英语一词多义的语义关系及记忆方法【毕业论文】.doc

1、（20_届）本科毕业设计英语英语一词多义的语义关系及记忆方法THESEMANTICRELATIONSOFENGLISHPOLYSEMYANDITSMNEMONICTECHNIQUE摘要英语作为世界上使用最广的语言,如其他语言一样,一直不停地变化发展着。很少能找到一种语言是每个词都是单个意思,英语更是具有大量的多义词。本文试从一词多义的演变着手,建立语义范畴模式,探讨一词多义词项之间的关系。并且就如何记忆多义词的各词项给出自己的意见。从词义涉及的三个关系因果、范围、历史文化,这几个方面进行联想式记忆,将极大地有助于准确理解并轻松牢靠地掌握词义。关键词多义词；演变；联想；记忆IIABSTRACTA

2、STHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDLANGUAGEINTHEWORLD,ENGLISHHASCHANGEDCONTINUOUSLYASWELLASOTHERLANGUAGESITISDIFFIFULTTOFINDALANGUAGUEINWHICHEVERYWORDHASASINGLEMEANINGENGLISHCONTAINSAGREATDEALOFPOLYSEMICWORDSTHISPAPERSTARTSWITHTHEEVOLUTIONOFPOLYSEMY,ANDTHENESTABLISHTHEMODESOFWORDSSEMANTICCATEGORYTOSTUDYTHERELATIONSH

3、IPBETWEENTHESEMANTICITEMSWEHAVEMADEANATTEMPTTOEXPLOREWAYSTOMEMORISETHEPOLYSEMICWORDSINAQUICKWAYWEHAVEDISSUSSEDHERETHREEWAYSOFASSOCIATIONBYFOLLOWINGTHESEANALYSIS,WECANUNDERSTANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETTERANDLEARNENGLISHPOLYSEMICWORDSMOREEASILYKEYWORDSPOLYSEMANTEVOLUTIONASSOCIATIONMEMORYIIICONTENTSABSTRACTI

4、I1INTRODUCTION12THECAUSESOFPOLYSEMYSEMANTICCHANGEINENGLISH121APPLICATIONINDIFFERENTFIELDS222MUTUALTRANSFORMATIONBETWEENCOMMONWORDSANDSPECIALIZEDWORDS323POLYSEMYRESULTINGFROMTHEFIGURATIVEUSEOFWORDS324ELLIPSISINLANGUAGEUSE43THESEMANTICRELATIONSOFPOLYSEMICWORDS431CONCATENATION432RADIATION6321AGROUPOFSE

5、MANTICRELATIONMODES6323RELATIONSOFEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSCONVERTEDFROMTHEPROTOTYPE7324RELATIONSOFEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSSPLITANDCONVERTEDFROMTHEPROTOTYPE8325THREETYPESOFTHERELATIONSHIPOFPOLYSEMANTSSEMANTICITEMS833EXAMPLE8331THEMEANINGS9332ANALYSISOFSEMANTICITEMRELATIONSHIPMODES104MNEMONICTECHNIQUEASSOCI

6、ATION1141ASSOCIATIONTHROUGHCAUSEANDEFFECTASPECT1142ASSOCIATIONTHROUGHWORDSSCOPETOWHICHTHECENTRALSIGNIFICANTRELATED1243ASSOCIATIONFROMWORDSHISTORYANDCULTURALBACKGROUND135CONCLUSION15BIBLIOGRAPHY错误未定义书签。ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS161INTRODUCTIONHERECOMEALITTLEJOKETOMCALLJIM“ICANTBEARSUCHAFOOL“JIMSAY“YOUMOTHERCOU

7、LDBEAR“THEWORDBEARISMISUNDERSTOODBYJIMFORITSTWOMEANINGS1TOLERATE2GIVEBIRTHTOHEREWECANSEEHOWAPOLYSEMANTICWORDCANCAUSEAMBIGUITYWHILEINTERPRETINGTHEMINTOCHINESE,ANDTHATSTOSAYWEHAVETOBEMOREDISCREETWHENWERECHOOSINGWORDSORCOMPREHENDINGARTICLES,WHERELAYSTHEIMPORTANCEOFPOLYSEMYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIETYAND

8、ECONOMY,THEREHASBEENTREMENDOUSDISAGREEMENTCONCERNINGTHEDEFINITION,BEHAVIOURSANDREPRESENTATIONOFPOLYSEMYWHATSMORE,LINGUISTICDEFINITIONSOFPOLYSEMYREQUIRETHESEMULTIPLEMEANINGSTOBERELATEDACONCEPTOFWORDWHICHISCONSTRUCTEDONTHEBASISOFHUMANEXPERIENCEANDBYMEANSOFCOGNITIVEANDCULTURALMODES,ACQUIRESMEANINGINVIR

9、TUEOFASSOCIATIONWITHALINGUISTICSIGNWHICHEXTENDSCONTINUOUSLYAPOLYSEMICWORDCONSTITUTESACOGNITIVEANDSEMANTICCATEGORYWITHITSPRIMARYMEANINGASTHEPROTOTYPE,INWHICHTHEPROTOTYPEANDNONCENTRALMEMBERS,ANDOTHERNONCENTRALMEMBERSTHEMSELVESCANRELATETOEACHOTHERSINCEHUMANEXPERIENCEANDCOGNITIVEPROCESSMAYBECONTINUOUS,D

10、IVERGENT,ORJUMPINGHOWEVER,OWINGTOTHECOMPLEXITYOFHUMANEXPERIENCEANDCOGNITIVEPROCESS,THERELATIONSHIPCOULDBETOOCOMPLICATEDTOBEEXACTLYANDCOMPREHENSIVELYGENERALIZEDWITHONLYONESEMANTICRELATIONMODE,ANDDIFFERENTCASESNEEDDIFFERENTMODESLIAOGUANGRONG,MAY2005INORDERTOCONSTRUCTTHEMODESTOREVEALTHESEMANTICRELATION

11、SHIPBETWEENTHEPOLYMANTS,WENEEDTOUNDERSTANDTHEEVOLUTIONOFPOLYSEMYFIRST2THECAUSESOFPOLYSEMYSEMANTICCHANGEINENGLISHWHENAWORDFIRSTCAMEINTOBEING,THEREWASONLYONEMEANINGINIT,THATSTOSAY,ALLTHEWORDSAREMONOSEMYATVERYFIRSTTHEYAREONLYWORDSTOEXPLAINSOMECERTAINPHENOMENA,ACTION,CHARACTERISTICS,THUSTHEYAREALWAYSMON

12、OSEMANTSWHENFIRSTUSEDHOWEVER,AFTERALONGTIMEOFEVOLVEMENT,THEYGAINEDMOREANDMORENEWMEANINGSRESULTINGINTHESOCALLEDPOLYSEMYSAYINGFROMTHESOCIOLINGUISTICSPOINTOFVIEW,THEEVOLVEMENTOFWORDSMEANINGSAREGREATLYRELATEDTOTHESOCIALINFLUENCES,FOREXAMPLE,NEWTHINGS,THEEMERGENCEOFNEWIDEASANDNEWCONCEPTSWHICHSTANDFORTHEC

13、HANGEOFASOCIETYWILLALWAYSSHAPESTHERELEVANTLANGUAGE,WHICHREFLECTSTHEFEATURESOFACERTAINPERIODOFTIMEALLTHELANGUAGESENLARGEITSEXPRESSINGABILITYBYCREATINGNEWWORDS,TAKINGWORDSFROMOTHERLANGUAGESANDGIVINGNEWMEANINGSTOOLDWORDS,OFWHICHTHELASTONEISTHESIMPLESTANDMOSTPRACTICALTHEREARENUMEROUSTHINGSINREALLIFEORIN

14、OURMINDS,SONOMATTERHOWMUCHNEWWORDSARECREATED,THEYAREALWAYSLESSTHANWHATWENEEDTOEXPRESSOURIDEASCORRECTLY,ASSUMINGTHEYAREALLMONOSEMANTICWORDSBYZHAONANNAN,2005TOTHECONTRARY,THEREISLITTLEMONOSEMANTICWORDSINANYLANGUAGE,EVENTAKINGTECHNICALTERMSANDPROPERNOUNSINTOACCOUNT,THETOTALNUMBERISSTILLVERYSMALLWECANTE

15、LL,INANCERTAINASPECT,THATTHECOURSEOFTRANSFORMATIONOFAWORDSMEANINGISTHECOURSEOFEMERGENCEOFPOLYSEMY,THATSBECAUSEWHENTHEWORDSMEANINGDEVELOPE,NEWMEANINGSCOMEINTOBEINGWHILEOLDONESAREDIMINISHINGNONETHELESS,OLDMEANINGSWOULDNOTGIVEWAYTONEWONES,THENPOLYSEMYCOMESBYWANGXUEWENJUNE2008POLYSEMYCOMESINTOBEINGINFOU

16、RDIFFERENTWAYSAPPLICATIONINDIFFERENTFIELDS,MUTUALTRANSFORMATIONBETWEENCOMMONWORDSANDSPECIALIZEDWORDS,THEFIGURATIVEUSEOFWORDSANDELLIPSISINLANGUAGEUSECONTEXTPLAYSANESSENTIALROLEINTHEELIMINATIONOFAMBIGUITYCAUSEDBYPOLYSEMICWORDS21APPLICATIONINDIFFERENTFIELDSAPPLICATIONINDIFFERENCTFIELDSMEANSWHENWORDSARE

17、USEDINDIFFERENTOCCASIONS,WILLSHIFTTHEIRMEANINGINSOMEWAYTHISISTHEMAINREASONFORPOLYSEMYFIRSTLY,TAKE“MOUTH“FOREXAMPLE,THEORIGINALMEANINGOF“MOUTH“IS“THENATURALOPENINGTHROUGHWHICHFOODPASSESINTOTHEBODYOFANANIMALANDWHICHINVERTEBRATESISTYPICALLYBOUNDEDEXTERNALLYBYTHELIPSANDINTERNALLYBYTHEPHARYNXANDENCLOSEST

18、HETONGUE,GUMS,ANDTEETHWEBSTERSNEWWORLDDICTIONARY“NOW“MOUTH“CANBEREFERREDTO“ASTHEPLACEWHEREASTREAMENTERSALARGERBODYOFWATERORTHEENTRANCETOAHARBOR,CANYON,VALLEY,ORCAVE“SECONDLY,THEORIGINALMEANINGOF“CHATTER“ISTOUTTERRAPIDSHORTSOUNDSSUGGESTIVEOFLANGUAGEBUTINARTICULATEANDINDISTINCT,BUTITSMEANINGALTERSWHEN

19、ITREFERSTOPEOPLE,TOTALKRAPIDLY,INCESSANTLY,ANDONTRIVIALSUBJECTSANDTOCLICKREPEATEDLYORUNCONTROLLABLY,WHENITREFERSTOTEETHTHEWORD“HANDSOME“WASFIRSTUSEDTODESCRIBEMENSAPPEARANCESBUTNOWITISUSEDTODESCRIBEAWOMANTHOUGHWITHDIFFERENTMEANINGWHENUSINGITINDICATESTHATAMANISHAVINGAPLEASINGANDUSUALLYIMPRESSIVEORDIGN

20、IFIEDAPPEARANCE,WHEREASINDICATINGTHATAWOMANISGOODINFIGUREANDWELLKNITWHENUSINGITINDICATESTHATAMANISHAVINGAPLEASINGANDUSUALLYIMPRESSIVEORTHIRDLY,THEEXAMPLEOF“PRODUCT“,ITMEANSTHATSOMETHINGPRODUCEDBYHUMANORMECHANICALEFFORTORBYANATURALPROCESS,ITMEANSTHENUMBERORQUANTITYOBTAINEDBYMULTIPLYINGTWOORMORENUMBER

21、STOGETHERWHILEINMATHEMATICSANDASUBSTANCERESULTINGFROMACHEMICALREACTIONWHENUSINGINCHEMISTRY22MUTUALTRANSFORMATIONBETWEENCOMMONWORDSANDSPECIALIZEDWORDSINENGLISH,SOMESPECIALIZEDWOURDSARETRANSFERREDFROMCOMMONWORDS,ANDSOMECOMMONWORDSARETRANSFERREDFROMSPECIALIZEDWORDS,THISPROCESSISCALLEDANTONOMASIAULLMANN

22、ULLMANNISTVNAHUNGARIANLINGUIST,31JULY191410JANUARY1976CALLEDSUCHMUTUALTRANSFORMATIONASTHESOCIALREASONOFTHECHANGEINWORDSMEANING,WHICHISALSOTHECHANGEINSCOPEFOREXAMPLE,ABOVEALL,THEWORD“MOUSE“TURNEDTOBEAJARGONINCOMPUTERSCIENCEWHICHMEANSA“HANDHELD,BUTTONACTIVATEDINPUTDEVICETHATWHENROLLEDALONGAFLATSURFACE

23、DIRECTSANINDICATORTOMOVECORRESPONDINGLYABOUTACOMPUTERSCREEN,ALLOWINGTHEOPERATORTOMOVETHEINDICATORFREELY,ASTOSELECTOPERATIONSORMANIPULATETEXTORGRAPHICS“INADDITION,THEORIGINALMEANINGOF“RECOVERY“MEANS“ARETURNTOANORMALCONDITION“,BYGROOM,BERNARD1963BUTITCANALSOREFERTO“THELANDINGOFCARRIERPLANES“ONTHECONTR

24、ARY,THEOPPOSITEPROCESSISTOBESTOWNEWMEANINGSTOSOMETERMINOLOGICALWORDSTODETERMINOLOGIZETHEWORDSANDMAKEITACCEPTABLEINAWILDWAYWEHAVE“SCENE“AND“ALOOF“WHOSEORIGINALMEANINGARE“ASUBDIVISIONOFANACTINADRAMATICPRESENTATIONINWHICHTHESETTINGISFIXEDANDTHETIMECONTINUOUS“AND“KEEPAWAYINNAVIGATION“RESPECTIVELY,YETTHE

25、YHAVETHEIRNEWMEANINGSWHICHAREMOREOFTENUSEDTHANTHEIRBASICONES,SODOPARAMETERWHICHWASUSEDONLYINMATHEMATICSANDDIMENSIONWHICHWASUSEDONLYINPHYSICSFROMTHEEXAMPLESSHOWNABOVE,WECANSEETHATTHETRANSFORMATIONBETWEENCOMMONWORDSANDSPECIALIZEDWORDSDUETOTHESOCIALENVIRONMENTCHANGESUCHASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNOLOGY,HUMA

26、NCOGNITIVECHANGESETCINTHATWAYSWHICHTHEOLDWORDSGAININGMOREMEANINGSFORMTHEPOLYSEMICWORDS23POLYSEMYRESULTINGFROMTHEFIGURATIVEUSEOFWORDSTHEREARESEVERALFIGURESOFSPEECHFROMWHICHPOLYSEMYDERIVES,METAPHORANDMETONYMYBEINGTHETWOMOSTFREQUENTLYADAPTEDWAYSMETAPHORREQUIRESRESEMBLANCEBETWEENTWOTHINGS,SOWEHAVE“TEETH

27、OFTOMB“,“EYEOFNEEDLE“,“NECKOFBOTTLE“,“BRIDGEOFAPAIROFGLASSES“ANDETC,WHERETHETEETH,EYE,NECKANDBRIDGEAREALLMETAPHORSTHEYARECOMPAREDTOTHEIRORIGINALMEANINGSDUETOTHERESEMBLANCEINSHAPEORFORMWECALLACUNNINGMAN“FOX“,CALLABEAUTIFULWOMAN“VISION“,CALLTHEGUYWHOLIKESTOREAD“BOOKWORM“ALSO,THEREAREMANYMEANSOFMETONYM

28、YLOOKATTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLESTONGUEOFAMANHISMOTHERTONGUEHISNAMEISTOMAGOODNAMEOFGENEROSITYTHATSASILVERJARYOUOWEMEFIVESILVERSHERETHEWORDS“TONGUE“AND“NAME“CHANGEFROMTHEIRCONCRETEMEANINGSTOABSTRACTMEANINGS,WHEREASTHECHANGEFROM“SILVERTHEMATERIAL“TO“SILVERTHECOINS“ISDIFFERENTTHEWORDS“CRADLE“AND“GRAVE“INTHEP

29、HRASE“FROMTHECRADLETOTHEGRAVE“ALSOCHANGEFROMTHEIRCONCRETEMEANINGSTOABSTRACTMEANINGS24ELLIPSISINLANGUAGEUSEASWEALLKNOW,WORDSMEANINGARELIMITEDBYTHEIRCONTEXTSANDCOLLOCATIONSCOLLOCATIONSLIKEADJN,VNISACCEPTABLEWHILEVADJISNOTWHENUSEDINACERTAINCONTEXT,WORDSMEANINGCHANGESACCORDINGLY“CAPITAL“MEANS“CAPITALCIT

30、Y“,“CAPITALFUND“OR“CAPITALLETTER“INDIFFERENTCONTEXTS,THATSBECAUSETHETHREEPHRASESAREUSEDFREQUENTLYANDINFLUENCEDEACHOTHERBYANDBY,ANDEVENTUALLYONEWORDWASOMITTEDANDTHETHREEOFTHEMWEREALLCALLED“CAPITAL“THEFOLLOWINGAREOFTHESAMEKINDASWELLAGENERALOFFICERAGENERALUNIFORMDRESSUNIFORMDUPLICATECOPYDUPLICATEDAILYN

31、EWSPAPERDAILYSOMETIMESTHELATTERONEINTHEPHRASEISOMITTED,THEADJECTIVE“ABSORB“THENOUNANDISUSEDTHEREAFTER3THESEMANTICRELATIONSOFPOLYSEMICWORDSPOLYSEMYEXISTSINALLKINDSOFTONGUESSPOKENBYPEOPLEINTHEWORLD,WHATEVERTHELANGUAGEITISTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEMEANINGSOFAPOLYSEMANTCANBESUMMARIZEDASCONCATENATIONANDRA

32、DIATIONANDTHENTHEIRSEMANTICRELATIONSCANBEDRAWNINFOURTYPES31CONCATENATIONCONCATENATIONISDEFINEDASFOLLOWSTHECHANGESOFWORDSMEANINGSLIKEACHAIN,WHICHARELINKEDWITHEACHOTHERHTTP/CDICTFREETCPCOM/EEDICTHTMLEVERYWORDHASAPRIMARYMEANINGWHENITCOMESINTOBEINGNAMELYTHEPROTOTYPEDERIVEDSIGNIFICANCEISFORMEDINLANGUAGED

33、EVELOPMENTPROCESS,NAMELYTHESECONDARYPROTOTYPEWITHDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIETY,MEANINGWILLAPPEARDIFFERENTIATIONPHENOMENONULTIMATELYSOMEWORDSMEANINGMAYNOTDIRECTLYCONNECTEDWITHTHEPROTOTYPEAUSTINABRITISHPHILOSOPHEROFLANGUAGEANDFILLMOREANAMERICANLINGUISTHAVEPROPOSEDTHECHAINSTYLEMODESOFTHEMEANINGRELATIONSRESPECTI

34、VELYINDIFFERENTPERIODASBELOW1ABCD1ALTHOUGHTHELINKBETWEENAANDDMAYNOTBEIDENTIFIED,BUTBETWEENA,BANDB,C,C,D,THEREISACONNECTIONAISCALLEDCOREORPROTOTYPESEMANTICITEM,B,C,DARECALLEDCHAINSTYLEEXTENDEDMEANINGSHOWEVER,ASAMATTEROFFACT,THEDEVELOPMENTCANBEMORECOMPLICATEDFOREXAMPLETHISCHAINSTYLEMODESHOWSTHATTHEEXT

35、ENDEDMEANINGSISSPLITFROMTHEPROTOTYPEWHATSMORE,THEEVOLVEMENTOFTHEPROTOTYPEORCORECANALSOBETRANSFORMEDSHOWN2NAMELY,BISCONVERTEDFROMA,CISCONVERTEDFROMB,DISCONVERTEDFROMC,ETCALSOTHESEMANTICITEMSCANCONVERTORSPLITTOOTHERMEANINGCONTINUOUSLY,MODESSHOWNMODE3,4,5,6,7,EXAMPLESAREASFOLLOWSABCD2EG“CHEATER“ANOFFIC

36、ERWHOATTENDEDTOESCHEATS“ADISHONESTPERSON“PEOPLEWHOBETRAYED“ABCD3EG“HOLIDAYS“JEWSFIESTADAYSSUCHASCHRISTMASDAY,EASTERDAY“DAYOFREST“AFORGOTTENWORK“ABCD4EG“TALLY“CUTTING“CUTINGNOTCHESTOKEEPANACCOUNT“KEEPANACCOUNT“CALCULATOR“ABCDZ5EG“HANGER“ANYTHINGFROMWHICHSOMETHINGCANBEHUNG“CLOTHESRACK“AWORKERWHOHANGSS

37、OMETHING“SATUDAYEXECUTIONER“ABCDZ6EG“TREACLE“PERTAININGTOAWILDBEAST“AREMEDYFORAWILDBEASTBITE“ANTIDOTEORREMEDYINGENERAL“REMEDYINTHEFORMOFASYRUP“SYRUPINGENERAL“THEREARECOMPLEXRELATIONSBETWEENMANSEXPERIENCEWITHWHICHTHEBASICMEANINGORNEWMEANINGPOINTSABOUTTHEMARGINALEXTENDMEANINGSWHICHARECONVERTEDORTRANSF

38、ORMEDFROMTHEPROTOTYPEMEANINGDECREASETHEIRINTIMACYPROGRESSIVELYWITHTHECOREMEANINGWHILETHERELATIONSBETWEENTHEEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSWHICHARESPLITINGFROMTHECOREITEMWOULDBETIGHTERTHANCONVERTEDONESITISALSOHARDERTOINDENTIFYTHATTHESEMANTICITEMSWHICHARECONVERTINGANDTHENALTERINGTHEIRMEANINGFROMTHEPROTOTYPE32RA

39、DIATIONAWORDHASSEVERALMEANINGSRADIATIONISALEXICALPHENOMENONTHATACENTRALSIGNIFICATIONLOCATESINTHECENTRE,OTHERSECONDARYSIGNIFICATIONAMPLIFIEDSURROUNDTHECENTRALSIGNIFICATIONASSPOKETAKE“HEAD“ASEXAMPLE“HEAD“,ITSCENTRALSIGNIFICANTIS“PARTOFABODY“,ITSSECONDARYMEANINGSAREASFOLLOWS1THETOPANYTHINGTHEHEADOFAWAL

40、KINGSTICK,THEHEADOFANAIL,THEHEADOFANARROW2THEHIGHESTORUPPERMOSTPARTOFATHINGTHEHEADOFAPAGE,THEHEADOFABED3ALEADERAHEADOFSTATE,THEHEADOFADELEGATION4THEHEADOFACOIN5THESOURCEOFASTREAM,SPRINGWELLHEAD,FOUNTAINHEAD,THEHEADOFTHERIVER6THEHYDRAULICSENSEFIFTYMETRESHEADOFWATERS7PROMONTORYFLAMBOROUGHHEAD,BEECHYHE

41、AD8ANARMYFORCE,ATROOP9AUNITOFCOUNTINGFIVEHEADOFCATTLE10APERSONORINDIVIDUALCOUNTHEADS,QUICKLUNCHESATFIVEDOLLARSAHEAD11THEMAINPOINTSTHEHEADSOFADISCOURSE12MENTALPOWERUSEYOURHEADSECONDARYMEANINGREMAINSESSENTIALLYTHESAMEDESPITEALLAPPARENTCHANGES,HASSOMERELATIONSHIPWITHPROTOTYPEMEANING321AGROUPOFSEMANTICR

42、ELATIONMODESBECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXITYOFSEMANTICRELATIONSOFPOLYSEMICWORDS,ITISHARDTOUSEASINGLEMODETODESCRIBETHEIRRELATIONSHIPCLEARLYANDEXACTLY,WENEEDAGROUPOFSEMANTICRELATIONSMODESLANGACKER19871988HASPROPOSEDTHERADIATIONMODES,ANDTHECORECONSTRUCTIONCANBESEENASBELOWSHOWNMODE7,8,9789DRAWNBYLIAOGUANGRONG322R

43、ELATIONSOFEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSSPLITFROMTHEPROTOTYPEINTHISMODE7,SEMANTICITEMBISTHEEXTENDEDMEANINGOFSEMANTICITEMATHATIS,BISSIMILARTOAINSOMEASPECTSTHENSEMANTICITEMCISACOMMONGROUNDOFAANDB,NAMELYTHESAMESEMANTICFACTORSOFTHESAMESEMANTICCATEGORYSOTHEIRRELATIONSAREVERYCLOSETHISMODESHOWSTHATTHECONNECTIONOFTW

44、ONEIGHBOUINGPOLYSEMICWORDSREFLECTSINTHEIRONECOMMONSEMANTICFACTOR,ITIGNORESTHEDIFFERENTDEGREEOFTHECONNECTIONBETWEENTHEPROTOTYPEANDEXTENDEDMEANINGSINADDITION,THESEMANTICDEVELOPMENTEVOLVEMENTISSOCOMPLICATED,THEBASICMEANINGORTHENEWCOREMEANINGITEMCANBESPLITANDCONVERTEDCONTINUOUSLYTHESEMANTICRELATIONSHIPW

45、ITHTHEPROTOTYPEISDIFFERENTFORTHENEWSPLITITEMSANDCONVERTEDITEMSTHENUMBEROFMEANINGNODECANALSOEFFECTSTHEEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSANDPROTOTYPESINTIMATERELATIONSHIP323RELATIONSOFEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSCONVERTEDFROMTHEPROTOTYPETHEMODE8ISSIMILARTOTHEFORMERMODE7INMODE8,CISABASICFEATUREINSEMANTICCATEGORYA,HOWEVER,

46、CISNOTASEMANTICFACTORSINSEMANTICCATEGORYBSO,THERELATIONSBETWEENAANDBINTHISMODE8ISNOTASCLOSEASINTHEFORMERMODE7FOREXAMPLE,THEORIGINALMEANINGOFWORD“TREACLE“IS“PERTAININGTOAWILDBEAST“,MARKITAAFTERACHANGES,THEMEANINGHAVEBECOME“AREMEDYFORAWILDBEASTSBITE“,MARKITCAANDCHAVESOMETHINGINCOMMON,BOTHAREABOUTTHEWI

47、LDBEASTWITHTHECHANGESOFTHEMEANING,“TREACLE“LOSESITSMEANINGA,ANDGETSTHEMEANING“ANTIDOTEORREMEDYINGENERAL“MARKITBASWECANSEE,THERELATIONSBETWEENAANDBARENOTCLOSEATALL324RELATIONSOFEXTENDEDSEMANTICITEMSSPLITANDCONVERTEDFROMTHEPROTOTYPETHEMODE9,SEMANTICITEMBISEXTENDEDMEANINGOFSEMANTICITEMA,CANDDAREEXTENDE

48、DMEANINGSCONVERTEDFROMBTHERELATIONSBETWEENAOPENONLYTOMEMBERSTHOSEAREINSTITUTIONSTHATARRANGEFORORMANAGETHEBUYINGANDSELLINGOFFINANCIALASSETS,SUCHASTHENEWYORKSTOCKEXCHANGE11BOUTIQUEACOMPUTEREXCHANGE12CONSUMERSCOOPERATIVESAFARMERSEXCHANGE13CONVERSIONEXCHANGEFOREIGNMONEYFORRENMINBI14EXCHANGECHARGE15TRANS

49、FEROFFUNDSTHERATEOFEXCHANGE16FOREIGNCURRENCYEXCHANGECONTROL17CONVERSIONRATE18PARITIES19AGIO20NOTEUSEDINCLEARINGHOUSE21DRAFTBILLOFEXCHANGE22EMPLOYMENTAGENCYLABOUREXCHANGE23PUBLICATIONEXCHANGE24THEARTICLEFROMNEWSPAPERS25REPLACEMENT26THECONTRACTSPEOPLEAGREEDTOEXCHANGE11DRAWNBYLIAOGUANGRONG332ANALYSISOFSEMANTICITEMRELATIONSHIPMODESTHESEMANTICITEMSOFPOLYSEMICWORD“EXCHANGE“,RELATIONSHIPCANBESHOWNAS11APOLYSEMOUSWORDCONSTITUTEASEMANTICCATEGORY,HASSECONDARYCATEGORIESEVERYSECONDARYCATEGORIESHASASECONDARYMEANINGTHENBYTHESAMETOKENA