迈向低碳经济---市政融资和能源效率【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文题目TOWARDALOWCARBONECONOMYMUNICIPALFINANCINGFORENERGYEFFICIENCYANDSOLARPOWER出处ENVIRONMENTMAGAZINE作者MERRIANCFULLER,STEPHENCOMPAGNIPORTIS,ANDDANIELMKAMMENTHEECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALNEEDTOTRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMYISNOWATTHEFOREFRONTOFENERGYSCIENCE,ENGINEERING,ANDPOLICYDISCUSSIONSINTHEUNITEDSTATESA

2、NDINTERNATIONALLYFORMERVICEPRESIDENTALGOREHASCALLEDFORACARBONFREEELECTRICITYSUPPLYINTHEUNITEDSTATESBY2018,1ANDINCALIFORNIA,JAPAN,ANDTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,AGROWINGLISTOFMUNICIPALITIESHAVELEGISLATED7080PERCENTORHIGHERREDUCTIONSINTHEIRGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSOVERTHENEXTFOURTOFIVEDECADESTHESECUTSARECONSISTENTW

3、ITHTHERECOMMENDATIONSOFTHEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATECHANGEIPCCTHUSFARMUCHOFTHEEFFORTHASBEENFOCUSEDONTECHNOLOGYANDPOLICYSOLUTIONS,WITHVERYLITTLEATTENTIONGIVENTOHOWTHISCHANGECANBEENABLEDTHROUGHCREATIVEFINANCINGACRITICALARENAFORTHISTRANSFORMATIONISINBUILDINGS,WHICHACCOUNTFORMORETHAN70PERCENTOFTHEE

4、LECTRICITYUSE2ANDALMOST40PERCENTOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS3INTHEUNITEDSTATESMANYOFTHEMORESTRINGENTLAWSTOREDUCEENERGYUSEINBUILDINGS,SUCHASTITLE24INCALIFORNIA,4TARGETNEWBUILDINGSHOWEVER,BECAUSEBUILDINGSHAVEMANYDECADELIFETIMES,ITMAYBEVIRTUALLYIMPOSSIBLETOREDUCEGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSTOTHELEVELSDESCRIBEDBY

5、THELOWERRISKSCENARIOSOFTHEIPCC5ANDADOPTEDBYLOCALMUNICIPALITIES,6STATES,7ANDNATIONS8WITHOUTATARGETEDEFFORTTOREDUCEENERGYDEMANDINEXISTINGHOMESANDCOMMERCIALSPACESTHISMEANSTHATRETROFITEFFORTS,SUCHASIMPROVINGENERGYEFFICIENCYANDADDINGSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICSPVANDSOLARTHERMALSYSTEMSTOBUILDINGS,NEEDTOEXPANDDRAMAT

6、ICALLYMANYBARRIERSEXISTTOREDUCINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDINCREASINGTHEUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGYONEISHIGHFIRSTCOSTUPFRONTCOST,WHICHISBOTHAPSYCHOLOGICALANDFINANCIALBARRIERFORMANYPEOPLEOURRESEARCHGROUPFROMTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,HASWORKEDWITHANUMBEROFCITIES,INITIALLYBERKELEYTOADDRESSTHISBARRIERBYMAKI

7、NGFINANCINGFORSOLARPOWERINSTALLATIONSANDENERGYEFFICIENCYRETROFITSMOREAPPEALINGANDACCESSIBLETOPROPERTYOWNERSURGENCYAROUNDTHENEEDTOCUTEMISSIONSHASINSPIREDCITIESTOAPPLYOLDTOOLS,SUCHASMUNICIPALFINANCING,TOTHENEWPROBLEMOFREDUCINGTHEAMOUNTOFCARBONINTHEENERGYSUPPLYCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGMECHANISMSLIK

8、ETHECITYOFBERKELEYSPROGRAMBERKELEYFIRSTFINANCINGINITIATIVEFORRENEWABLEANDSOLARTECHNOLOGYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOHELPCATALYZETHETRANSITIONTOAMORESUSTAINABLEUSEOFENERGYANDALSODELIVERBENEFITSBEYONDEMISSIONSREDUCTIONS,INCLUDINGANEWSOURCEOFJOBGROWTH,REDUCEDSTRAINONTHEELECTRICPOWERSYSTEM,ANDMORECOMFORTABLEANDWE

9、LLMAINTAINEDBUILDINGSHOWDOTHESEINITIATIVESWORK,ANDWHATMIGHTTHEFINANCIALIMPACTBEONPARTICIPANTSATTHESTATEANDNATIONALLEVELSBARRIERSTOREDUCINGENERGYDEMANDOVERTHELAST30YEARS,ACONTENTIOUSDEBATEHASCONTINUEDOVERWHYCONSUMERSANDBUSINESSESCHOOSEORFOREGOENERGYEFFICIENTPRODUCTSANDPRACTICES,ANDWHATROLEPUBLICANDEN

10、ABLINGPROGRAMSFINANCINGANDOTHERSHOULDPLAYININFLUENCINGTHESEDECISIONSRESEARCHERSHAVEOFTENTRIEDTOEXPLAINCONSUMEREFFICIENCYRELATEDDECISIONSUSINGALIFECYCLECOSTANALYSIS,WHICHLOOKSATTHEUPFRONTCOSTSOFADOPTIONVERSUSTHEENERGYSAVINGSOVERTIMEMANYPUBLICPOLICYEFFORTSSTARTWITHTHEPREMISETHATREGULATIONSSHOULDONLYPR

11、OMOTEOPTIONSTHATGIVECONSUMERSAPOSITIVENETPRESENTVALUEFORTHELIFECYCLECOST,USINGADISCOUNTRATEFORFUTURESAVINGSOF58PERCENTTHENETPRESENTVALUEISTHEFUTUREDISCOUNTEDBENEFITSMINUSTHEINITIALINVESTMENTAPPLIANCESTANDARDSWERECREATEDUSINGTHISFRAMEWORKWITHTHEINTENTIONOFREMOVINGTHELEASTEFFICIENTAPPLIANCESFROMTHEMAR

12、KETWHILEKEEPINGTHEFINANCIALBURDENTOAMINIMUMTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENAMARKETRATEOFRETURNANDTHEIMPLICITDISCOUNTRATESOBSERVEDINCONSUMERCHOICEWASLABELEDTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYGAP,ANDMUCHEFFORTHASBEENDEVOTEDTOCLOSINGTHISGAPTHROUGHINCENTIVESANDPOLICIESTOADDRESSPERCEIVEDBARRIERSTHESESAMEBARRIERSALSOAFFECTTHEDECISIO

13、NTOINSTALLSOLARPOWERSYSTEMSCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGBERKELEYFIRSTISANEXAMPLEOFCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGINDEVELOPMENTBYTHECITYOFBERKELEYTHATWILLPROVIDETHEUPFRONTFUNDSFORRESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALPROPERTYOWNERSTOINSTALLELECTRICANDTHERMALSOLARSYSTEMSANDMAKEENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEIRBUILD

14、INGSBERKELEYHASCOMMITTEDTOPROVIDEFUNDINGFORTHEPROGRAMTHROUGHTHEISSUANCEOFASPECIALTAXBONDTHATISREPAIDSEMIANNUALLYOVER20YEARSTHROUGHSPECIALTAXESCOLLECTEDONONLYTHEPROPERTYTAXBILLSOFPARTICIPATINGPROPERTYOWNERSTHEFINANCINGMECHANISMISBASEDONCALIFORNIASMELLOROOSFINANCINGLAWANDDOESNOTREQUIREACITYSUBSIDYOREX

15、POSURETOTHECITYSGENERALFUND14ASOFSUMMER2008,THECITYHADRECEIVEDMORETHAN1,300INQUIRIESFROMMUNICIPALITIESAROUNDTHEWORLDASKINGHOWTHISPROGRAMWILLBEIMPLEMENTEDTOPARTICIPATEINACLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGPROGRAM,ARESIDENTIALORCOMMERCIALPROPERTYOWNERSELECTSACONTRACTORANDIDENTIFIESTHEIRCHOICEOFSOLARANDENERG

16、YEFFICIENCYUPGRADESTHATFITWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEPROGRAM,ASDEFINEDBYTHEMUNICIPALITYAPROJECTMIGHTINCLUDEASOLARPVARRAYORASOLARTHERMALSYSTEMANDIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYOFABUILDING,SUCHASADDINGINSULATIONANDNEWDUCTS,SEALINGBUILDINGSHELLLEAKS,ANDREPLACINGAFURNACEORAIRCONDITIONINGUNITIMPROVEMENTSTOARES

17、IDENTIALPROPERTYCOULDCOST4,00020,000ORMORETHEPROPERTYOWNERSUBMITSANAPPLICATIONTOTHEMUNICIPALITY,WHOSESTAFFREVIEWSTHESCOPEOFWORKANDCHECKSTHATTHEYHAVEACLEARPROPERTYTITLEAFTERTHEMUNICIPALITYAPPROVESTHEAPPLICATION,THEWORKISCOMPLETED,ALIENISPLACEDONTHEPROPERTY,ANDACHECKISISSUEDTOTHEPROPERTYOWNERASPECIALT

18、AXISADDEDTOFUTUREPROPERTYBILLSIFTHEPROPERTYISSOLDBEFORETHEENDOFTHE20YEARREPAYMENTPERIOD,THENEWOWNERPAYSTHEREMAININGSPECIALTAXESASPARTOFTHEIRPROPERTYSANNUALTAXBILLTHEINTERESTCOMPONENTOFTHESPECIALTAXPAYMENTSWILLBETAXDEDUCTIBLE,SIMILARTOAHOMEEQUITYLINEORHOMEMORTGAGETHESPECIALTAXBONDISBACKEDBYTHELIENSON

19、PARTICIPATINGPROPERTYOWNERSHOMESTHISPROGRAMHASTHEPOTENTIALTOBEIMPLEMENTEDINMUNICIPALITIESACROSSTHECOUNTRYLAWSINMANYSTATESALREADYENABLEASIMILARFINANCINGMECHANISM,ANDOTHERSTATESAREPURSUINGLEGISLATIONTOENABLETHEUSEOFCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGFOREXAMPLE,STATEHOUSEBILL081350,PASSEDBYTHECOLORADOLEGISLA

20、TUREANDSIGNEDINTOLAWIN2008,ALLOWSLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOFINANCEIMPROVEMENTSWITHAREPAYMENTOVER20YEARSTHROUGHSPECIALASSESSMENTSCOLLECTEDTHROUGHTHEPROPERTYTAXSYSTEMTHISLAWALLOWSLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOPROACTIVELYPROVIDEAMECHANISMFORPROPERTYOWNERSTODECREASETHEIRUSEOFFOSSILFUELSFORHEATINGANDELECTRICITY,PROVIDINGAPU

21、BLICBENEFITINNOVEMBER2008,BOULDERUSEDTHISAUTHORITYTOPASSMEASURE1A,WHICHALLOWSTHECOUNTYTOISSUEUPTO40MILLIONINSPECIALASSESSMENTBONDSTOFINANCECLEANENERGYIMPROVEMENTSSIMILARLEGISLATIONHASBEENENACTEDINCALIFORNIAANDISPROPOSEDINOTHERSTATESTHESEEARLYPROGRAMSHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDTHROUGHCITY,COUNTY,ANDSTATELEVE

22、LINITIATIVESTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTCOULDSUPPORTSUCHPROGRAMSBYPROVIDINGCAPITALORBYASSISTINGMUNICIPALITIESINAGGREGATINGBONDSSOTHATLARGERBONDSCANBEISSUEDATALOWERCOSTFINANCIALMODELINGANALYSISTOASSESSTHEIMPACTOFCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGONRESIDENTIALCUSTOMERS,OURRESEARCHTEAMATTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BE

23、RKELEY,CREATEDAMODELTOCOMPARETHENETPRESENTVALUEOFANNUALCASHFLOWSOVER25YEARSFORASYSTEMLIKEBERKELEYFIRSTUSINGANAVERAGECALIFORNIAHOMEANDTHREEUSCASESWITHHIGH,LOW,ANDAVERAGEENERGYPRICESSEETABLE1FORMODELASSUMPTIONSTABLE1MODELASSUMPTIONSFINANCINGTERMSINTERESTRATEOF7PERCENTWITHATERMOF20YEARSENERGYCONSUMPTIO

24、NFORTHECALIFORNIACASE,CONSUMPTIONNUMBERSAREBASEDON2006ENERGYINFORMATIONADMINISTRATIONEIAFIGURES,ANANNUALCONSUMPTIONOF7,080KILOWATTHOURSKWH,AND476THERMSOFNATURALGASPERHOMETHE2KWSYSTEMUSEDINTHISMODELCOVERSAPPROXIMATELY40PERCENTOFTHEHOMESELECTRICITYUSEFORTHEUSCASES,CONSUMPTIONNUMBERSAREBASEDON2006EIAFI

25、GURES,ANANNUALCONSUMPTIONOF11,035KWHAND678THERMSOFNATURALGASPERHOMETHE2KWSYSTEMUSEDINTHISMODELCOVERSAPPROXIMATELY25PERCENTOFTHEHOMESELECTRICITYUSEALTHOUGHSOMEUSHOMESUSEHEATINGOIL,WOOD,ORELECTRICITYFORHEATING,NATURALGASUSEISASSUMEDBECAUSETHEMAJORITYOFUSHOMESUSEITFUTUREENERGYPRICESTHEBASECASEUSESTHEEI

26、AANNUALENERGYOUTLOOK2008FORECAST,WHICHPREDICTSFLATREALPRICESFORELECTRICITYANDGASTHROUGH2030ANDANAVERAGERATEOFINFLATIONOF2PERCENTINADDITION,CASESAREMODELEDWITHANNUAL2PERCENTAND4PERCENTREALINCREASESINENERGYPRICESELECTRICITYPRICESTHECALIFORNIACASEELECTRICITYPRICESAREBASEDONTHEPACIFICGASTHISISJUSTAROUGH

27、ESTIMATEOFAVERAGEPOTENTIALFORSAVINGSENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSWITHMUCHGREATERPAYBACKSTHATARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEANALYSISINCLUDELOWERINGTHERMOSTATS,REPLACINGLIGHTBULBS,ANDINSTALLINGMOREEFFICIENTAPPLIANCESSOLARPVSYSTEM2KWSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICPVSYSTEMWITHANINSTALLEDCOSTOF8/WATTSOLARPRODUCTIONANNUALPVSYSTEMPR

28、ODUCTIONOF1,400KWH/YEARPERINSTALLEDKWFORCALIFORNIABASEDONTHEPVWATTESTIMATEFORSACRAMENTO,CALIFORNIA,AND1,300KWH/YEARPERINSTALLEDKWFORTHEUSCASESBASEDONTHEPVWATTESTIMATEFORTOPEKA,KANSASTHISISACAPACITYFACTOROF1516PERCENTSOLARPERFORMANCEPVSYSTEMLIFEOF25YEARS,WITHAPERFORMANCEDEGRADATIONOF1PERCENT/YEARINVE

29、RTERINVERTERREPLACEMENTINYEAR12FORAPPROXIMATELY1,200REBATESSOLARREBATEOF190/WATTWITHAPERFORMANCEBASEDCONVERSIONFACTOROF81PERCENTFORCALIFORNIATHECONVERSIONFACTOR,WHICHESTIMATESTHEACTUALPRODUCTIONOFANINSTALLEDSYSTEM,ISBASEDONTHEAVERAGEACTUALCONVERSIONFACTORSAPPLIEDTOPVSYSTEMSIN2007FORTHECALIFORNIASOLA

30、RINITIATIVEREBATEPROGRAMNOREBATEISINCLUDEDFORTHEUSCASESFEDERALINCOMETAXCREDITITCFORSOLARITCOF30PERCENTOFNETSYSTEMCOSTSWITHNOMAXIMUMDUETORECENTFEDERALLEGISLATIONHR1424TAXESMARGINALBLENDEDFEDERALANDSTATEINCOMETAXRATEOF365PERCENTDISCOUNTRATE6PERCENTCARBONPRICECARBONPAYMENTOF30/TONCO2PAIDUPFRONTFORTHELI

31、FEOFTHEIMPROVEMENTSINCASESWHERENOTEDNOTEAVERSIONOFTHECALCULATORUSEDFORTHEMODELSISMAINTAINEDONLINEFORPUBLICUSEATHTTP/RAELBERKELEYEDU/BERKELEYFIRST/CALCULATORASSHOWNINTABLE2ONTHISPAGE,THEENERGYEFFICIENCYMEASURESALONEALWAYSHAVEAPOSITIVENETPRESENTVALUETHESOLARONLYCASEISPOSITIVEWHENENERGYPRICESINCREASE4P

32、ERCENTANNUALLYOVERTHEEIAFORECAST,ANANNUALPRICEINCREASEOFABOUT6PERCENTINNOMINALTERMSTHECOMBINATIONOFENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSANDSOLARINSTALLATIONSISPOSITIVEONLYINTHE4PERCENTCASE,ANDTHECASEWITHA30PAYMENTPERTONOFABATEDCO2ISPOSITIVEONLYINTHE2PERCENTAND4PERCENTSCENARIOSTHESENUMBERSARESENSITIVETOTHECOS

33、TOFSOLARINSTALLATIONSANDCHANGESINELECTRICITYANDGASPRICESTABLE2NETPRESENTVALUEFORAVERAGECALIFONIAHOMEPROJECTTYPEANNUALENERGYPRICEESCALATIONEIAFORECASTINFLATIONONLY24SOLARINSTALLATIONONLY2,6901,49287ENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTONLY1851,0172,120SOLARINSTALLATIONANDENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENT2,8128521,73

34、8SOLAR1,8181422,732INSTALLATION,ENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENT,AND30/TONCARBONDIOXIDENOTEEIAENERGYINFORMATIONADMINISTRATIONPARENTHESESINDICATENEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUE,BASECASEHIGHLIGHTEDTHEMODELALSOASSESSESTHENETPRESENTVALUEFORHOUSEHOLDSONANATIONALLEVELBECAUSEENERGYPRICESCANVARYWIDELY,FORINSTANCE,BETWEE

35、NNORTHDAKOTAANDMASSACHUSETTS,THREECASESAREMODELEDAUSAVERAGECASE,AHIGHENERGYPRICECASE,ANDALOWENERGYPRICECASEAGAIN,SEETABLE1FORMODELASSUMPTIONSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETHREEUSCASESSHOWHOWHIGHERENERGYPRICESMAKESOLARINSTALLATIONSANDENERGYEFFICIENCYRETROFITSSIGNIFICANTLYMOREFINANCIALLYREWARDINGHOWEVER,THE

36、SOLARONLYOPTIONHASANEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUEFORALLOFTHECASESBECAUSEELECTRICITYPRICESARESTILLBELOWTHELEVELIZEDCOSTOFSOLARPOWERTHESOLARANDENERGYEFFICIENCYCOMBINATIONBECOMESPOSITIVEONLYINTHE2PERCENTAND4PERCENTSCENARIOSFORTHEHIGHPRICEUSCASEWITHACO2PRICEOF30PERTON,THEHIGHPRICEUSCASEISPOSITIVEINALLPRICINGSC

37、ENARIOSIMPLICATIONSFORBERKELEYFIRSTITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATBERKELEYSAVERAGEENERGYUSEISLOWCOMPAREDTOSTATEANDNATIONALAVERAGES,LARGELYBECAUSEOFBERKELEYSMILDCLIMATE,WHICHREQUIRESLITTLEORNOAIRCONDITIONINGBERKELEYHOMESALSOTENDTOBESMALLERTHANNEWERHOMESINTHESTATEANDBERKELEYRESIDENTSTENDTOBEMORECONSCIOUSABOUT

38、ENERGYCONSUMPTIONTHISMEANSTHATTHEAVERAGEBERKELEYRESIDENTPAYSFORONLYASMALLFRACTIONOFTHEIRENERGYATRATESHIGHERTHAN13CENTSPERKWHTIER2FIGURE3ONPAGE30GRAPHSBERKELEYELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONINSUMMERANDWINTERANDSHOWSHOWMANYHOMESPAYTHETIER3RATEOF23CENTSPERKWH,WHICHISTHEFIRSTRATETIERTHATISHIGHERTHANTHELEVELIZEDP

39、ERKWHCOSTOFSOLARPOWERAFTERSTATEANDFEDERALSUBSIDIESTHEIMPLICATIONISTHATTHISFINANCINGPROGRAMWILLPRODUCEEVENBETTERRETURNSINOTHERPARTSOFTHESTATE,SUCHASTHECENTRALVALLEY,LOSANGELES,ANDSANDIEGO,WHICHHAVEHIGHEROVERALLENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCEMOREELECTRICITYPERSOLARPANELBECAUSEOFBETTERSOLARRESOURCESMUNICIP

40、ALFINANCINGVERSUSOTHERFINANCINGOPTIONSHOMEOWNERSANDBUSINESSESTRADITIONALLYHAVERELIEDONSEVERALOPTIONSTOFINANCEIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEIRHOMESANDOFFICESTHESEINCLUDEPAYINGFORTHEIMPROVEMENTSUPFRONT,REFINANCINGTHEIRMORTGAGESORSECURINGHOMEEQUITYLINESOFCREDIT,ANDTAKINGOUTPERSONALLOANSHOWDOESCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFI

41、NANCINGCOMPARETOANSWERTHISQUESTION,ITISHELPFULTOLOOKATTHENETPRESENTVALUEOFASOLARANDENERGYEFFICIENCYPROJECTINCALIFORNIABASEDONHOWITISFINANCEDFOURALTERNATIVESARECOMPAREDINTABLE6BELOWNOFINANCING,CASHPAIDUPFRONTA20YEARFIXEDMORTGAGEREFINANCEAT7PERCENTA15YEARHOMEEQUITYLINEAT85PERCENTANDA5YEARUNSECUREDPERS

42、ONALLOANAT13PERCENTINTERESTNOTTAXDEDUCTIBLECOMPAREDWITHUPFRONTCASHORA5YEARLOAN,CLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGISSUPERIORBECAUSEITGIVESTHEPARTICIPANTTHETAXADVANTAGEOFDEDUCTINGTHEINTERESTPAYMENTSITISALSOPREFERABLETOA15YEAREQUITYLINEBECAUSEOFITSLOWERINTERESTRATETHECLOSESTCOMPETITORTOMUNICIPALFINANCINGIST

43、HE20YEARMORTGAGEREFINANCE,WHICHHASTHESAMETERMANDSIMILARRATEAMORTGAGEREFINANCEMAYBEABETTEROPTIONFORAPROPERTYOWNERIFTHEYHAVEPARTICULARLYGOODCREDITORAREALREADYPLANNINGONREFINANCINGFOROTHERREASONSHOWEVER,ESPECIALLYINTHECURRENTCREDITMARKET,OTHERTRANSACTIONCOSTS,FEES,ANDBARRIERSCOULDMAKEMORTGAGEREFINANCIN

44、GAMOREEXPENSIVEOPTIONTHEMORTGAGEREFINANCEALSOMUSTBEREPAIDUPONSALEOFTHEHOME,SOITDOESNOTHAVETHEBENEFITTHATTHEOUTSTANDINGFINANCINGREPAYMENTSWILLTRANSFERTOTHENEWOWNERCONCLUSIONOFFERINGAFFORDABLEFINANCINGLOWERSTHEBARRIERSFORMANYPROPERTYOWNERSTOINSTALLSOLARPOWERSYSTEMSORMAKEENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSHOW

45、EVER,FINANCINGALONECANNOTMAKEUPFORTHECURRENTHIGHCOSTOFSOLARPVWITHOUTREBATESAPRICEONCO2EMISSIONSTHROUGHATAXORACAPANDTRADESCHEMECHANGESTHEEQUATIONSIGNIFICANTLY,ASSEENINTHECASEOFAUSREGIONWITHHIGHENERGYPRICESMANYSTATESHAVEALREADYENACTEDCLIMATECHANGELEGISLATION,ANDTHISPROGRAMHASNATURALEXTENSIONSTOTHEFEDE

46、RALLEVELTHISMAYPUSHAVERAGEUSELECTRICITYPRICESUPTOWARDTHEHIGHENERGYPRICECASEAND,COMBINEDWITHDECLININGSOLARCOSTS,MAYGREATLYINCREASETHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFSOLARINSTALLATIONSITISALSOIMPORTANTTOEMPHASIZETHATFINANCINGPROGRAMSFORENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSALREADYMAKEECONOMICSENSE,DEPENDINGONTHEMEASURESIMPLE

47、MENTEDTRANSACTIONCOSTSWILLALSOBEANIMPORTANTFACTORINTHESUCCESSOFVERSIONSOFTHISFINANCINGMODELMUCHOFTHEONUSOFREDUCINGTHISBARRIERFALLSONTHECONTRACTORSANDINSTALLERSWHONEEDTOGETINANDOUTOFAPROPERTYQUICKLYATTIMESCONVENIENTTOTHEOWNERHOWEVER,THEFINANCINGITSELFNEEDSTOBEEASYTOACCESSFORBOTHPROPERTYOWNERSANDCONTR

48、ACTORSTURNAROUNDTIMEFORGETTINGAPPROVEDFORFINANCINGMUSTBEFASTANDPAINLESSFORPROPERTYOWNERSANDPAYMENTMUSTGETTOTHECONTRACTORORINSTALLERQUICKLYSOTHATTHEYDONOTHAVETOCARRYPROJECTCOSTSOTHERFORMSOFFINANCINGARECURRENTLYBEINGUSEDTOFUNDENERGYEFFICIENCYPROJECTS,SUCHASONBILLFINANCING,SPECIALIZEDUNSECUREDBANKLOANS

49、FORSOLARINSTALLATIONSANDENERGYEFFICIENCYRETROFITS,MORTGAGESDESIGNEDTOREWARDINVESTMENTSINENERGYEFFICIENCY,ANDTRADITIONALSOURCESOFFUNDSSUCHASHOMEEQUITYLINES,SECONDMORTGAGES,ANDUNSECUREDPERSONALLOANSBUTITISCLEARTHATEXPERIMENTATIONINTHISAREAISIMPORTANTFORSPEEDINGTHETRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMYTHEIMPORTANCEOFDEVELOPINGNOVELMECHANISMSOFTHISSORTISCLEARIFWEARETOMEETENERGYSECURITYANDCLIMATEGOALSTHECHALLENGEWILLBEIMPLEMENTINGPROGRAMSINTHISVITALYETUNCERTAINTIMEOFNATIONALANDGLOBALFINANCIALINSTABILITY译文迈向低碳经济市政融资和能源效率经济与环境需要向低碳转型处于美国和国际社会关于能源科学、工程学和政策讨论的最前沿。前副总统戈尔呼吁美国在2018年实现无碳电力供应。在加利福尼亚