英语委婉语的分类和构成方式【毕业论文】.doc

1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语英语委婉语的分类和构成方式ONCLASSIFICATIONANDFORMATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMSII摘要委婉语是人类社会自身发展过程中一种常见的语言现象，也是人类文明发展的产物，被广泛运用于人们日常交际中。无论人们在日常生活中还是在对外交往中，都应该懂得理解和尊重别人，尽量多用礼貌语言，这就为委婉语的产生提供了前提。英语委婉语作为当今世界应运最广泛的委婉语之一，存在于社会各个阶层和各个领域中。本文主要从分类、构成原则和方式方面对委婉语进行了剖析。根据语境，委婉语可分为规约性和非规约性委婉语。构成原则为距离、相关和动听原则，构成方式主要从词汇

2、、语法和修辞方面。随着时代的发展，英语委婉语也在不断的发展。掌握好委婉语这一重要修辞手段不仅可以提高修辞素养，开阔文化视野，还能增强阅读理解及交际能力。关键词委婉语；分类；原则；构成方式IIIABSTRACTEUPHEMISMISACOMMONLANGUAGEPHENOMENONOFSOCIALDEVELOPMENT,APRODUCTIONOFMORTALCIVILIZATIONITISWIDELYUSEDINPEOPLESDAILYCOMMUNICATIONWHETHERINPEOPLESDAILYLIFEORFOREIGNEXCHANGES,THEYHAVETOUNDERSTANDANDR

3、ESPECTOTHERS,USINGPOLITENESSLANGUAGEASMUCHASPOSSIBLETHOSEAREPREMISESFOREUPHEMISMCOMEINTOBEINGASONEOFTHEWORLDSMOSTUSEDEUPHEMISMS,ENGLISHEUPHEMISMHASWIDELYEXISTEDINTHESOCIALDIFFERENTESTATESANDFIELDSTHISPAPERPRESENTSAPRELIMINARYSTUDYOFTHECLASSIFICATION,FORMPRINCIPLEANDMEANSOFFORMATIONOFEUPHEMISMINORDER

4、TOHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGINCOMMUNICATIONACCORDINGTOTHESITUATION,EUPHEMISMCANBEDIVIDEDINTOCONVENTIONALITYANDNONCONVENTIONALITYFORMPRINCIPLESAREDISTANCE,CORRELATIONANDFAIRSOUNDINGMEANSOFFORMATIONAREVOCABULARY,GRAMMATICALANDRHETORICALASTIMEGOESONANDSOCIETYADVANCES,THEENGLISHEUPHEMISMDEVELOPSHAVINGAKNO

5、WLEDGEOFEUPHEMISM,ANIMPORTANTRHETORICALFORM,WILLNOTONLYHELPONEIMPROVERHETORICALARTISTRY,BUTALSOWIDENCULTURALVISIONFURTHERMORE,EUPHEMISMCANENHANCEONESABILITYOFREADINGCOMPREHENSIONANDINTERCOMMUNICATION,ASSISTONETOEXPRESSHIMSELFANDESTEEMOTHERSINABETTERWAYKEYWORDSEUPHEMISMCLASSIFICATIONPRINCIPLEFORMATIO

6、NIVCONTENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION111PURPOSEOFWRITINGTHEESSAY112DEFINITIONSOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS213LITERATUREREVIEWOFPREVIOUSSTUDIES32THECLASSIFICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS43THEFORMATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS531FORMPRINCIPLE5311PRINCIPLEOFDISTANCE6312PRINCIPLEOFCORRELATION6312PRINCIPLEOFFAIRSOUNDING732WAYS

7、OFFORMATION7321VOCABULARYFORMATION7322GRAMMATICALFORMATION9323RHETORICALFORMATION114CONCLUSION13BIBLIOGRAPHY14ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1511INTRODUCTIONEUPHEMISMISNOTONLYACOMMONSOCIALLANGUAGEPHENOMENONINCOMMUNICATION,BUTALSOACULTURALPHENOMENONITMEANSPEOPLESHOULDUSEOTHEREXPRESSIONSWHENTHEYSAYSOMETHINGUNPLEASAN

8、TINORDERTOSHOWPOLITENESSORAVOIDEMBARRASSMENTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCIVILIZATION，EUPHEMISMREPRESENTSASTRONGFUNCTIONINCOMMUNICATIONTHEREEXISTAGREATNUMBEROFEUPHEMISMSALMOSTINEVERYLANGUAGE,ANDTHEYAREWIDELYUSEDNOW,RESEARCHERSAREBECOMINGINCREASINGLYINTERESTEDINITANDMUCHRESEARCHHASBEENDONEONITENGLISHEUPHEMISM

9、S,ASABRANCHOFRHETORICALRESEARCH,HAVEBEENSTUDIEDFORMANYYEARSSOMERESEARCHESSTUDYTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINAANDTHEWESTSOMESTUDYTHEORIGINSANDPSYCHOLOGICALREFLECTSANDSOMESTUDYEUPHEMISMTRANSLATIONANDITSSOLUTIONTOCOMMUNICATIONBARRIERSALLINALL,CHINESESCHOLARSSTUDYOFEUPHEMISMCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOFACETSO

10、NEISTHERESEARCHOFTABOOSTHEOTHERISTHESTUDYOFFOLKCUSTOMSHOWEVER,THEFOREIGNSCHOLARSSTUDIESAREMAINLYONRHETORICTOACERTAINEXTENT,RESEARCHERSSTARTTOINTRODUCEPSYCHOLOGYANDSOCIOLOGYCONCEPTINTOTHESTUDYOFEUPHEMISMMANYSCHOLARSHAVEANALYZEDEUPHEMISMSOCIALFUNCTIONSANDATTRIBUTESMANYIMPORTANTACHIEVEMENTSHAVEBEENMADE

11、FROMTHESTANDPOINTOFLINGUISTICS,SEMANTICSANDRHETORICOFEUPHEMISMHOWEVER,THECLASSIFICATIONANDFORMATIONOFEUPHEMISMSARENOTPERFECTENOUGHSO,MYPAPERDOESASTUDYMAINLYONTHECLASSIFICATIONANDFORMATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS11PURPOSEOFWRITINGTHEESSAYENGLISHEUPHEMISMSAREPOWERFULINCOMMUNICATIONACCORDINGTOWUXIANGYUN,INH

12、ISBOOK,THESOCIALFUNCTIONOFEUPHEMISM,HECONCLUDESTHATEUPHEMISMHASTHEFUNCTIONOFEVASION,POLITENESS,ELEGANCEANDDISGUISETHECONTENTOFTHESTUDYWILLENABLEUSTOHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEEUPHEMISMANDUSEMOREPROPERLYASTHEEUPHEMISMSAREAPPLIEDMOREWIDELYINENGLISH,BETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFEUPHEMISMWILLDOAFAVORFORUSTOLE

13、ARNENGLISHWELLANDHAVEAGOODUNDERSTANDINGOFFOREIGNCULTURESINADDITION,ITHASAPOSITIVEDIRECTIONINTEACHINGANDLEARNINGTHEENGLISHLANGUAGE,ITSINTERPRETATIONANDAPPLICATIONINTHISTHESIS,THEWRITERDISPLAYSTHEDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISM,ANALYSESTHECLASSIFICATIONANDFORMATIONOFEUPHEMISM,INORDERTOPAVETHEWAYTOABETTERUNDERST

14、ANDINGOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMSTHEWRITER,INTHEFIRSTPLACE,PRESENTSTHECLASSIFICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMSCONVENTIONALITYANDNONCONVENTIONALITYTHEN,SHEELABORATESTHEFORMATIONPRINCIPLEANDFORMATIONOFEUPHEMISMDISTANCE,CORRELATIONANDFAIRSOUNDINGPRINCIPLEAFTERDISCUSSINGTHEPRINCIPLE,THEWRITERMAKESACONCLUSIONABOUTTHEME

15、ANSOFFORMATIONOFEUPHEMISM2BESIDES,SHETAKESMOREEXAMPLESINANALYSISTHEMTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTOPRESENTAVERYBRIEFYETSIGNIFICANTANALYSISOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMFORPEOPLESBETTEREXPLORATIONOFIT12DEFINITIONSOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMSEUPHEMISMSHAVEEXISTEDFORALONGTIMETHEWORD“EUPHEMISM”COMESFROMTHEGREEKWORD“EUPHEMIA”THEPREFIX“E

16、U”MEANS“GOOD”,THESTEM“PHEME”MEANS“SPEECH”OR“SAYING”HEREARESOMEDEFINITIONSABOUTEUPHEMISMBYLINGUISTS1AEUPHEMISMMEANS“USEOFPLEASANT,MILDORINDIRECTWORDSORPHRASESINPLACEOFMOREACCURATEORDIRECTONES”OXFORDADVANCEDLEARNERSENGLISHCHINESEDICTIONARY,2002P4912AEUPHEMISMIS“SUBSTITUTIONOFMILDORVAGUEORROUNDABOUTEXP

17、RESSIONFORHARSHORDIRECTONEEXPRESSIONTHUSSUBSTITUTED”FENGCUIHUA,2003P2073“AEUPHEMISMISUSEDASANALTERNATIVETOADISPREFERREDEXPRESSION,INORDERTOAVOIDPOSSIBLELOSSOFFACEEITHERONESOWNFACEOR,THROUGHGIVINGOFFENCE,THATOFTHEAUDIENCE,OROFSOMETHIRDPARTY”WANGLIMING,2004P15FROMTHEABOVEDEFINITIONS,WECANSUMMARIZEAEUP

18、HEMISMASTURNINGTABOOSINTOPLEASANTEXPRESSIONSEUPHEMISMSAREINSEPARABLYRELATEDTOCULTURALBACKGROUNDSDUETOCULTURALDIFFERENCES,EUPHEMISMSCOMETOBECONCEPTUALIZEDINALLLANGUAGESFOREXAMPLE,INCHINESELANGUAGE“死亡“HASMORETHANFOURHUNDREDEUPHEMISMEXPRESSION,LIKE“安眠”、“百年”、“逝世”、“辞世”、“归天”、“归西”、“呜呼哀哉”、“见马克思”ETCAFTERALON

19、GTIME,SOMEOFTHESEEXPRESSIONSLOSTTHEFUNCTIONOFEUPHEMISM,BUTDUETOTHEWIDEUSE,THEYARESTILLCALLEDEUPHEMISMSONCERTAINOCCASIONSINADDITION,EUPHEMISMSAREDYNAMIC,NOTSTATIONARYTHATISTOSAY,EUPHEMISMSARECHANGINGALLTHETIMEASTIMEGOESON,SOMEEUPHEMISMSMAYLOSETHEIRORIGINALMEANINGS,ANDTHEYAREREPLACEDBYNEWEUPHEMISMSSUD

20、INGFANG,1995P1722FOREXAMPLE,“TOILET”MEANSTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFDRESSSOFAR,THEFRENCHSTILLMEANSTHATLATER,ITBECAMEAEUPHEMISMOFTOILETNOW,THE“TOILET”ISSUBSTITUTEBYASERIESOFWORDS,FOREXAMPLE,“BATHROOM”,“LAVATORY”,“RESTROOM”,“POWDERROOM”,“LADIESORGENTLEMANLOUNGE”,“RETIRINGROOM”,“PUBLICCOMFORTSTATION”,EVEN“HENSAN

21、DROOSTERS”SHENGTONG,1998P7174THEBACKWARDCOUNTRIESWERECALLED“UNDEVELOPEDCOUNTRY”LATER,THEYWERENAMEDAS“DEVELOPINGCOUNTRY”OR“EMERGENTCOUNTRY”INACERTAINCONTEXT,SOMEWORDSAREEUPHEMISMSHOWEVER,THEYARENOTEUPHEMISMSINANOTHERCONTEXTSO,WHETHERITISAEUPHEMISMORNOTDEPENDSONAVERYIMPORTANTFACTORCONTEXTWEBELIEVE,AEU

22、PHEMISMSHOULDNOTBEDEFINEDFROMTHESTANDPOINTOF3SEMANTICSBUTSHOULDBEDEFINEDFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFPRAGMATICSTHEREFORE,WECANDEFINETHEEUPHEMISMAS“AVAGUE,PLEASANTORPOLITEEXPRESSIONTAKINGTHEPLACEOFUNPLEASANT,NOTPOLITEEXPRESSIONINACERTAINCONTEXT”HERE,THECONTEXTMEANSTIME,PLACE,SITUATION,PARTICIPANT,TOPIC,FACIALE

23、XPRESSIONS,ANDDISTANCEBETWEENPEOPLE,ETCTHUSWECANFEELSPECIFICPHYSICALFACTORSDIRECTLY,INCLUDINGPARTICIPANTSCULTUREANDETHICALVALUES,RELIGIOUSBELIEF,FAMILYBACKGROUNDSANDSOCIALSTATUSANDMENTALFACTORSBESIDES,THE“EXPRESSION”AND“STATEMENT”ISNOTONLYAWORDORPHRASE,BUTASENTENCEORASTORY13LITERATUREREVIEWOFPREVIOU

24、SSTUDIESENGLISHLINGUISTLEECHINHISPRINCIPLESOFPRAGMATICS（LEECH，1983）PUTFORWARDPOLITENESSASAPRINCIPLEOFEUPHEMISM,INCLUDINGAPPROPRIATION,TOLERANCE,PRAISE,MODESTY,ANDSYMPATHYPRINCIPLESEUPHEMISMISAPARTOFPOLITELANGUAGEFORREGULATINGPEOPLESLINGUISTICPERFORMANCEINLEECHSOPINION,CORRELATIONPRINCIPLEISCLOSELYRE

25、LATEDTOPOLITENESSPRINCIPLETHESETWOCOMPOSEACOMPLETETHEORYSYSTEMACCORDINGTOSUDINGFANG,AEUPHEMISMRESEARCHER,EUPHEMISMFORMATIONCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTHREETYPESPHONETIC,VOCABULARYANDGRAMMATICALINHISBOOKRESEARCHOFEUPHEMISM,WECANSEETHATPHONETICCANBEONEOFTHETYPESOFEUPHEMISMFORMATIONTHOSEEUPHEMISMSAREMAINLYSUBS

26、TITUTIONSOFTABOOSSO,THEYAREUSUALLYFORMEDBYCHANGINGTHEPRONUNCIATIONSOFTHETABOOSTHISCANAVOIDTABOOWORDSAPPEARINGINCOMMUNICATIONDIRECTLYINHISRESEARCH,THEEUPHEMISMWORDSFORMEDBYMEANSOFVOCABULARYCANBEANALYZEDFROMSPECIALEUPHEMISMS,DERIVATIVEEUPHEMISMSANDRHETORICALEUPHEMISMSWHENITCOMESINTOGRAMMATICALTYPE,SOM

27、EFACTORSAREINVOLVED,SUCHASTHETENSE,THEMOODANDTHENEGATIVEINYUHAIJIANGSBOOK,ENGLISHEUPHEMISMSFUNCTIONANDFORMATIONPRINCIPLE,HEMAKESACONCLUSIONTHATEUPHEMISMCANBEFORMEDBYMEANSOFVOCABULARY,RHETORIC,PHONETICSANDPRAGMATICSTHEASPECTSOFVOCABULARYANDPHONETICTYPESARESIMILARTOSUSRESEARCHINADDITION,RHETORICANDPRA

28、GMATICTYPESARESTUDIEDINTHEBOOKINBOTHSUSANDYUSRESEARCHOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS,THEYTICKOFFMANYDETAILEDEXAMPLESTOTESTIFYTHEIRVIEWPOINTSTHEIRRESEARCHESAREBUILTONTHESOLIDFOUNDATIONINTHERESEARCHFIELDOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMSINTHISTHESIS,SOMEOFTHEIRVIEWPOINTSANDEXAMPLESAREADOPTEDBUT,SOMEOFTHEIRVIEWPOINTSARENOTCOMPLE

29、TEENOUGHINMYOPINION,ANDSOMECANBEDETAILED2THECLASSIFICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS4BASEDONDIFFERENTFACTORS,EUPHEMISMSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTODIFFERENTTYPESACCORDINGTOHUGHRAWSON,EUPHEMISMSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOPOSITIVEEUPHEMISMSANDNEGATIVEEUPHEMISMSINHISBOOK,POSITIVEEUPHEMISMSAREALSOCALLED“STYLISTICEUPHEMISMS”,AN

30、DNEGATIVEEUPHEMISMSAREALSOCALLED“TRADITIONALEUPHEMISMS”ALLEUPHEMISMS,WHETHERPOSITIVEORNEGATIVE,STYLISTICORTRADITIONAL,ACCORDINGTOPEOPLESFIRSTIMPRESSION,CANBECLASSIFIEDINTOUNCONSCIOUSEUPHEMISMSANDCONSCIOUSEUPHEMISMSINADDITION,SOMEEUPHEMISMSAREAFLASHINTHEPANBECAUSETHEYAREINCARCERATEDINAPARTICULARCONTE

31、XTHOWEVER,SOMEEUPHEMISMSAREENJOYINGPOPULARITYANDGOINGONFROMGENERATIONTOGENERATIONANDASTIMEGOESON,THEYBECOMEPOPULARSOEUPHEMISMSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTONONCEONESANDSUSTAINABLEONESACCORDINGTOTHEPERIODOFTIMETHEYCANLASTFROMTHEPREVAILINGVIEW,THEEUPHEMISMCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHEMEDIEVALEUPHEMISM,VICTORIANEUPHEMISM,T

32、HE20THCENTURYEUPHEMISMANDCONTEMPORARYEUPHEMISM,ETCLIUCHUNBAO,1993P35ACCORDINGTOAPPLICATION,ITCANBECLASSIFIEDASDEATH,ILLNESS,GENDER,OCCUPATION,POLITICAL,WAREUPHEMISMANDSOONTONGJING,2005ASEUPHEMISMISINTERRELATEDWITHCONTEXT,ACCORDINGTOTHESITUATION,WETHINKITCANBEDIVIDEDINTOCONVENTIONALITYANDNONCONVENTIO

33、NALITYCONVENTIONALITYEUPHEMISMHASBEENCONSIDEREDASASPECIALEVENSTANDARDIZEDANDROUNDABOUTEXPRESSIONINITSLONGTERMPROCESSFOREXAMPLE,“PASSAWAY”ISAEUPHEMISMOFDEATH,“LADYOFTHENIGHT”ISAEUPHEMISMOFPROSTITUTEAND,THESENTENCES“WOULDYOUMIND”,“COULDYOUPLEASE”,“MAYIASK”AREREGARDEDASREQUESTEUPHEMISMSWHENPEOPLEREALIZ

34、ETHEYARECONVENTIONALITYEUPHEMISMSENTENCES,ITSEASYFORTHEMTOUNDERSTANDBECAUSETHEPROCESS,FROMREASONINGTOUNDERSTANDINGTHEMEANINGOFTHESENTENCE,ISOFTENSHORTSOIFWHATPEOPLESAYHASANATUREOFCONVENTIONALITY,THENTHEREWILLBENOPROBLEMSINUNDERSTANDINGITANDLEARNINGANEXPRESSIONWILLBECOMEEASIERHOWEVER,THEEXPRESSIONISN

35、OTALWAYSCONVENTIONALONEVERYOCCASIONORANYTIMETHEUNDERSTANDINGOFNONCONVENTIONALITYEUPHEMISMNEEDSSOMETIMELETSSEETHEFOLLOWINGDIALOGUEA“HOWDIDJOHNDO”B“WELL,HEWROTESOMETHINGDOWNFOREVERYQUESTION”INTHEDIALOGUE,AASKEDBHOWABOUTJOHNSEXAMTHELATTERPROVIDEDASEEMINGLYUNRELATEDANSWERTOTHEQUESTION,BUTTOLDTHEEXAMINAT

36、IONRESULTWASPOORINTHECONTEXT,THESENTENCE“HEWROTESOMETHINGDOWNFOREVERYQUESTION”ISANONCONVENTIONALITYEUPHEMISMOF“HEHADAPOORPERFORMANCEINTHEEXAM”5NONCONVENTIONALITYEUPHEMISMCHANGESINDIFFERENTSITUATIONSTHEREISAPREMISEFORITSREFERENCE,ANDEACHEUPHEMISMISTEMPORARYFORSUCHAEUPHEMISM,THERECEIVERSHOULDBONDTOTHE

37、SPECIFICCONTEXTFORUNDERSTANDINGITSMEANINGBECAUSETHECONTEXTISTHEBASISOFLANGUAGEUNDERSTANDINGENGLISHEUPHEMISMSCANBECLASSIFIEDFROMCONTEXTCERTAINLY,ITCANBEHELDANDANALYZEDFROMOTHERSIDESFOREXAMPLE,CHUNBAOLIUASSORTEDENGLISHEUPHEMISMSASTRADITIONALEUPHEMISMSANDSTYLISTICONESHEHOLDSTHATTRADITIONALEUPHEMISMSARE

38、CLOSELYRELATEDWITHLINGUISTICTABOOSWHATARECALLEDSTYLISTICEUPHEMISMSISLAVISHPRAISEINFACT,HAVINGNOTHINGTODOWITHLINGUISTICTABOOSLIUCHUNBAO,19933THEFORMATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMS31FORMPRINCIPLEASWECANSEE,AEUPHEMISMISNOTARBITRARYITGENERALLYTAKESTHEPLACEOFADVENTURES,DIRECTEXPRESSIONSANDSHOULDBERESTRICTEDBYSO

39、MERULESGENERALLYSPEAKING,THEREARETHREEPRINCIPLESASFOLLOWS311PRINCIPLEOFDISTANCETHEEUPHEMISMWEUSEANDCREATESHOULDHAVETHEFUNCTIONOFMAKINGDISTANCEBETWEENLANGUAGEMARKSANDTHETHINGMENTIONEDITISONEOFIMPORTANTPRINCIPLESOFEUPHEMISMTHEREWILLBENOEUPHEMISMWITHOUTDISTANCEPRINCIPLEALSOTHEREWILLBENOEUPHEMISMEFFECTW

40、ITHOUTDISTANCEPRINCIPLETHEORIGINSOFLINGUISTICTABOOSARECLOSELYRELATEDTOSYMBOLSANDTABOOOBJECTSLIKE“SHIT”AND“PISS”,THEYARELINGUISTICTABOOSBECAUSEPEOPLERELATETHEMWITHEXCRETIONDIRECTLYFORTHESAKEOFTHAT,ONESHOULDUSEAWORDWHICHCONTAINSLESSINFORMATIONOFTABOOOBJECTANDMUCHMOREVAGUENESSTOITTHATSWHYWEUSE“TOWASHON

41、ESHAND”FOR“TODOEXCRETORYACTS”,AND“VD”FOR“VENEREALDISEASE”312PRINCIPLEOFCORRELATIONTHEEUPHEMISMWECHOOSESHOULDHAVESOMECONNECTIONWITHITSORIGINMOREORLESSOTHERWISE,THEREWILLBEMISUNDERSTANDINGINCOMMUNICATIONACCORDINGTODISTANCEPRINCIPLE,ITSEEMSTHATWECANMAKEACONCLUSIONIFTHEPSYCHOLOGICALDISTANCEBETWEENSYMBOL

42、ANDTABOOOBJECTBECOMESWIDER,THEPOLITEEFFECTWILLBEBETTERINCASEOFTHEESSENCESOFVERBAL6COMMUNICATION,PEOPLEHAVENOCHOICEBUTTOADHERETOANOTHERFORMATIONPRINCIPLEOFEUPHEMISMCORRELATIONPRINCIPLELEECH,1983VERBALCOMMUNICATIONISANINFORMATIONTRANSFERFROMSPEAKERTOHEARERINORDERTOMAKESUREINFORMATIONTRANSFERSUCCESSFUL

43、LYANDAVOIDMISUNDERSTANDING,THEEUPHEMISMWORDWECHOOSEMUSTBELINKEDTOTHEORIGINOFAWORDTOSOMEEXTENTFURTHERMORE,EUPHEMISMNEEDTOHAVESOMECONNECTIONWITHCONTEXTITCOMESFROMIFONESAIDMYDOGWENTTOTHEBATHROOMYESTERDAYINTHESENTENCE,“WENTTOTHEBATHROOM”ISAEUPHEMISTICWORDITISCLEARTHAT“WENTTOTHEBATHROOM”ISASSOCIATEDWITHT

44、OILETTHEREFORE,ITSNOTDIFFICULTFORTHELISTENERTOUNDERSTANDTHEMEANINGTHELISTENERWILLHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESPEAKERWHENHEUSE“BATHROOM”INSTEADOF“ROOM”THEN,THESENTENCEWILLNOTONLYBEINSHORTOFEUPHEMISTICEFFECT,MOREOVER,ITWILLPREVENTSMOOTHVERBALCOMMUNICATIONWEUSE“CHEST,BM,GOSH,VISUALLYRETARDEDSTUDENTS”T

45、OSUBSTITUTE“BREAST,BOWEL,MOVEMENT,GOD,BLINDSTUDENTS”ACCORDINGLYALLOFTHOSEEUPHEMISMSMOREORLESSARERELATEDWITHTHEIRORIGINALWORDS313PRINCIPLEOFFAIRSOUNDINGANOTHERFORMATIONPRINCIPLEOFEUPHEMISMISFAIRSOUNDINGTHISPRINCIPLEREQUIRESUSTOCHOOSEAEUPHEMISMWITHBESTMEANINGWHICHWILLSTIRUPPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONTOBEEUPHE

46、MISTICISNOTONLYTOPURELYAVOIDTHEPASSIVEPROCESSOFUNNECESSARYEMOTION,BUTALSOANINITIATIVEPROCESSTOOBTAINWELLASSOCIATIONJUSTASWEUSE“INTHEFLOWER”INSTEADOF“MENSTRUATION”THEMAINREASONISTHATITWILLPRODUCEPOSITIVEEMOTIONOFCOURSE,WESHOULDMAKECLEARTHATPOSITIVEEMOTIONISNOTINDIVIDUAL,BUTRELATEDTOITSINHERENTMEANING

47、FOREXAMPLE,THEEUPHEMISM“MENTALLYHANDICAPPED”ISNOTFAIRSOUNDINGINREALHOWEVER,COMPAREDWITH“STUPID”,ITISMUCHBETTERDUETOTHEFAIRSOUNDINGPRINCIPLE,PEOPLEWILLPAYMOREATTENTIONTOTHECONTRASTOFNEWANDOLDEXPRESSIONNAMELY,NEWEXPRESSIONMUSTSOUNDBETTERANDMOREEUPHEMISTICTHEREISNOSTANDARDINITPRINCIPLEOFDISTANCE,CORREL

48、ATIONANDFAIRSOUNDINGAREINTERRELATEDANDINTERACTONEACHOTHER,RESTRICTINGTHENATUREOFEUPHEMISM32WAYSOFFORMATION321VOCABULARYFORMATIONVOCABULARYFORMATIONOFEUPHEMISMSTAKESADVANTAGEOFENGLISHWORDSANDPHRASESTRAIT,BY7CONVERTWORDFORMSTOAVOIDEMBARRASSINGORUNHAPPYSITUATIONSVOCABULARYFORMATIONINCLUDESUSINGACRONYM,

49、CLIPPING,BORROWING,ANTONYMANDUNDERSTATEMENTACRONYMISAWORDFORMEDFROMTHEINITIALLETTERSOFAMULTIWORDNAMEINORDERTOCOVERTABOOSEGMDISACRONYMOFMENTALDEFICIENCYCSISACRONYMOFCHICKENSHITBGIRLISACRONYMOFBARGIRLXYZISACRONYMOFEXAMINEYOURZIPPERADDRUGADDICTBMBOWELMOVEMENTGDGODDAMNMINSMINORSINNEEDOFSUPERVISIONWCWATERCLOSETSOBSONOFBITCH,ETCCLIPPING,TAKEOFFTHEBEGINNINGORTHEENDEG“VERT”MEANS“SEXUALPERVERT”“BRA”ONBEHALFOF“BRASSIERE”“CONMAN”ISSHORTOF“CONFIDENCEMAN”“GENTS”REPRESENT“GENTLEMENSROOM”“LAV”PRESENT“LAVATORY”,ETCBORROWING,USINGFRENCH、LATIN、GREEKANDETCTOSUBSTITUTETHOSEWORDSWHI