商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【毕业论文】.doc

1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译EUPHEMISTICEXPRESSIONSINBUSINESSENGLISHANDTHEIRTRANSLATIONII摘要随着国际贸易的不断发展，商务英语作为一种特定的专门用途英语，也越来越重要。为了建立良好的商务环境,树立尽可能完美的形象,给客户以满意和信心,达到预期的目的和效果。因此商务英语中的的委婉表达及其翻译是非常重要的。本文介绍了委婉语的定义、特征，以及交际功能，并从词汇、语法两个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉表达方式，论文最后提出了直译法、意译法和移植法三种翻译策略。希望人们从中了解更多关于商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译的知

2、识，并使这些知识服务于我国与各国的商务往来。关键词商务英语委婉表达翻译IIIABSTRACTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALTRADE,BUSINESSENGLISHHASBECOMEMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTASASPECIALLYAPPOINTEDENGLISHFORSPECIFICPURPOSESINORDERTOESTABLISHAGOODBUSINESSENVIRONMENT,ANDESTABLISHAPERFECTIMAGEOFASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOGIVECUSTOMERSSATISFACTIONANDCONFIDEN

3、CEINEACHOFTHEPARTIESTOACHIEVETHEINTENDEDPURPOSEOFTRADETHISTHESISFIRSTINTRODUCESTHEDIFINITIONS,CHARACTERISTICSANDCOMMUNICATIVEFUNCTIONSOFEUPHEMISMTHEEUPHEMISTICEXPRESSIONSINBUSINESSENGLISHARETHENANALYSEDFROMLEXICALANDGRAMMATICALPROSPECTIVESFINALLYTHREETRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESAREPROPOSEDLITERALTRANSLATIO

4、N,FREETRANSLATION,TRANSPLANTINGITISHOPEDTHATPEOPLECANGETMOREKNOWLEDGEABOUTTRANSLATIONOFEUPHEMISMINBUSINESSENGLISHANDCANMAKEUSEOFTHISKNOWLEDGETOSERVEFORFOREIGNTRADEOFOURCOUNTRYKEYWORDSBUSINESSENGLISHEUPHEMISMTRANSLATIONIVCONTENTSABSTRACT1INTRODUCTION111DEFINITIONANDCLASSIFICATIONOFEUPHEMISM112CHARACT

5、ERISTICSOFEUPHEMISM22COMMUNICATIVEFUNCTIONSOFEUPHEMISM221THEFUNCTIONOFTABOO322THEFUNCTIONOFPOLITENESS423THEFUNCTIONOFDISGUISE524THEFUNCTIONOFELEGANCE53THEEXPRESSIONFORMSOFEUPHEMISMINBUSINESSENGLISH631THELEXICALAPPROACH6311NOUN6312VERB7313ADVERB7314PREPOSITIONANDPREPOSITIONPHRASE732THEGRAMMATICALAPPR

6、OACH8321PASTTENSE8322PASSIVEVOICE8323SUBJUNCTIVEMOOD9324TACTFULNEGATIVE104THETRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESOFEUPHEMISMINBUSINESSENGLISH1041LITERALTRANSLATION1142FREETRANSLATION1143TRANSPLANTING125CONCLUSION12BIBLIOGRAPHY14ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1511INTRODUCTION11DEFINITIONANDCLASSIFICATIONOFEUPHEMISMEUPHEMISMSHAVEE

7、XISTEDTHROUGHOUTRECORDEDHISTORYINEARLYENGLISHPOETRYTHEHEROESDIDNOTLITERALLY“DIE“,BUTEUPHEMISTICALLY“LAY“OR“FALL“GEORGEHMCKNIGHT,1923268SIMILARFEATUREOFLANGUAGEISFAMILIARINMODERNLANGUAGE“WEWILLHAVETOLETYOUGO“REPLACES“YOUREFIRED“INENGLISH“人寿保险“LIFEINSURANCEREPLACES“死亡保险“（INSURANCETHATISPAIDWHENYOUDIEI

8、NCHINESETHESEARETYPICALEXAMPLEOFVERBALEUPHEMISMS,NAMELY,EUPHEMISMSINANARROWSENSECLASSIFICATIONOFEUPHEMISMISWELLMANIFESTEDINTHEVARIOUSDEFINITIONSOFEUPHEMISM,WHICHREVEALTHENATURE,ANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFEUPHEMISMFROMDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESEUPHEMISM,ONERHETORICTERMINENGLISH,IS“EUPHEMISMOS“INANCIENTWESTERM

9、RHETORICITISUSUALLYUSED“TOPRESERVEDECENCYWHENREFERRINGTOUNPLEASANTTHINGS“VICKERS,1988407INCURRENTENGLISHDICTIONARIES,EUPHEMISMSAREDEFINEDASFOLLOW1“SUBSTITUTIONOFANINOFFENSIVETERMFORONECONSIDEREDBLUNTOROFFENSIVE“2“WORD,ETCUSEDINPLACEOFONEAVOIDEDASEGOFFENSIVE,INDECENT,ORALARMING“THEREAREALSOOTHERDEFIN

10、ITIONS1“SUBSTITUTINGANINOFFENSIVEORPLEASANTTERMFORAMOREEXPLICIT,OFFENSIVEONE,THEREBYVENEERINGTHETRUTHBYUSINGKINDWORDS“NEARMANETAL,199012“THECONVEYINGOFAHARSHORANUNPLEASANTTRUTHGENTLY“ZEIGER,1978355ALLTHEEUPHEMISMSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOGROUPSCONVENTIONALIZEDEUPHEMISMSANDNONCONVENTIONALIZEDEUPHEMISMSTHED

11、IFFERENCESBETWEENTHESETWOGROUPSLIEINTHATTHOSENONCONVENTIONALIZEDEUPHEMISMSSTRONGLYDEPENDONTHEPARTICULARCONTEXT,ANDTHEIRRHETORICFUNCTIONMAYDISAPPEARORIMPOSSIBLETOUNDERSTANDWITHOUTTHECONTEXTWHILETHECONVENTIONALIZEDEUPHEMISMSHAVEALREADYBEENACCEPTEDSOWELLTHATTHEYARESOMEWHATLIKEIDIOMSANDPEOPLECANUNDERSTA

12、NDTHEMWITHOUTREFERRINGTOAPARTICULARCONTEXTFOREXAMPLE,WEALLKNOWWHATTOILETMEANSWHENONESAYSHEWANTSTOGOTOTHETOILETBUTINTHISSENTENCE“我浑身颤抖了一下，我害怕，我父亲会不会也打发我去享福WECANHARDLYDRAGOUTTHEMEANINGOFTHEEUPHEMISM“享福“WITHOUTREADINGTHESENTENCE“哭啥子奥，死了，还不享福去了“INTHECONTEXTTHETHESISMAINLYDEALSWITHTHETRANSLATIONOFVERBALE

13、UPHEMISMBECAUSEOFITSWIDER2APPLICATIONANDCLOSERRELATIONSHIPWITHTRANSLATIONSTUDYSOTHEWORD“EUPHEMISM“INTHEFOLLOWINGTHESISREFERSSPECIFICALLYTOVERBALEUPHEMISM12CHARACTERISTICSOFEUPHEMISMTHEMEANINGOFEUPHEMISMSCANNOTBEUNDERSTOODIFWETAKEADIRECTINFERENCETOTHEOBJECTTHATTHELANGUAGEREFERSTOITISTHECONVERSATIONAL

14、IMPLICATIONSCONVEYEDBYTHELANGUAGE,TAKINGSUCHELEMENTSASTHESPEAKERSANDTHECONTEXTSINTOCONSIDERATIONWHENWECOMEINTOAEUPHEMISM,WESHOULDNOTONLYUNDERSTANDWHATITREFERSTOSUPERFICIALLYBUTALSOUNDERSTANDTHEIMPLIEDMEANINGANDPURPOSEGENERATEDFROMTHECONTEXT,ORTHEENVIRONMENTEUPHEMISMISALSOACTIVEANDELEGANTTODISTINGUIS

15、HEUPHEMISMSFROMOTHERFIGURESOFSPEECH,WESHOULDJUDGEWHETHERTHEORIGINALEXPRESSIONISABOUTSEX,RELIGION,CRIME,DEATH,DARKNESS,VIOLENCE,MENTALHEALTH,EXCRETION,FATALDISEASESETCWHICHOFTENEMBARRASSESBOTHTHESPEAKERSANDTHELISTENERSANDASARESULTAREOFTENAVOIDEDTHEMILDSUBSTITUTIONARENOTEMBARRASSINGANDAREINTENTIONALLY

16、AVOIDEDBYTHESPEAKERSITISOBVIOUSTHATEUPHEMISMHASTHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICS1SUBSTITUTIONISTHEBASEOFPRODUCINGEUPHEMISM2ANEUPHEMISMHASTWOLEVELSOFMEANINGASURFACEMEANINGANDADEEPMEANING,ANDTHEREALMEANINGISTHEDEEPMEANING3EUPHEMISMSAREMILDEXPRESSIONSWHICHCANALLEVIATETHEHARSHNESSOFTHEORIGINALEXPRESSIONSANDCA

17、NCOVERSOMEOFTHEORIGINALPURPOSESOFTHESPEAKERWANGDECHUN2001982COMMUNICATIVEFUNCTIONSOFEUPHEMISMLANGUAGECOMMUNICATIONISANIMPORTANTWAYTOMAINTAINTHESOCIALRELATIONSHIPAMONGHUMANBEINGSTHEUSEOFEUPHEMISMAVOIDSCAUSINGTHEUNPLEASANTNESSOFTWOCOMMUNICATIVESIDESANDDAMAGINGTHEIRRELATIONSHIPBASEDONTHEIMPLICATIONOFEU

18、PHEMISM,THEPAPERMAINLYEXPLORESTHEFUNCTIONSOFTABOO,POLITENESS,DISGUISEANDELEGANCE,WHICHISHELPFULFOROURCONSCIOUSANDCORRECTLANGUAGEUSEINBUSINESSENGLISH21THEFUNCTIONOFTABOO3INTHEANGLOSAXONCOUNTRIES,PEOPLEWIDELYBELIEVEDINGODOUTOFFEAROFGOD,THEYDAREDNOTDIRECTLYMAINTAINTHENAMEOFLORDGODJEHOVAL,SOALOTOFEUPHEM

19、ISMSCAMEINTOBEING,FOREXAMPLETHEALMIGHTY,THESUPREMEBEING,HOLYONE,THEETERNAL,THECREATOR,THEMAKER,THESAVIOR,THELORDOFLORDS,THEKINGOFKINGSINTHEEARLYHUMANSOCIETY,SCIENCEUNDERDEVELOPED,PEOPLECANNOTKNOWANDEXPLAINTHENATURALPHENOMENA,SOTHEYALWAYSFEELTERRIFIEDWITHAMYSTERY“DEATH“ISATABOOINALOTOFCOUNTRIES,SOPEO

20、PLEPRODUCESOMEEUPHEMISMSFOREXAMPLE1“PAYONESDEBTTONATURE“还对自然的债务“2“GOWEST“归西“3“SLEEPTHEFINALSLEEP“睡最后一觉“4“BECALLEDTOGOD“到上帝那儿去报到“5“GOTOHEAVEN“去天堂“6“BREATHETHEONESLAST“最后一次呼吸“7“PASSAWAY“永别了“8“SLEEPWITHONESFATHERS“与父亲睡在一起“9“GOTOGLORY“去荣耀“INADDITION,THINGSRELATEDTODEATHAREBEAUTIFIEDFOREXAMPLE“COFFIN“ISR

21、EPLACEDBY“BOX“GRAVEYARD“ISREPLACEDBY“SLEEPINGPLACE“FUNERAL“ISREPLACEDBY“MEMORIALSERVICE“22THEFUNCTIONOFPOLITENESSPOLITENESSISTHEHUMANCIVILIZATIONSTAGPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEISANIMPORTANTPRINCIPLEINHUMANSOCIETYINCOMMUNICATION,PEOPLEALWAYSPAYATTENTIONTOPOLITENESSTOOTHERPEOPLEFORAVOIDINGCONFLICTTHEREAREMANY

22、ASPECTSABOUTPOLITENESSFUNCTIONPROFESSIONISASENSITIVETOPICINSOCIETYACCORDINGTOCHINESESIDEA,ALLPROFESSIONSAREEQUALBUTASTHEMANUALWORKERORSERVICEPERSONAL,THEYDONTLIKETOHEARTHENAMEOFTHEIRPROFESSIONBYOTHERPEOPLESOTHEYCHOOSEABETTERNAMEINSTEADOFTHEMFOREXAMPLE1“WAITER,WAITRESS“DINNINGROOMATTENDANTS“2“MAID“DO

23、MESTIC“43“GARBAGECOLLECTOR“SANITARYENGINEER“4“SCRETARY“ADMINISTRATIVEASSISTANT“5“HARLOT“STREETGIRL“OR“MEMBEROFTHEOLDESTPROFESSION“6“COOK“CHEF“7“HOUSEWIFE“DOMESTICENGINEER“PRIVATIONANDUNEMPLOYMENTAREALSOSENSITIVETOPICSINSOCIETYINCOMMUNICATION,EVERYONEWANTSTOGETRESPECTFROMTHEOTHERSIDEEVENTHOUGHPEOPLEA

24、REPOOR,THEYWOULDBEANGRYWHENTHEYDISCUSSPRIVATIONORABOUTCONNECTIONTHINGSFOREXAMPLE,INCHINESE,PEOPLEALWAYSSAY“手头紧“OR“临时周转不灵“OR“经济上有些困难“TOMEAN“THEYARESHORTOFMONEY“INENGLISH,“PENNILESS“ISREPLACEDBY“OUTOFPOCKET“POOR“ISREPLACEDBY“NEEDY“POORPEOPLE“ISREPLACEDBY“UNDERPRIVILEGEDPEOPLE“OR“TOBEDOWNONONESLUCK“UNE

25、MPLOYMENTISACOMMONPHENOMENON,ANDPEOPLEDONTLIKETOTALKABOUTITDIRECTLYSO“UNEMPLOYEDWORKERS“AREREPLACEDBY“WELFAREWORKERS“DISMISS“ISREPLACEDBY“LAYOFF“INCOMMUNICATIONWHENTHEYSPEAKOFRELIEVINGTHEBOWELS,THEYUSE“GOTOWASHROOM“,“GOTOWC“,“ANSWERNATURESCALL“IFYOUSAY“IHAVETOGOTOTHETOILET“WHENTALKINGWITHOTHERS,THAT

26、ISVERYIMPOLITEWESHOULDSAY“MAYILEAVETHEROOM“OR“IMGOINGTODOMYBUSINESS“THEREAREOTHEREXAMPLES1UNFORTUNATELYWECANNOTMEETYOURNEEDSBECAUSEYOUFAILEDTOSENDYOURCHECK2WESHALLBEGLADTOMEETYOURNEEDSASSOONASWERECEIVEYOURCHECKINCASE1,THETONEISVERYABRUPT,TOODIRECTWHILEINCASE2,THEEUPHEMISTICTONEISMUCHMOREPOLITEINADDI

27、TION,THEPOLITENESSFUNCTIONEMPHASIZESTHESAKEOFMOREFOREACHOTHER23THEFUNCTIONOFDISGUISEINENGLISH,EUPHEMISMISUSEDTODISGUISESOMEGRAVESOCIETYPROBLEM,SUCHASPRIVATIONANDCRIMETHEREARESOMEEXAMPLES1“INDEBT“CASHADVANCE“OR“INDIFFICULTIES“2“UNEMPLOYEDMOTHER“WELFAREMOTHER“3“STRIKING“INDUSTRIALACTION“OR“INDUSTRIALD

28、ISPUTE“4“ECONOMICRECESSION“PERIODOFECONOMICADJUSTMENT“5ATPRESENT,CRIMERATEISPARTICULARLYHIGH,SOTHEREAREMANYRELATEDEUPHEMISMS,ESPECIALLYJUVENILEDELINQUENCYFOREXAMPLE,“DELINQUENT“ISREPLACEDBY“PROBLEMCHILDREN“WECANNOTSAYTHATTHEIRCHILDRENARETHROWNINJAIL,OTHERWISETHEYWILLBEUNHAPPYSOWECANSAYTHATTHECHILDRE

29、NAREINTHESETUPCENTERANDTHEOTHERPARLANCEISTHATTHEYENJOYTHEGOVERNMENTSEXPENSESINTERNATIONALRELATIONSCHOICEOFWORDSAREMORECAUTIOUS,IFWESAYTHATTHEYARE“POORANDBACKWARDCOUNTRIES“,BOTHSIDESRELATIONWILLSINKINTOIMPASSEEVENTHOUGHTHEYAREUNDERDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THEYWILLBEUNHAPPYBUTWEUSE“DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES“AND“E

30、MERGINGCOUNTRIES“,THEYWILLFEELBETTER24THEFUNCTIONOFELEGANCE“USINGNEUTRALORCOMMENDATORYWORDTOREPLACEDEROGATORYWORDORSENTENCE“ISTHEEUPHEMISMSELEGANCEFUNCTIONINTHEEASTERNANDWESTERNCULTURE,SOMEABOUTDISEASE,DEATH,HUMANEXCRETION,THEHEALTHANDBODYPARTS,SEX,BODYSHAPEANDOTHERTHINGSRELATEDTOTABOO,AREOFTENCONSI

31、DEREDTOBEVULGAR,INDECENTSOPEOPLEWILLNOTBEARTOSAYTHATTHINGSDIRECTLY,THROUGHTHESONGWORDS,TABOOANDTHEOTHERMEANINGSTOBEAUTIFYORDILUTETHEM,SOTHATTHEYAREMOREGENTLEENGLISHEUPHEMISMISABESTCASESUCHAS,“HAIRDRESSER“ISREPLACEDBY“BEAUTICIAN“PRESSMAN“ISREPLACEDBY“PRESSOPERATOR“PEOPLEALWAYSUSETHEEUPHEMISMPROPERLYT

32、OAVOIDAWKWARDNESS,UNHAPPYNESS,DISGUSTTHEUSEOFEUPHEMISMISNOTONLYTOWINTHEOTHERSIDEENOUGHREPUTATIONS,BUTALSOREFLECTSTHESPEAKERSSTATUS,GRACEFULBEARINGTHEUSEOFELEGANTANDSUBTLELANGUAGEISAKINDOFAESTHETICNEEDSOFTHEPEOPLEASWELLASTHECIVILIZATIONNEEDS3THEEXPRESSIONFORMSOFEUPHEMISMINBUSINESSENGLISHEUPHEMISMEXPR

33、ESSIONSARECOMMONLYUSEDINBUSINESSCORRESPONDENCEANDBUSINESSNEGOTIATIONWHICHISNOTONLYASOCIALLANGUAGEPHENOMENON,BUTITISALSOACULTURALPHENOMENONBUSINESSENGLISHHASITSOWNUNIQUESTYLE,USUALFORMAT,THEPROFESSIONALVOCABULARYANDEXPRESSIONSBECAUSETHECUSTOMERISTHEIRGODEUPHEMISMIMPLICATIONISWIDELYINBUSINESSENGLISH,H

34、ARDLYPENETRATEEVERYLINKOFBUSINESSAFFAIRSFOREXAMPLE,ININTERNATIONALTRADE,ESTABLISHINGTRADERELATIONS,INQUIRY,OFFER,COUNTEROFFER,REPULSE,CREDITINFORMATION,PROFORMAINVOICE（P/I）,ORDERGOODS,SHIPPING,INSURANCE,ANDSOON,THEYEXISTINEVERYWHEREEXPRESSIONSKILLSAREFLEXIBLEANDINGENIOUSBYMAKINGANANALYSISOFEUPHEMIST

35、IC6EXPRESSIONSUSEDINBUSINESSCORRESPONDENCESANDBUSINESSNEGOTIATIONS,ITMAINLYDISCUSSESTHEFULFILLMENTOFEUPHEMISTICEXPRESSIONSINBUSINESSENGLISHTHROUGHTHEFOLLOWINGFOURWAYSTHESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD,PASSIVEVOICE,PASTTENSE,TACTFULNEGATIVESOTHEBUSINESSPERSONNELCANFULLYUNDERSTANDANDAPPRECIATETHEEUPHEMISTICEXPRESSION

36、SANDACHIEVEASUCCESSINTHEBUSINESSCOMPETITIONS31THELEXICALAPPROACH311NOUNINBUSINESSENGLISH,PEOPLEALWAYSEXPRESSNEGATIVEBYNOUN“WEAREEXTREMELYSORRYFOROURINABILITYTOADVANCESHIPMENT“THISSENTENCEAVOIDSEMANTICSTRENGTHCONSCIOUSLY,USING“INABILITY“TOEXPRESS“WECANNOT“IMPLICITLYTHEMEANINGOF“CANNOT“ISWEAKENEDBYTHE

37、WRITER,SOITISEASIERTOACCEPTFORTHEOTHERPARTY312VERBINTHEBUSINESSNEGOTIATION,WECANUSE“THINK“,“HOPE“,“REGRET“,“PLEASE“TOEXPRESSSUBJECTIVEOPINIONSANDVIEWSTHEEXPRESSEDVIEWSANDSUGGESTEDREQUESTBECOMENOTSUBJECTIVEANDARBITRARY,ANDTHETONEISTACTFULBUTTHEVIEWISDISTINCT,ANDSEMANTICISCLEARTHEREARESOMEEXAMPLES1“WE

38、REGRETVERYMUCHTHATITISNECESSARYTOCOMPLAINABOUTTHENONDELIVERYOFTHE10,000TONSOFSUGARUNDERCONTRACTARTICLE23“2“WEHOPEDELIVERYWILLBEMADEACCORDINGTOSCHEDULE“3“PLEASEMAKETHESHIPMENTINMAYOREARLYASPOSSIBLE“313ADVERBINBUSINESSNEGOTIATIONORCORRESPONDENCECONTRACTPROCESS,ITISSEEMIMPOLITEIFUSETHENEGATIVEWORDDIREC

39、TLYTOTHEOTHERPARTYSVIEWS,REQUESTANDSUGGESTIONITISEASILYTOCAUSEDISPLEASEDANDDISLIKEFORTHETHEOTHEROFSIDEEVENITGETINTOTROUBLEWITHTHEOTHERSIDE,AFFECTTHEBUSINESSNEGOTIATIONORDISRUPTIONDIRECTLYITGOAGAINSTTOESTABLISHGOODTRADERELATIONSFORBOTHSIDESSOITISOFTENTOUSEONEOFTHEADVERBSUNFORTUNATELY,SCARCELY,HARDLY,

40、RATHER,ALMOST,SLIGHTLYANDITCREATETHENEGOTIATIONATMOSPHEREOFCONSULTATIONONTHEBASIS7OFEQUALITYFOREXAMPLE1“WEAPPRECIATEDTHEGOODQUALITYOFYOURPRODUCTS,BUTUNFORTUNATELYYOURPRICESAPPEARTOBEONTHEHIGHSIDEEVENOFTHISQUALITY“2“IAMREALLYSORRYTHATOURPRODUCTSCANHARDLYSATISFYYOURREQUIREMENT“INTHESECONDEXAMPLE,“HARD

41、LY“ISTHEEUPHEMISMOF“NOT“,TOAVOIDABSOLUTIZATION314PREPOSITIONANDPREPOSITIONPHRASEINBUSINESSENGLISH,SOMETIMESTHEPREPOSITIONANDPREPOSITIONPHRASEAREOFTENUSED,ANDTHETONEOFNEGATIVEWOULDNOTBECLEARSOOTHERPEOPLEFEELRESPECTED1“ASSOMEITEMSUNDERYOURORDERAREBEYONDOURBUSINESSSCOPE,WECANONLYACCEPTYOURORDERPARTIALL

42、Y“2“ASYOURCOUNTERBIDISNOTUPTOTHEPRESENTMARKETLEVEL,WEARESORRYTHATWEHAVETOGIVEYOUANEGATIVEREPLY“INTHEFIRSTSENTENCE,“BEYONDOURBUSINESSSCOPE“IMPLYTHENEGATIVE32THEGRAMMATICALAPPROACH321PASTTENSEWESOMETIMESPUSHTHETIMEOFVERBBACKWARDINBUSINESSNEGOTIATIONANDBUSINESSLETTERSSUCHASUSETHEPASTTENSETOSUBSTITUTEPR

43、ESENTTENSESOTHATITCANMAKETHETONEMOREPOLITELYANDMAKEITHAVEMORETONEOFNEGOTIATIONATLASTMAKEITCOMETOBUSINESSSUCCESSFULLY1“ENCLOSEDISAFEATUREARTICLEFROMOCTOBER23CHINADAILYWHICHITHOUGHTYOUMIGHTFINDININTERESTING“2“WEWANTEDTOKNOWWHETHERYOUCOULDEFFECTSHIPMENTONEMONTHEARLIER“WEWANTTOKNOWWHETHERYOUCANEFFECTSHI

44、PMENTONEMONTHEARLIER“3“WEFOUNDTHEPRICESOFYOURMACHINESALITTLEBITHIGHERTHANACCEPTABLE“THEFIRSTSENTENCE,MOREOVER,INORDERTOMAKETHETONETACTFULLY,“HOPE,WONDER,THINK,WANT“ANDSOON,THEIRPASTTENSEALSOEXPRESSTHEPRESENTTENCETHETWOSENTENCESINCASE2,SECONDSENTENCEISEASIERTOACCEPTEDBYTHEOTHERSIDETHETHIRDSENTENCEACT

45、UALLYMEANTHATWEFOUNDTHEPRICEOFYOURMACHINESARESOHIGHTHATWECANNOTACCEPTSPEAKERWITHCOMPARATIVESENTENCES,ANDCOMPAREDWITHTHEAKNOCKOUTLEVELBEFORETODECORATEAMONGFACETOFACEBUSINESSNEGOTIATIONANDBUSINESSLETTERS,WHENWEEXPRESSINQUIRY,8REQUESTOREXPRESSDIFFERENTOPINIONWITHTHEOTHERSIDE,SOMETIMESUSE“CANYOU”,“WILLY

46、OU”,“IWANT”,“IWONDER”,“IAMSURE”WILLSHOWCRUDEANDRUDE,CONFIRMANDABSOLUTEONTHETONEWHENUSE“COULDYOU”,“WOULDYOU”,“IWANTED”,“IWONDERED”,“IWASSURE”,ITWILLBECOMEMORESUBJUNCTIVEKIND,GENTLE,DECENTANDEASILYACCEPTEDBYTHEOTHERSIDE322PASSIVEVOICEAMONGBUSINESSLETTERS,WESHOULDUSEACTIVEVOICEINMANYCONDITIONSSOTHATCAN

47、EXPRESSBOTHOPINIONSABOUTTRADEEXPLICITLYHOWEVER,INOTHERCONDITIONS,PASSIVEVOICEISADOPTEDTOMAKETHETONEIMPLICATIVELY,ANDAVOIDAGGRESSIVESOITCONFORMEDTOTHECHARACTERISTICOFBUSINESSENGLISH1“UPONINSPECTION,ITWASFOUNDTHATYOURLASTSHIPMENTISNOTUPTOTHEAGREEDSTANDARD“WANGHENGEN200957592“YOUSHOULDBEINFORMEDTHATTHE

48、SHIPMENTTIMEISFEBRUARYORMARCHATOUROPTIONANDTHEGOODSWILLBESHIPPEDINONELOT“3“SINCEITISAGREEDTHATWEHAVETHERIGHTTOREJECTTHEGOODSWHENTHEYAREDISQUALIFIEDUPONEXAMINATIONBYCHINACOMMODITYINSPECTIONBUREAUATTHEPORTOFDESTINATION,WEREGRETTOINFORMYOUTHATWEHAVETORETURNTHEGOODSTOYOUATYOUREXPENSE“4“ASTHEDATEOFDELIVE

49、RYISAPPROACHING,YOUAREREQUESTEDTOEXPEDITETHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEL/C“ASTHEDATEOFDELIVERYISAPPROACHING,WEREQUESTYOUTOEXPEDITETHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEL/C“ASWELLKNOWNTOALL,ACTIVEVOICEEMPHASIZESTHATITISANEXECUTIVEOFACTIONSANDPASSIVEVOICEEMPHASIZESTHATITISANOBJECTOFACTIONSINEXAMPLETHREE,“TOBESTRESSED“,“MUSTBEEFFECTED“,SUCHAS“WILLNOTBECONSIDERED“WEAKENTHEEXECUTORS“WE”,“YOU”WEWANTEMPHASIZETHATACCORDINGTOTHECONTRACT,AGREEMENTORTHESTIPULATIONOFOBLIGATIONSANDRESPONSIBILITIESPRESCRIBED,ANDTHUSMOREACCORDWITHINTERNATIONALBUSINESSPRACTICES323SUBJUNCTIVEMOODINOURDA