFIRMSINPARTTHISCOULDBEEXPLAINEDB
30、YTHELARGEPRESENCEOFSERVICEFIRMSORCONSULTANCIESWHERE50EMPLOYEESINDICATEAREASONABLYLARGESIZEBUTTHESLOWGROWTHOFFIRMSISUNDOUBTEDLYAFACTORTABLE3GONZALEZBENITOETAL1997SHOWEDTHATTHEGROWTHOFSALESVARIEDACROSSINDUSTRIALSECTORSANDYEARS,BUTWASABOUT55PERANNUMFORFIRMSINTHEREGION6THEIRFIGURESAREREPORTEDINTABLE4THE
31、TRENDSFOR198896ALSOSHOWTHATTHERECESSIONOF1991HITMOSTFIRMSANDAVERAGERATESOFGROWTHFELLBETWEEN199193TABLE4DESPITETHEPREPONDERANCEOFSMALLFIRMSCOMPUTATIONSSUGGESTTHATTHERATEOFFAILUREAMONGSTSMALLHITECHFIRMSINCAMBRIDGEWASLOWTABLE5SUGGESTSARATIOOFFIRMCLOSURETONEWFIRMSCLOSETO1FORSOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIREBUTABOUT05
32、FORCAMBRIDGECITYITISARATIOTHATAPPEARSTOINCREASETHROUGHTIME,BUTSURPRISINGLYFALLSINTHERECESSIONYEARSOF199193FORBOTHCAMBRIDGECITYANDSOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIRETABLE523INDUSTRIALDIVERSITYANDCHANGEINTHEBASESOFGROWTHTHEREGIONRETAINSANINDUSTRIALDIVERSITYTHISINTURNISPROBABLYRELATEDTOTHEFACTTHATITSINDUSTRIALPRODUCTI
33、ONCOMPRISESINTERMEDIATERATHERTHANFINALGOODSTABLE6SHOWSTHATTHETWOBIGSUBREGIONSOFCAMBRIDGECITYANDSOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIRESHOWDIFFERENTBUTRELATEDSPECIALISATIONSWHILERDSTRENGTHSARECOMMONTOBOTHREGIONS,MANUFACTURINGANDENGINEERINGARESOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIRESTRENGTHS,WHILECOMPUTERSERVICESANDTELECOMMUNICATIONSSEEMTOBE
34、STRENGTHSOFTHECAMBRIDGECITYFIRMSTOGETHERSOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIREANDCAMBRIDGECITYSHOWAFUNCTIONALSPECIALISATIONOFTHEREGIONAROUNDGENERICRDSTRENGTHSINNEWTECHNOLOGIESTHATCOULDBESPREADOVERALARGENUMBEROFINDUSTRIALSECTORSTABLE6THEINDUSTRIALCOMPOSITIONOFTHECLUSTERALSOCHANGEDINTHELATE80S,ANDTHERELATIVECONCENTRATIO
35、NSOFEMPLOYMENTININSTRUMENTATIONANDELECTRICALANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGHAVEBEENREPLACEDOVERTIMEBYACONCENTRATIONINRDSERVICES,COMPUTERSERVICESANDTELECOMMUNICATIONSTHELASTDECADEHASALSOSEENTHEGROWTHINIMPORTANCEOFBIOTECHNOLOGYFIRMSINNUMBERSOFESTABLISHMENTSANDINEMPLOYMENTITISESTIMATEDTHATEMPLOYMENTINBIOTECHN
36、OLOGYINTHECAMBRIDGEAREAGREWRAPIDLYFROM4819EMPLOYEESIN1990TOOVER8,000EMPLOYEESATTHEENDOF1999BIOTECHFIRMSAREALSOINCREASINGLYCONCENTRATEDINTHECAMBRIDGEAREAOFCAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYATTHEENDOF1999THECAMBRIDGEAREAACCOUNTEDFORJUSTUNDER90OFTOTALBIOTECHEMPLOYMENTINCAMBRIDGESHIRECOUNTYADIVERSIFIEDINDUSTRIALBASEH
37、ASALSOCONTRIBUTEDTOMAINTAININGASTEADYGROWTHOFEMPLOYMENTINHITECHINDUSTRYINTHECAMBRIDGEREGIONASNOTEDEARLIERTHEGAINSINEMPLOYMENTBETWEEN198897WERELARGELYDUETHESETTINGUPOFNEWESTABLISHMENTSTHESEGAINSARECONCENTRATEDINCOMPUTERSERVICES,TELECOMMUNICATIONSANDRDSERVICESANDHAVEMORETHANOFFSETTHELOSSESINEMPLOYMENT
38、,WHICHHAVEBEENCONCENTRATEDINSTRUMENTANDELECTRONICANDELECTRICALENGINEERING8THERDSECTORHASCONTINUEDTOBEAMAJORSOURCEOFEMPLOYMENTGAINSAMIDSTTHESHIFTINGSPECIALISATIONFROMRELATEDMANUFACTURINGSECTORSTOTHESERVICEINTENSIVESECTORSOFTELECOMMUNICATIONSANDSOFTWARETHESECHANGESINTHEINDUSTRIALBASESOFGROWTHMASKANUND
39、ERLYINGCONTINUITYINFUNCTIONALSPECIALISATIONCAMBRIDGEHASALWAYSHADSTRONGRDSTRENGTHSTHATEARLIERDROVETHESCIENTIFICINSTRUMENTATIONANDALESSSUCCESSFULELECTRONICSINDUSTRYINTHEREGIONINTHELATE70SANDEARLY80STHESESTRENGTHSHAVEINRECENTYEARSBEENLEVERAGEDINRDSERVICESANDCONSULTANCYSERVICES译文集聚与增长剑桥高技术产业集群研究SUMASATH
40、REYE摘要本章是对剑桥高技术产业集群的增长和变化的实证研究。剑桥显示了规模较小与成果较大的矛盾共存,和硅谷有极大的质的相似。从本章的实证调查中我们要解决以下问题首先,剑桥高科技集群是如何改变和成长其次,我们感兴趣的是用什么样的微观因素来解释这些比较大的改变。随着这两个问题的认识,我们描绘了剑桥故事对我们理解什么样的聚集经济和外部条件对剑桥高技术产业集群的成长是重要的的影响。英国剑桥大学未能达到像硅谷一样的全球化程度的原因,我们理解为两个案例之间的不同点。一、剑桥现象是不是硅沼泽(SILICONFEN)“剑桥现象”是在1986年SEGAL,QUINCEANDWICKSTEEDSQW创造的用来描
41、述在1976年剑桥科学园成立第一家公司后,300多个高科技公司如雨后春笋般在剑桥地区成立的一个术语。这个数量通过20世纪90年代的稳步增长,已超过1999年数量的三倍以上。到1999年底,高科技单位数目已增加到959家,拥有31,000名员工。在以下方面它影响了这个地区,剑桥地区拥有的高科技机构占全部的60,超过70的高科技人才在剑桥郡就业。剑桥还发展了一系列机构,大学与产业的联系和当地的科技创业投资,力求在科学基础上培育产业的创业精神。这些机构的发展反映了剑桥高科技产业集群是在硅谷的成功之后所有其他仿效者中独特的。没有任何其他欧洲地区已经表现出了和剑桥同等规模的在以科学为基础的部门创业活动或
42、者说可以夸耀没有任何国家干预类似的机构会出现。此外,剑桥大学一直在这些机构的发展中扮演着关键角色。这些剑桥增长的定性特征都促使其与硅谷相比较。尽管有这些相似之处,剑桥高科技产业集群的发展和变化没有产生和硅谷一样的的经济成果最显着的差异是剑桥的规模较小(无论是人口规模还是地区GDP)、虽然产品市场获得成功但市场缺少大公司。估计显示,尽管剑桥郡和硅谷(圣克拉拉县)拥有一个类似的地理区域,但其经济规模有很大不同。剑桥郡(不包括彼得伯勒)有543,000人口而硅谷有160万人口。硅谷的平均收入有31,000相比之下剑桥郡只有20,000。最具说服力的是,硅谷的地区GDP是4200万为剑桥郡的6倍。在经
43、济成果方面的第二个区别是,剑桥有没有产生像惠普和英特尔这样在硅谷已成长为规模经济的一大批优秀的成功企业。在最近的一段时间里,这并没有改变多少。虽然在股市的成功令人印象深刻,但剑桥公司的平均增长率仍然很低,增长最快的公司对就业增长的拉动作用不是很大。正如我们在后面的文件显示,就业在该地区的增长主要来自于机构的数量增长。最后,与硅谷不同的是剑桥地区并不是英国唯一从事高科技生产的专业化区域。区域专业化是在任何行业或产业群内,就业的比例高于全国平均水平。最近,HUGGINS2000通过以知识为本的企业计算英国不同地区的相对专业化指数表明,剑桥以知识为本的企业的比例和英国的平均水平大致相同。剑桥郡的专业
44、化指数为1055,在英国各地区排第20名,表明以知识为本的专业化服务具有高附加值。LONDON并包括如BRACKNELL,WOKINGHAM,SURREY,和READING附近存在很多以区域专业知识为本的企业。先前由贝格(1991)估计的,显示19811989年间剑桥在英国相对专业从事高科技活动的城市地区中名列第18位。所有的这些城市都位于LONDON之外,包括BRACKNELL,STEVENAGE和WELWYN,而以上地区的排名都高于剑桥。因此,尽管剑桥已成功地得到大量以科学为本的创业精神,当地一些科学家之间产生了网络效应,但这没有在公司成功发展的方式上贡献很多,甚至没有让大量的企业开始对国
45、家作出巨大贡献,这就证实了区域专业化指数。在这一章规模较小而产出较大的悖论但具有质的相似性构成了剑桥高科技产业集群的发展与变化研究。在这一章中,我们所指的剑桥地区包括CAMBRIDGECITY,SOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIREDISTRICT,EASTCAMBRIDGESHIRE和FENLANDS地区。我们从实证调查中得到很多的主要问题首先,剑桥高科技产业集群是如何改变和发展的这是特别有趣的,当我们考虑到与所有在这本书研究了的其它产业集群相比,剑桥已被公认为是最长的群集。其次,我们感兴趣的是什么样的微观因素可以解释这些比较大的改变。随着这两个问题的认识,我们描绘了剑桥故事对我们理解在集群
46、发展中的聚集经济和外部条件的影响。本章采用了实证研究,借鉴了两个主要的数据来源,详见附录1。本章的其余部分安排如下第2节介绍19882000年间剑桥高科技产业集群变化与发展的特点。第3节突出了出现这些变化的背后的主要的微观过程。第4节考察了这些动态的一些影响特别是马歇尔集聚经济的相对不重要,但重要的是人才的流动和小的OLSONIAN组织起到了连接大学和产业的关键作用,在机构发展中,培育企业家精神。第5节,与硅谷的比较让我们总结了一些经验教训。二、剑桥高科技产业集群的发展与变化一剑桥地区的增长图1、图2显示了剑桥地区公司数量和就业的增长。在缺乏公司销售价值数据的情况下,我们依靠的就业增长来衡量整
47、个地区的增长。就业和机构是稳定的增长,而不是爆炸性增长。图1图2把1988年至1998年间公司股票的变化分解成收益和损失,由于如表1所示的种种原因表明,自1988年以来新公司的组建率很高,公司股票的收益持续不变这已不是一个新的趋势。基布尔(1988)表明,剑桥地区新公司的组建率一直远远高于国家平均值,即使在较早的时期表1表1中新公司的分类没有区分是本土新公司还是正进入剑桥的外来公司。但是其他的研究表明,在该地区的独立机构的比例是非常高。1986年,SQW估计有75的企业是独立,后来由GARNSEY估计,这一数字为66。因此,是独立创业的新公司,而不是国内企业设立的分厂或大型国际公司的子公司解释
48、了在剑桥地区新公司的高组建率。剑桥地区独立创业的新公司、其他公司的子公司的比例一直在增长(表2A)。在1984年SQW的研究中这个比例高达73,后来,SQW1998把这个数字定在更高的79。但CBR1996研究发现新公司和独立创业企业的比例要更高(88)。表2ACCBR的调查揭示,新公司组建的更有趣的方面是超过1/3的新公司是其他公司和大学的子公司。SQW的研究指出大约2/3的高科技企业(总的355家知名企业中的244家)是相互关联的。在那些家族型企业中这是明显惊人的。CBR的调查并没有得出一个相似的家庭树,但仍然显示了这些公司之间的联系,这是因为具有共同的起源是非常普遍的。大部分新公司(自主
49、创业的和分支机构)的创始人中的绝大多数来自本地公司其次是大学院系(表2B)。此外,近一半的受访的当地企业报告员工会离职成立一个新公司(表2C),而新公司因多数母公司会和其有正式和非正式的联系而成立。二公司的增长该地区确实有大量已成长为大规模的出色的成功的公司。但即使是现在,尽管有一些厂商在股市有高市值,规模大的公司还是很少。如表3(企业规模分布)揭示大企业的数量非常少。这部分可以解释为服务公司或顾问公司大量存在(50名员工是一个合理的规模)但增长缓慢的企业无疑是一个因素。表3GONZALEZBENITO等1997研究显示,该地区公司的销售增长在不同工业部门和年之间是不同的,但每年约为55。如表4所示。1988年至1996年的趋势也表明,1991年的经济衰退打击了大部分公司,199193年的平均增长率下降了。表4抛开小企业优势,计算表明,剑桥地区的小的高科技公司的失败率很低。表5说明了倒闭公司与新公司之比,SOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIRE地区接近1,而剑桥市大约为05。这个比率看来随着时间的推移而增加,但令人惊讶的是在199193年经济衰退时期剑桥市和SOUTHCAMBRIDGESHIRE地区的比率都下降了。表5资料来源由表1计算而得三工业多元化,经济增长基础的改变该地区保持了工业多样性。反过来,可能与这一事实,即它的工业生产的是中间产品而不是最终
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