跨文化非言语交际中的中美空间观差异【毕业论文】.doc

1、（20_届）本科毕业设计英语跨文化非言语交际中的中美空间观差异SPATIALDIFFERENCESINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANSI摘要随着全球化进程的进一步加深，具有不同语言及文化背景的人们之间的接触日益增多，跨文化交际已经成为人们交际活动必不可少的重要组成部分。人们在交际过程中，除使用语言符号外，还使用非语言的符号。研究表明，人类的大部分交际活动是通过非言语交际完成的，非言语交际在很大程度上决定了交际的有效性。空间作为人类活动的主要组成部分，对人类的交际活动产生着潜移默化的影响。空间是会说话的语言，不同文化的人拥有不同的空

2、间观，而不同的空间观则是导致跨文化交际误解和失败的一个不容忽视的重要因素。因此，必须把文化差异放在一个重要的位置。通过中美空间文化对比，理解两国的文化差异，提高跨文化意识，从而达到成功交际的目的。关键词跨文化；非言语交际；空间观差异；领域IIABSTRACTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFGLOBALIZATION,THEINTERACTIONBETWEENPEOPLEWITHDIFFERENTLANGUAGESANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDSINCREASESRAPIDLY,ANDCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONHASBECOMEANIMPORTANT

3、PARTINHUMANCOMMUNICATIVEACTIVITIESINTHEPROCESSOFCOMMUNICATION,PEOPLEUSEBOTHVERBALSYMBOLSANDNONVERBALSYMBOLSTHERESEARCHSHOWSTHATMOSTCOMMUNICATIVEACTIVITIESAREUNDERGOINGTHROUGHNONVERBALCOMMUNICATION,WHICHTOAGREATEXTENTDETERMINESTHEEFFICIENCYOFCOMMUNICATIONSPACEISTHEMAINCOMPONENTINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATIO

4、N,ANDITEXERTSASUBTLEINFLUENCEONTHECOMMUNICATIVEACTIVITIESSPACECANSPEAKS,ANDPEOPLEINDIFFERENTCULTURESHAVEVARIOUSVIEWSOFSPACE,ANDDIFFERENTVIEWSOFSPACEARETHEIMPORTANTFACTORSCAUSINGTHEMISUNDERSTANDINGANDFAILUREINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONTHEREFORE,THEPROBLEMOFCULTURALDIFFERENCESMUSTBESTRESSEDTHROUGHTHEC

5、OMPARISONOFSPATIALCULTURESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANS，PEOPLESHOULDTRYTORAISECROSSCULTURALCONSCIOUSNESS,ANDFINALLYREACHTHEAIMOFSUCCESSFULCOMMUNICATIONKEYWORDSCROSSCULTURENONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONSPATIALDIFFERENCESTERRITORYIIICONTENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION111THERESEARCHBACKGROUND112SIGNIFICANCEOFTHISESSA

6、Y113RESEARCHQUESTIONS214OUTLINEOFTHISESSAY22LITERATUREREVIEW221DEFINITIONS2211DEFINITIONOFSPACE2212DEFINITIONOFNONVERBALCOMMUNICATION322EDWARDHALLSTHEORIES423ALTMANSTHEORIESOFTERRITORIES424LYMANANDSCOTTSTHEORIES53DIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANS631ATTITUDESTOWARDSCROWDING6311DIFFERENTATTITUDEST

7、OWARDSCROWDINGINPUBLICPLACES6312DIFFERENTATTITUDESABOUTCOLLISIONS732TERRITORY7321TERRITORYINFAMILYLIFE7322TERRITORYINPUBLICPLACES8323TERRITORYOFPROPERTY8324DIFFERENTATTITUDESTOWARDSPRIVACY933ORIENTATIONDIFFERENCES104REASONSFORTHESESPATIALDIFFERENCES1141POPULATIONANDDENSITY1142VALUES1143COLLECTIONAND

8、INDIVIDUALISM125SOLUTIONSFORTHESESPATIALDIFFERENCES1351ENHANCINGINTERCULTURALAWARENESS13IV52DEVELOPINGINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONCOMPETENCE1353REEVALUATIONSTEREOTYPE146CONCLUSION15BIBLIOGRAPHY16ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1711INTRODUCTION11RESEARCHBACKGROUNDASTHEFURTHERINTENSIFIEDPROCESSOFGLOBALIZATION,PEOPLEWIT

9、HDIFFERENTLANGUAGESANDCULTURESCOMEINTOMUCHCONTACTCROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATIONHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTANDESSENTIALPARTINPEOPLESDAILYLIFEDURINGTHEPROCESSOFCROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATION,PEOPLEOFTENJUSTEMPHASIZEVERBALCOMMUNICATION,ANDIGNORETHENONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONBUTINTHEREALLIFE,ONLY35OFTHEINFORMATIONISACCOMPLIS

10、HEDBYLANGUAGE,THEREST65ISACCOMPLISHEDBYNONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONSPACEASAMAJORPARTINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONISLESSMENTIONEDTHEIGNORANCEOFSPACEINDIFFERENTCULTUREWILLLEADTOTHEFAILUREOFCOMMUNICATIONSOITSQUITEESSENTIALTOSUCCESSFULCROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATIONTOCOMPARETHESPATIALDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICAN

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12、OTALLYDIFFERENTINDIFFERENTCOMMUNITIESTHEREFORE,DURINGTHECROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATION,INORDERTOACHIEVETHEGOALOFSUCCESSFULCOMMUNICATION,ITISQUITENECESSARYANDIMPORTANTTOPERCEIVEDIFFERENTMEANINGSOFSPACEINDIFFERENTCULTURESCHINAANDAMERICAARETHETYPICALREPRESENTATIVESINWESTERNANDEASTERNCULTURESTHECOMPARISONOFS

13、PATIALDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANSISVERYESSENTIAL,ANDPEOPLECANREDUCETHEFAILUREOFCROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATION13RESEARCHQUESTIONSTHISESSAYWILLFOCUSONTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSWHATARETHESEMAINDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANSWHATARETHEREASONSFORTHESEDIFFERENCESTHENHOWCANPEOPLEGETASUCCESSFULCOMMUNI

14、CATIONTHESEARETHEMAINPOINTSINTHISESSAY214OUTLINEOFTHISESSAYTHISESSAYWILLBEDIVIDEDINTOSIXPARTSTHEFIRSTPARTISTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHISESSAYITINCLUDESRESEARCHBACKGROUND,RESEARCHQUESTIONS,SIGNIFICANCE,ANDOUTLINEOFTHISESSAYSECONDLY,THATISTHELITERATUREREVIEW,TOINTRODUCESOMETHEORIESANDDEFINITIONSTHEN,FROMTHEAT

15、TITUDESTOWARDSCROWDING,TERRITORY,ORIENTATIONDIFFERENCESTOANALYZETHESPATIALDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANSTHENEXTPARTISTOANALYZETHEREASONSFORTHESEDIFFERENCESPARTFIVEISSOLUTIONSDISCUSSINGHOWTOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSINCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONATLAST,THEREISACONCLUSIONOFTHEWHOLEESSAYIFPEOPLEDONTUNDERS

16、TANDORIGNORETHESECULTURALDIFFERENCES,COMMUNICATIONMISTAKESANDCULTURALCLASHESAREEASYTOCAUSETHISARTICLEANALYZESTHESPATIALDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANSANDTHECAUSEDREASONSANDSOLUTIONSTHISCOMPARISONISNOTTOSHOWWHICHCULTUREISBETTER,BUTINORDERTOGETASUCCESSFULCOMMUNICATION2LITERATUREREVIEW21DEFINITIO

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18、STCONCEPTOFSPACEWASRAISEDINTHEBOOKGUANZITHEREISACHAPTER,WHICHREFERREDTOSPACEHAZILYLATER,SHANGYANGSTEACHERSHIJIAOGAVEAMORECLEARDEFINITIONABOUTSPACE,SPACEWASUPANDDOWNOFTHEFOURDIRECTIONSACCORDINGTOTHEDICTIONARY,WECANFINDTHEDEFINITIONOFSPACEIS1ANAMOUNTOFANAREAOROFAPLACETHATISEMPTYORTHATISAVAILABLEFORUSE

19、2THEQUALITYOFBEINGLARGEANDEMPTY,ALLOWINGYOUTOMOVEFREELY3ALARGEAREAOFLANDTHATHASNOBUILDINGSONITTHISESSAYEXPLORESHALLSDEFINITIONOFSPACEHALLDIVIDEDSPACEINTOTHREETYPES,THATAREFIXEDFEATURESPACE,SEMIFIXEDFEATURESPACE,ANDINFORMALSPACEINFORMALSPACEISWHATWILLSTRESSINTHISESSAY3212DEFINITIONOFNONVERBALCOMMUNIC

20、ATIONACCORDINGTOSAMOVARANDPORTER,NONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONINVOLVESALLTHOSENONVERBALSTIMULIINACOMMUNICATIONSETTINGTHATAREGENERATEDBYBOTHTHESOURCEANDHISORHERUSEOFTHEENVIRONMENTANDTHATHASPOTENTIALMESSAGEVALUEFORTHESOURCEORRECEIVERITISUSUALLYINCLUDINGEXPRESSIONSLANGUAGEEYECONTACT,FACIALEXPRESSIONS,DRESSLAN

21、GUAGE,BODYLANGUAGEGESTURE,PARALANGUAGE（TONEQUALITY,VOLUME,SPEED）,SPACELANGUAGEPROXEMICS,TERRITORYANDTIMELANGUAGETHECONCEPTOFTIME,THEUSEANDARRANGEOFTIMEMOSTWAYSOFTHENONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONAREACQUIREDBYLEARNING,ANDAREINHERITEDFROMGENERATIONTOGENERATION,ANDSHAREDBYSOMESOCIALMEMBERS,TOFORMAPARTOFTHECULTU

22、REOFTHISGROUP,WITHTHEUNIQUECULTUREMEANINGANDCHARACTERSOMEWAYSOFTHENONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONARECOMMONFORMOSTCOUNTRIESFORINSTANCE,SMILEMEANSHAPPYINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATION,THEDIFFERENTWAYSOFUSINGSPACETOEXPRESSMEANINGISTHEEASIESTANDTHEMOSTFREQUENTTOCAUSECONTROVERSYDISLIKETHEOTHERWAYSINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATION

23、,SPACEISHARDTOPERCEIVE,FOREXAMPLE,ITSEASYTOKNOWTHEFROWN,DRESSANDGESTURESOTHISESSAYWILLMAINLYDISCUSSTHEINFLUENCEOFSPACEINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATION22EDWARDHALLSTHEORIESTHECONCEPTOFTHESPACEWASFIRSTPROPOSEDBYHALLIN1959IN1959,HALLPUBLISHEDAPROFOUNDBOOKTHESILENTLANGUAGEINTHISBOOK,THEREWASASPECIALIZEDCHAPTERS

24、PACESPEAKSTOSHOWITSMEANINGANDINTRODUCESPACERELATIONSOFHUMANBEINGS,ANDGUIDEHUMANBEHAVIORSIN1963,HEPUBLISHEDANOTHERBOOKMEDICALANDTHEHUMANIMAGESINANTHROPOLOGYINTHISBOOK,HEFIRSTLYDISCUSSEDPEOPLESDEMANDSFORSPACEHALLTHOUGHTTHATTHERELATIONBETWEENLIVINGBEINGSANDOUTSIDEWORLD,EXCEPTTHEBODYBOUNDARIESTHEATTITUD

25、ETOWARDSBODYTOUCH,WHICHEXTENDOUTAGAIN,THEREISAORGANISMSTERRITORYHALLSTHEORYOFSPACEMAINLYREFERSTOTERRITORYTERRITORYMEANSEVERYONEHASATERRITORYRANGEANDBEHAVIORSTOMAINTAINITHALLCONSIDEREDSPACECANEXCHANGEINFORMATIONSPACERANGEISDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESBYHALLHALL,19661FIXEDFEATURESPACE,CONSISTINGOFFIXEDWALLAN

26、DOBJECTSLIKEROOMS42SEMIFIXEDFEATURESPACE,CONSISTINGOFTHEBIGGEROBJECTSLIKETABLESANDCHAIRS3INFORMALSPACE,ITMEANSWHENCONTACTSWITHOTHERPEOPLE,THEDISTANCEOFPERSONALSPACETHATEVERYONEUSEDTOKEEPSTHISINFORMALSPACEISWHATWILLDISCUSSINTHISESSAYDURINGHISRESEARCHINHUMANCOMMUNICATION,HECREATEDANEWWORDPROXEMICS,TOC

27、ONSIDERHOWTOUSEDISTANCETOCOMMUNICATEBETWEENHUMANSINTHEBOOKTHESILENTLANGUAGE,HEDIVIDEDTHEDISTANCEFOREIGHTPARTSANDANALYZEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEACHDISTANCEANDVOLUMEOFTALKSHALL,1964184185THEEIGHTKINDSOFDISTANCEBETWEENHUMANBEINGSAREVERYCLOSE,CLOSE,NEAR,NEUTRAL,NEUTRAL,PUBLICDISTANCE,ACROSSTHEROOM,ANDST

28、RETCHINGTHELIMITSOFDISTANCELATER,PEOPLESYNTHESIZEDTHISASSORTMENTTOFOURZONESTHEYAREINTIMATEZONE,PERSONALZONE,SOCIALZONE,ANDPUBLICZONE23ALTMANSTHEORIESOFTERRITORIESINFACT,THECOREOFSPACECONCEPTISTHEPROPRIETARYRIGHTSOFINDIVIDUALTERRITORIESANDSAFEGUARDOFTHISRIGHTTERRITORYRANGEISTHESPACETOMAINTAINTHEINTEG

29、RITY,FREEDOM,SOLITUDEANDSAFETYOFHUMANITISALSOTHENECESSARYSPACEOFBODY,SOCIALCONTACTSANDPSYCHOLOGYTHEAGREEMENTOFBEHAVIORISTSISTHATTERRITORYLIESINPEOPLESBEHAVIOR,ANDITCONDUCESTOADJUSTSOCIALACTIVITIES,BUTITALSOCANBECOMETHEROOTOFSOCIALCONFLICTALTMANDIVIDEDTERRITORYINTOTHREETYPESIN19751PRIMARYTERRITORIESM

30、EANSTHECLEARPERSONALEXCLUSIVETERRITORYANDCENTEROFDAILYACTIVITIES,ARECAREFULLYPRESERVED,LIKEHOUSINGSANDBEDROOMS2SECONDARYTERRITORIESLIKETEMPORARYENJOYMAGAZINES,TVSANDTABLEWARESDUETOUNCLEARPRIVATEBOUNDARIES,THISTYPEISEASYTOCAUSECONFLICT3PUBLICTERRITORIES,THISTYPEMEANSTHETEMPORARYTERRITORYTHATEVERYONEC

31、ANSHARE,LIKEPARKS,BEACHESANDSTREETS24LYMANANDSCOTTSTHEORIESTHEREAREVARIETIESFORMSTOVIOLATETERRITORYLYMANANDSCOTTDIVIDEDTHEMINTO3TYPES1VIOLATIONMEANSIMPOLITEUSEOFOTHERSTERRITORYONEINTWOSEATSISATYPICALEXAMPLE2INVASIONMEANSOCCUPYINGANOTHERSTERRITORY,ITRANGESFROMOCCUPYINGTHETERRITORYOF5ANOTHERCOUNTRYTOC

32、HANGEHUSBANDSWORKROOMTOSEWINGROOM3CONTAMINATIONMEANSTHEPOLLUTIONAFTERTEMPORARYUSESUCHASWHENYOUENTERAHOTEL,YOUFOUNDTHEDIRTYSHEETSTHATTHEFORMERGUESTLEFTTHEBASICMETHODSTOMAINTAINTERRITORYAREPREVENTIONANDREACTIONPREVENTIONSUPERINTENDOTHERSTOPREVENTTHEMGOINTOTHEIRTERRITORIESIFTHISDOESNTWORK,THENPEOPLEWIL

33、LHAVEVARIETIESOFREACTIONSTORECAPTURETHEIRTERRITORIESFOREXAMPLE,THEYWILLLOOKATANOTHERDIRECTION,CHANGETHETOPICSORASSUMEAPREVENTIONGESTURE3DIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANS31ATTITUDESTOWARDSCROWDINGCONGESTIONISAPSYCHOLOGICALFEELINGWHENPEOPLEFEELTHATSPACEISRESTRICTEDTHEFEELINGOFCROWDINGCOMESFROMTHEI

34、NFRINGEMENTFROMOTHERSTOTHEIRPERSONALSPACE,ANDTHEIRINDIVIDUALACTIONFREEDOMISOBSTRUCTED311DIFFERENTATTITUDESTOWARDSCROWDINGINPUBLICPLACESAMERICANSWHOFIRSTCOMETOCHINAWILLLOSTTHEIRHEADS,FORSEEINGHUGECROWDSOFPEOPLEAMONGTHECROWDS,THEYFEELTHATTHEYARESQUEEZEDFLAT,EVENBREATHLESSINCHINA,THEYTHINKTHATTHEHOUSES

35、ORHOTELSARETOOCROWDEDTOHAVETRANQUILITYPEOPLEDISTURBEACHOTHERWHENTHEPEOPLEINTHESAMESPACEHAVECONTRADICTIONS,AMERICANSHAVERIGHTSTORAISETHEREQUESTFORMAINTAINTHESPACEENVIRONMENTANDTHEIRHABITSFOREXAMPLE,PEOPLEWHONEEDQUIETHAVERIGHTTOASKTHEYAWPERSTOBEQUIET,ANDTHEASKSMOKERSTOSTOPSMOKINGBUTCHINESEAREUSEDTOTAK

36、EEVASIVEACTIONSWHENYOUWALKINGONTHESTREETSINUSA,EVENTHEMOSTCROWDEDONE,YOUWILLNOTSEETHEBALUSTRADESTHEREISNOPATHFORBICYCLES,ANDMUCHLESSPEDESTRIANSAMERICANSWILLFEELSTRANGEWHENTHEYSEETHEBALUSTRADESEVERYWHEREINTHESTREETSTOSEPARATETHEBICYCLEANDMOTORVEHICLEAMERICANSARENOTUSEDTOTHECROWDINGPHENOMENONWHENFORMA

37、WAITINGLINE,THEYTHINKTHATCHINESEARESTANDTOOCLOSETOOTHERSTHEIRCHARACTEROFFORMINGALINEISTOKEEPADISTANCEBETWEENEACHOTHERTHEYEVENTAKERUDEACTIONSTOAVOIDOTHERPEOPLESTOUCHWHENCHINESEFIRSTCOMETOUSA,EVENINTHEBIGCITY,THEYWILLBESHOCKEDBYTHE6REGIONALHOLLOWNESSANDUNDERPOPULATIONCHINESEWILLFEELLONELYINSUCHENVIRON

38、MENTCHINESELIKETOSITCLOSEWITHTHEIRFAMILY,CLASSMATES,ANDCLOSEFRIENDSINPUBLICPLACESTOSHOWINTIMACYBUTAMERICANSAREQUITEDIFFERENTTHEREISANEXAMPLEAFAMILYOFNINEMEMBERS,MOSTOFWHICHARECHILDREN,THEYGOTOAHOTELFORMEAL,BUTTHELOUNGECANTCONTAINSOMANYPEOPLEFORCHINESE,THEYPREFERTOSITCROWDEDTOSEPARATEINTWOROOMS,BUTAM

39、ERICANSWILLDO,THEYEVENHAVEMEALSINTURNTOAVOIDCROWDEDWHENGOOUT,IFTHEREARENOENOUGHSEATS,FORCHINESE,THREECLASSMATESORFRIENDSWILLSITONTWOSEATS,BUTAMERICANSWONTDOTHIS,THEYWILLSTANDUPEVENFORALONGJOURNEY312DIFFERENTATTITUDESABOUTCOLLISIONSTHEBIGDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDAMERICANSAREALSOSHOWEDONTHEREACTION

40、SWHENTHEYGETCOLLISIONS,ORTHEIRFEETWERESTEPPEDONAMERICANSWILLTRYTHEIRBESTTOAVOIDCOLLISIONS,IFTHEYGOTCOLLISIONSORTHEIRFEETWERESTEPPEDON,THEIRREACTIONWOULDBEVERYINTENSITYIFCOLLISIONSAREUNAVOIDABLE,THEYWILLSHOWTHEIRAPOLOGIESFIRST,ANDTHEYTHINKOTHERSALSOSHOULDDOTHISFORAMERICANS,THEIRBODYRANGEISBEYONDOFTHE

41、IROWN,SOTHEYFEELVIOLATEDEVENOTHERSDIDNTLAYAFINGERONTHEMAMERICANSARETOOSENSITIVEABOUTTHEBODYTOUCHCHINESEARENOTSOSENSITIVETOTHEBODYTOUCH,CHINESEWILLALSOFEELUNCOMFORTABLEWHENTHEYHAVECOLLISIONS,BUTTHEYALWAYSTOLERATETHEYTHINKTHESEAREUNAVOIDABLEBECAUSETHEREARESOMANYPEOPLECHINESETHINKBOUNDARIESOFTHEIRBODIE

42、SCANHAVEAGOODFUNCTIONOFSELFPROTECT32TERRITORYAMERICANSTHINKHIGHLYOFTHEIRTERRITORIESFROMFAMILYLIFETOWORKINGENVIRONMENTANDPUBLICPLACES,THEYHAVEACLEARPARTITIONANDSAFEGUARDTHEIRTERRITORIESFIRMLY321TERRITORYINFAMILYLIFEATHOMEINUSA,EVERYONEHASHISTERRITORYTHATOTHERSCANTVIOLATEKITCHENS,DININGROOMSANDBEDROOM

43、SAREALWAYSBELONGINGTOWIVESTOTHECONTRARY,STUDIES,WORKROOMS,BASEMENTS,GARAGESANDYARDSBELONGTOHUSBANDSHOUSEWIFEACCUSTOMEDTOSEETHEKITCHEN7ASAPLACETHATTHEYCANREFLECTHOSTESSRIGHT,ANDTHEYHAVEASTRONGEMOTIONTOIT,EVENTHEIRMOTHERSANDDAUGHTERSCANTGOINTOITRANDOMLYINCHINESEFAMILY,THEBOUNDARYLINEISNOTSOCLEARFORTHE

44、KITCHEN,DININGROOM,ANDSITTINGROOM,THEYARESHAREDBYALLTHEFAMILYMEMBERSITISRARETHATAPLACEISEXCLUSIVETOONEFAMILYMEMBERINCHINA,PARENTSEVENCANGOINTOCHILDRENSBEDROOMSRANDOMLYBECAUSEPARENTSTHINKTHATITISTHEIRRIGHTTOGOINTOCHILDRENSBEDROOMSMOSTOFTIME,PARENTSDONTGETTHEPERMISSIONINCHINA,MANYPARENTSLIVETOGETHERWI

45、THTHEIRCHILDREN,EVENAFTERTHEYGETMARRIED322TERRITORYINPUBLICPLACESINPUBLICPLACES,THENATEMPORARYTERRITORYFORMED,ANDTHEVIOLATIONSFROMOTHERSALSONOTALLOWEDINRESTAURANT,WHENANAMERICANSITDOWNATATABLE,THENTHISTABLEBECOMESHISTEMPORARYTERRITORY,THELATTERWOULDRATHERWAITTHEEMPTYTABLESTHANSHARETHESAMETABLEWITHOT

46、HERSIFTHEREAREREALLYNOEMPTYTABLES,THENSHOULDTRYTOGETTHEAGREEMENTFROMTHEFORMERGUEST,TOSHOWTHEIRRESPECTTOTHEFORMERGUESTSRIGHTSINAPARK,IFYOUWANTTOSITONTHESTOOLTHATHASBEENTAKENBYOTHERS,WEALSOOBEYTHISRULEINTHEPASSAGEWAY,YOUGOTHROUGHFROMTWOPERSONSWHOARETALKINGWITHEACHOTHER,AMERICANSTRYTOPASSBYBEHINDONEPEO

47、PLE,IFTHEREISNOCHOICETOGOTHROUGHFROMTHEMIDDLEOFTHEM,ANDAMERICANSWILLSHOWTHEIRREGRETSFIRSTCHINESEONLYHAVETHETEMPORARYOCCUPATIONOFASEATINCHINA,WHENPEOPLEGOTORESTAURANTFORMEAL,ITISCOMMONTOSHARETHETABLEWITHSTRANGERSIFTHEREISNOEMPTYTABLES,PEOPLEUSUALLYGOTOSITONTHEEMPTYSEATSDIRECTLYWITHOUTFORMERGUESTSPERM

48、ISSIONONTHECONTRARY,USUALLYTHEFORMERGUESTWILLALLOWTHISBEHAVIORANDTHEYDONTFEELVERYANGRYABOUTIT323TERRITORYOFPROPERTYDESPITETHECOMMUNICATIONDISTANCE,THEREISTHETERRITORYSCOPEPROBLEMOFARTICLES,INESSENCE,THECONCEPTOFPRIVATEPROPERTYAMERICANSATTACHGREATIMPORTANCETOTHEOWNERSHIPOFARTICLESTHEYSEECLOTHESASTHEP

49、RIVATEPROPERTYOFINDIVIDUALSTHATOTHERSHAVENORIGHTTO8TOUCHOTHERSARENOTALLOWEDTOTOUCHLIGHTLYINUNITEDSTATES,THEPRIVATEOWNERSHIPOFPROPERTYMUSTBEMAINTAINEDBETWEENFAMILYMEMBERSIFACHILDAPPRECIATEDHISFATHERSWATCH,THENHEBROKEITACCIDENTALLYHEWASPUNISHEDNOTBECAUSEDONOTKNOWHOWTOCAREFORTHEWATCH,BUTTOUSEOTHERSGOODSWITHOUTPERMISSIONOUTSIDEHOME,THISCONCEPTOFPRIVATEPROPERTYISMOREPROMINENTONCE,ACHINESETOOKAPHOTOAGAINSTANAMERICANSCAR,THENTHEOWNERSAID,HOWCANYOUHAVETHERIGHTTOTAKEPHOTOSAGAINSTMYCARWITHOUTMYPERMISSIONINAMERICA,IFAPERSONLEANSONANOTHERBYTHEIRBODY,LIKEWIFEHOLDINGHE