语境与商务英语信函的语言特点【毕业论文】.doc

1、（20_届）本科毕业设计英语语境与商务英语信函的语言特点CONTEXTANDLANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSI摘要商务英语信函是国际贸易中最重要的工具。商务英语信函中的语境对写一封准确又恰当的商务英语信函是非常重要的。本文主要分析了商务英语信函的语境分类，并在此基础上着重探讨了商务英语信函的语言特点，包括词汇特点，表达方式特点和语气特点，以期对商务英语信函的写作有所启示。关键词语境；商务英语信函；语言特点IIABSTRACTBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTOOLININTERNATIO

2、NALTRADETHEPARTICULARCONTEXTISVERYIMPORTANTFORWRITINGACORRECTANDFELICITOUSBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERTHISTHESIS,BASEDONTHECLASSIFICATIONOFCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS,MAINLYEXPLORESTHELANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS,INCLUDINGLEXICALCHARACTERISTICS,CHARACTERISTICSOFWAYSOFEXPRESSIONANDCHA

3、RACTERISTICSOFTONE,INTHEHOPEOFOFFERINGSOMEINSIGHTINTOTHEWRITINGOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSKEYWORDSCONTEXTBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSLANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSIIICONTENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION111FUNCTIONSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS112LITERATUREREVIEW113PURPOSEOFWRITING22CLASSIFICATIONOFCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLET

4、TERS321LINGUISTICCONTEXT322SITUATIONALCONTEXT323CULTURALCONTEXT43LANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS431LEXICALCHARACTERISTICS5311USEOFPROFESSIONALTERMS5312USEOFABBREVIATIONS632THECHARACTERISTICSOFWAYSOFEXPRESSION7321NATURAL7322STRAIGHTFORWARD8323CONCISE933THECHARACTERISTICSOFTONE9331POLI

5、TEANDFRIENDLY9332EUPHEMISTIC114CONCLUSION11BIBLIOGRAPHY13ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1411INTRODUCTIONWITHCHINASENTRYINTOWTO,INTERNATIONALTRADEHASBECOMEMORECOMMONANDFREQUENTINTHEWORLDALTHOUGHTELEPHONE,TELEGRAPHANDTELEXAREWIDELYUSEDININTERNATIONALTRADE,BUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSSTILLSERVEASTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTOOLANDAREI

6、NDISPENSABLEFORPEOPLETOCOMMUNICATEWITHEACHOTHERITISTHEMAINMETHODFORBUYERSANDSELLERSTOESTABLISHBUSINESSRELATIONS,EXCHANGEINFORMATION,EXPRESSFRIENDSHIPANDSOONINMOSTCASES,THINGSSETTLEDBYTELEPHONEORTELEXOFTENNEEDTOBECONFIRMEDBYLETTERSTHEREFORE,WRITINGAGOODBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERISUSEFULININTERNATIONALTRAD

7、E11FUNCTIONSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSHAVEMANYFUNCTIONSASPENGYING2009910POINTSOUTGENERALLYSPEAKING,THEBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERHASFOLLOWINGFUNCTIONSFIRSTLY,ITISANEFFECTIVEWAYTOCONVEYANDRETAININFORMATIONALTHOUGHMANYBUSINESSACTIVITIESCANBEHANDLEDBYPHONEORINPERSON,FEWBUSINESSMENHAVEENOU

8、GHTIMETOVISITTHEIRCLIENTSPERSONALLYLONGDISTANCECALLSMAYBEEXPENSIVEORALCOMMUNICATIONMAYLEADSOMEOFTHEMASSAGESTOBEFORGOTTENORMISUNDERSTOODSECONDLY,ITCANWORKASACONTRACTORANAGREEMENTTHIRDLY,ITCANALSOSERVEASAPARTOFACOMPANYSPERMANENTRECORDBUSINESSMENCANCHECKCOPYOFTHELETTERSORTHEEMAILBOXWHENTHEYNEEDLASTLY,I

9、TACTSASFORMALORINFORMALPUBLICRELATIONMATERIALSITCANHELPBUILDGOODWILLBETWEENTHEWRITERANDREADER12LITERATUREREVIEWALTHOUGHENGLISHBUSINESSLETTERISVERYCOMMONANDESSENTIALINTHEINTERNATIONALTRADE,THEREISLIMITEDRESEARCHCONDUCTEDINTHISFIELDBUSINESSENGLISHDIDNOTAROUSELINGUISTSINTERESTUNTIL1960SITWASTHELATE1960

10、SANDEARLY1970SWHICHSAWTHEGREATESTEXPANSIONOFRESEARCHINTOTHENATUREOFPARTICULARVARIETIESOFENGLISHPRAGMATICRESEARCHERSINVESTIGATEDTHELINGUISTICFEATURESOFBUSINESSLETTERSBASEDONSOMEPRAGMATICTHEORIES,SUCHASTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEANDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,PROPOSEDBYGRICE1975ANDGEOFFREYLEECH1983RESPECTIVELYBAS

11、EDONTHESETHEORIES,PENGYING2009POINTSOUTTHATBOTHCPANDPPARECOMPLEMENTALLYINVOLVEDINTHEWRITINGOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSLISA2008STATESTHATCONTEXTNOTONLYHASAFUNCTIONOFRESTRICTIONFORBUSINESSENGLISHLETTER,BUTALSOAFFORDSTHESPACEFORTHEWRITERSTOCHOOSEWHENWRITINGLETTERSEXTERNALCONTEXTRESTRICTSTHETYPEOFWRITING,W

12、HICHDIFFERENTRECEIVERANDCONTENTWILLADOPTEDDIFFERENTTYPEOFWRITINGINTERNALCONTEXTHASTHEFUNCTIONSOFRESTRICTIONANDEXPLANATIONFORTHEMEANINGSOFTHELETTERSITMAINRESTRICTSTHECONCRETECONTENT,THESTRUCTUREOFLANGUAGEANDTHESKILLOFWRITINGOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS2ZHANGYUZHEN2009ANALYZESTHELINGUISTICFEATURESOFMODERN

13、BUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVESOFLEXICALFEATURES,SYNTACTICFEATURESANDTEXTUALFEATURESSOMESPECIALIZEDKNOWLEDGEISINVOLVEDINBUSINESSLETTERS,ANDTECHNICALTERMSORSPECIALIZEDVOCABULARYAREINEVITABLEITPREFERSTOUSECOMMONORFAMILIARWORDSASWELLASSIMPLIFIEDFORMSANDABBREVIATIONSMOREOVER,POSITIVEWORDSAREMO

14、REOFTENUSEDTHANNEGATIVEWORDSDECLARATIVESENTENCESAREUSUALLYUSEDTOMAKESTATEMENTSANDEXPRESSIDEASWHILEEXCLAMATORYSENTENCESARESELDOMFOUNDFORSHOWINGPERSONALFEELINGSIMPERATIVESENTENCESAREONLYUSEDTOMAKEAREQUESTORTOREMIND,USUALLYWITHTHEPOLITEWORD“PLEASE”SIMPLESENTENCESTRUCTURESHAVEAHIGHFREQUENCYINBUSINESSENG

15、LISHLETTERSHOWEVER,THEREARESTILLSOMESENTENCESWRITTENTHROUGHTHEUSEOFELABORATECOMPLEXSENTENCESTRUCTURESSIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARDSUBJECTHEADINGS,CLEARANDSHORTPARAGRAPHSASWELLASTHEUSEOFLISTSANDTABLESCONTRIBUTETOTHECLEARNESSANDCONCISENESSOFTHEBUSINESSLETTERSSEMIFORMALSALUTATIONSAREOFTENUSEDFOROBTAININGAND

16、MAINTAININGFRIENDLYRELATIONS13PURPOSEOFWRITINGBASEDONPREVIOUSSTUDIES,THISPAPERAIMSTOANALYZETHELANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONTEXTTHEFAMOUSLINGUISTINCHINA,PROFESSORHUZHUANGLIN1994DIVIDEDTHECONTEXTINTOTHREETYPES1LINGUISTICCONTEXT,WHICHREFERSTOTHEINTERNALENVIRONME

17、NTOFTHEDISCOURSE,2SITUATIONALCONTEXT,WHICHREFERSTOTHEGENERATEDENVIRONMENTOFTHEDISCOURSE,THECHARACTERISTICS,NATUREOFTHEEVENT,THESUBJECT,TIME,PLACE,MODEOFTHECONVERSATION,ETC3CULTURALCONTEXT,REFERRINGTOTHEAUTHORSORSPEAKERSHISTORICALCULTUREANDCUSTOMSSUCHACLASSIFICATIONOFCONTEXTISADOPTEDINTHEPRESENTTHESI

18、STHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOANALYZETHECONTEXTININTERNATIONALTRADEANDUNDERSTANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSINTHISSTUDY,THELANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSINCLUDELEXICALCHARACTERISTICS,CHARACTERISTICSOFWAYSOFEXPRESSIONANDCHARACTERISTICSOFTONETHROUGHTHETHEORETICALRESEARCH

19、OFCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS,THISPAPERAIMSTOIMPROVEONESABILITYTOWRITEAGOODBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERACORRECTANDDECENTBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERCOULDSTATETHEIDEACLEARER,REDUCETHEMISUNDERSTANDINGANDPROMOTETHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNATIONALTRADESMOOTHLY2CLASSIFICATIONOFCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSTHEREAREVARI

20、OUSCLASSIFICATIONSOFCONTEXTINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,CONTEXTISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEPARTSLINGUISTICCONTEXT,SITUATIONALCONTEXTANDCULTURALCONTEXTTHECRITERIONADOPTEDHEREISBASEDONTHECLASSIFICATIONPROPOSEDBYHUZHUANGLIN,ASISMENTIONEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERISTHEMAINTOOLININTERNATIONALTRADEASWELLASAPRAC

21、TICALAPPLICATIONOFBUSINESSENGLISHANDINFLUENCEDBYTHECONTEXTININTERNATIONALBUSINESSACTIVITIES321LINGUISTICCONTEXTLINGUISTICCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSISTHELANGUAGETHATCONSTITUTETHELETTERSITINCLUDESWORDS,SENTENCES,ANDSECTIONSINTHECONTEXTLINGUISTICCONTEXTHASAFUNCTIONOFRESTRICTIONOREXPLANATIONFORTHEM

22、EANINGOFTHEBUSINESSENGLISHANDITRESTRICTSTHECONCRETECONTENT,STRUCTUREOFLANGUAGE,ANDTHESTYLEOFWRITINGTHEMEANINGSOFWORDSEXISTINTHECONTEXTTOFULLYUNDERSTANDTHECHANGINGOFTHELINGUISTICCONTEXTINTHEPROCESSOFWRITINGOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSISHELPFULFORUSTOWRITEAGOODLETTERANDIMPROVETHECOMMUNICATIONABILITYTAKETH

23、EFOLLOWINGLETTERASANEXAMPLEDEARSIRS,WEHAVELEARNEDFROMOURCOMMERCIALCOUNSELORSOFFICEINLONDONTHATYOUAREINTERESTEDINIMPORTINGCHINESECOTTONPIECEGOODSASTHISITEMFALLSWITHINTHESCOPEOFOURBUSINESSACTIVITIES,WESHALLBEPLEASEDTOENTERINTODIRECTBUSINESSRELATIONSWITHYOUATANEARLYDATEINORDERTOGIVEYOUAGENERALIDEAOFTHE

24、PRODUCTSNOWAVAILABLEFOREXPORT,WESENDYOUACOPYOFOURLATESTCATALOGUEANDAPRICELISTQUOTATIONSANDSAMPLEBOOKSWILLBEAIRMAILEDTOYOUUPONRECEIPTOFYOURSPECIFICENQUIRYWELOOKFORWARDTOYOUREARLYREPLYYOURSSINCERELYLISAINTHELETTERABOVE,ITSLINGUISTICCONTEXTCONSISTSOFTHEWORDSANDSENTENCESTHATMAKEUPTHELETTERTHEWRITERISFRO

25、MANEXPORTCOMPANY,ANDWANTSTOENTERINTOBUSINESSRELATIONWITHTHECOMPANYOFTHERECEIVER22SITUATIONALCONTEXTTHESITUATIONALCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSINCLUDESTHECHARACTERISTICS,NATUREOFTHECOMMERCIALACTIVITIES,THESUBJECT,TIME,PLACE,MODEOFTHECONVERSATION,ANDSOONSITUATIONALCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHRANGESFROMG

26、LOBALBUSINESSENVIRONMENTTOASPECIFICINDUSTRYBUSINESSENVIRONMENT,ORACOMPANYSBUSINESSENVIRONMENTXULISHENG2006STATESTHATSITUATIONALCONTEXTREFERSTOTHEGENERALCONCRETELANGUAGEENVIRONMENTWHENUSINGLANGUAGETHEGENERALCONTENTSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSINCLUDEESTABLISHINGBUSINESSRELATIONS,ENQUIREANDREPLIES,QUOTATI

27、ONS,OFFERSANDCOUNTEROFFERS,SALESPROMOTIONS,ORDERS,PAYMENT,PACKING,SHIPPING,INSURANCE,CLAIMANDSETTLEMENT,ETCEVERYKINDOFLETTERREFERSTOADIFFERENTSITUATIONTHEEXAMPLELETTERABOVEISALETTERFORESTABLISHINGBUSINESSRELATIONSTHESITUATIONISTOINTRODUCETHEPRODUCTSOFTHEWRITERTOTHERECEIVERINTHEHOPEOFSTARTINGCOOPERAT

28、ION423CULTURALCONTEXTTHECULTURALCONTEXTREFERSTOTHESOCIALANDCULTURALCONVENTIONSOFTHELANGUAGECOMMUNITYTHESPEAKERBELONGSTO,WHICHINCLUDESTHEHISTORICALCULTUREANDCUSTOMSPEOPLEINDIFFERENTCULTURESHAVETHEIRWAYSOFDOINGTHINGS,SUCHASWAYSOFDRESSING,MAKINGFRIENDS,EATINGANDDEALINGWITHTROUBLESININTERNATIONALBUSINES

29、STHEBUYERSANDSELLERSCOMEFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESWITHDIFFERENTCULTURESBOTHSIDESHAVEDIFFERENTHISTORICALCULTURESANDCUSTOMSSTILLTAKETHELETTERIN21ASANEXAMPLEINTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPH,THEWRITERTELLSTHERECEIVERHOWHELEARNTTHENAMEANDADDRESSOFTHERECEIVERITISNECESSARYINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS,ESPECIALLYINTHELETTERSFORE

30、STABLISHINGBUSINESSRELATIONSSINCEBUSINESSMENRECEIVEALOTOFLETTERSEVERYDAYSOMEOFTHELETTERSAREACTUALLYJUNKMAILSNORMALLY,OFFERINGTHEINFORMATIONSOURCEOFTHERECEIVERMAYHELPENHANCETHERELIABILITYOFTHEWRITERSCOMPANY3LANGUAGECHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERISTHEINFORMATIONCARRIERTHR

31、OUGHWRITTENENGLISHFORINTERNATIONALTRADEWRITINGABUSINESSENGLISHLETTERISRESTRICTEDBYMANYELEMENTS,AMONGWHICHCONTEXTISANIMPORTANTELEMENTTHEASPECTSOFCONTEXTANALYZEDABOVEPROVIDETHESOCIALCONDITIONSINBUSINESSACTIVITIESFORBUSINESSMENTOWRITEAPPROPRIATELETTERSLISA,2008ASISPOINTEDOUT,THEGENERALCONTENTSOFBUSINES

32、SENGLISHLETTERSINCLUDEESTABLISHINGBUSINESSRELATIONS,INQUIRIESANDREPLIES,QUOTATIONS,OFFERSANDCOUNTEROFFERS,SALESPROMOTIONS,ORDERSPAYMENT,PACKING,SHIPPING,INSURANCE,CLAIMANDSETTLEMENTTHEYAREALSOANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHECONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSWHENWRITINGABUSINESSENGLISHLETTER,BUSINESSMENRELYHEAVILYO

33、NTHECONTEXTUSUALLYINTHEFOLLOWINGTWOWAYSONTHEONEHAND,THEYSHOULDMAKEEVERYWORDINTHESENTENCEBECOLLOCATEDPROPERLYWITHOTHERWORDSANDMAKESENTENCESSHOWTHETYPICALCHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSENGLISHANDTHEYARRANGEPARAGRAPHSACCORDINGTOENGLISHWRITINGPRINCIPLESANDBUSINESSENGLISHLANGUAGESTRUCTURERULESSOTHATTHELETTERSM

34、AYACHIEVEACCURACY,CLARITY,ANDFLUENCYONTHEOTHERHAND,THEYSHOULDCONSIDERTHECHANGINGFACTORSINBUSINESSENGLISHLANGUAGECOMMUNICATION,INTERNATIONALSOCIETYANDTIMEBACKGROUNDSLISA,2008TOBEMORESPECIFIC,THEFUNCTIONOFCONTEXTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSCANBEILLUSTRATEDBYTHELANGUAGECHARACTERISTICS,INCLUDINGTHELEXICALCH

35、ARACTERISTIC,THECHARACTERISTICSOFWAYSOFEXPRESSIONANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTONE31LEXICALCHARACTERISTICSWORDSINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSHAVEITSSPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSSHOWSOMEDISTINCTFEATURESINVOCABULARY,SUCHASTHEWIDEUSEOFPROFESSIONALWORDSANDABBREVIATIONSCONTEXTHASANIMPORTANTFUNCTIONIN

36、BUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSANDITCOULDHELP5READERSTOUNDERSTANDTHELETTERSBETTER311USEOFPROFESSIONALTERMSBUSINESSENGLISHISAKINDOFSOCIALFUNCTIONINGVARIANTOFGENERALENGLISH,WHICHISTHEAPPLICATIONOFGENERALENGLISHINBUSINESSENVIRONMENTANUMBEROFWORDSTHATAREFAMILIARTOPEOPLEINGENERALENGLISHENVIRONMENTMAYHAVEDIFFERENT

37、MEANINGSINBUSINESSENGLISHXIONGGUOPING,YANGYUQIN,2009WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANSOCIETYANDACCUMULATIONOFEXPERIENCE,PEOPLESTRENGTHENTHEABILITYTOKNOWTHEWORLDLANGUAGEASANIMPORTANTFORMOFCULTURALCARRIERCONSTANTLYENRICH,SOTHEOLDWORDSAREENDOWEDWITHNEWMEANINGSINTHEBUSINESSCONTEXT,SOMEWORDSHAVEANEWANDPROFESSION

38、ALMEANINGTHROUGHCONVERSIONANDBROADENINGINMEANINGFORINSTANCE,THEWORD“QUOTE”MEANSTO“REPEATAPASSAGEFROMAPAPERORDOCUMENT”INGENERALENGLISH,BUTINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERS“QUOTE”REFERSTOTHEPRICEOFTHECOMMODITY,ASINTHESENTENCE“PLEASEQUOTEUSYOURLOWESTPRICESFORPERSONALCOMPUTERS”ASANOTHEREXAMPLE,INGENERALENGLISH,“

39、DRAFT”MEANS“DRAWUPANOUTLINEORSKETCHFORSOMETHING”OR“PRELIMINARYVERSIONOFAWRITTENWORK”,BUTINCONTEXTOFBUSINESSENGLISH,“DRAFT”MEANS“ADOCUMENTORDERINGTHEPAYMENTOFMONEYDRAWNBYONEPERSONORBANKONANOTHER”,ASISUSEDINTHESENTENCE“YOUDRAFTWILLBEHONOREDONPRESENTATION”THEDIFFERENCEINMEANINGSOFAWORDINGENERALENGLISHA

40、NDBUSINESSENGLISHCANALSOBEILLUSTRATEDBYTHEWORD“CLAIM”INEVERYDAYENGLISH,“CLAIM”MEANS“ANASSERTIONTHATSOMETHINGISTRUEORFACTUAL”WHILEINBUSINESSCONTEXT,“CLAIM”REFERSTO“ANASSERTIONOFARIGHTASTOMONEYORPROPERTY”TAKETHESENTENCE“WEFILEDACLAIMAGAINSTYOUFORTHESHORTDELIVERYOF145LBS”ASANEXAMPLETHEWORD“CLAIM”INTHES

41、ENTENCEISANOUNWHICHMEANS“ANASSERTIONOFARIGHT”ITALSOCANBEUSEDASAVERB,FOREXAMPLEINTHESENTENCE“WERESERVETHERIGHTTOCLAIMCOMPENSATIONFROMYOUFORANYDAMAGE”THEREARESOMEPHRASESINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSABOUT“CLAIM”SUCHAS“ACCEPTACLAIM”,“ENTERTAINACLAIM”,“REJECTACLAIM”,“DISMISSACLAIM”,“SETTLEACLAIM”,“WITHDRAWACL

42、AIM”,ETCBUSINESSENGLISHHASALOTOFPROFESSIONALTERMSTHEUSEANDCOLLOCATIONOFTHESEWORDSARECOMPARATIVELYFIXEDANDCANNOTBECHANGEDCASUALLYFOREXAMPLE,THEPHRASE“INSURANCECOVERAGE”REFERSTOTHEINSURANCESCOPEINBUSINESSENGLISHITISTHESITUATIONALCONTEXTOFTHELETTERNOOTHERWORDSSUCHAS“RANGE”OR“ITEM”CANBEUSEDTOREPLACETHEW

43、ORD“COVERAGE”ALSO,THEWORD“AVERAGE”INTHEEXPRESSIONS“FREEFROMPARTICULARAVERAGE”AND“WITHPARTICULARAVERAGE”CANTBECHANGEDATWILLASANOTHEREXAMPLE,THE“LOSSLEADER”PRICINGSTRATEGYINMARKETINGREFERSTO“CERTAINPRODUCTSORSERVICESSOLDATAPRICEBELOWTHECOST”ITSPURPOSEISTOATTRACTCUSTOMERSTOBUYOTHERPRODUCTSORSERVICESHER

44、E“LOSSLEADER”CANNOTBEUNDERSTOODACCORDINGTOTHELITERALMEANINGSOFTHETWOWORDSSIMILARLY,INTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALLAW,“NULLANDDEVOID”USUALLYREFERSTOTHECONTRACTWHICHISNOTLEGALIN6LOGISTICSMANAGEMENT,“FREEINANDOUT”ISAKINDOFTRANSPORTATIONTERMSWHICHREFERSTOTHESHIPISNOTRESPONSIBLEFORTHELOADINGANDDISCHARGINGE

45、XPENSESZHAOPING,WUBIN,2010116312USEOFABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONISTHESHORTFORMOFAWORD,PHRASE,ETCTOSAVETIMEANDSPACE,THEREAREALOTOFABBREVIATIONSEMPLOYEDINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSABBREVIATIONSAREMORECONCISETHANORIGINALWORDS,SOTHEYAREPOPULARINBUSINESSACTIVITIESANDEASYTOREMEMBERANDUSEFORTHEBUSYBUSINESSMEN,US

46、INGABBREVIATIONSINBUSINESSENGLISHLETTERSCOULDIMPROVEEFFICIENCYBUSINESSENGLISHCONTEXTCOULDHELPTOEXPLAINTHEMEANINGSOFABBREVIATIONSINTHELETTERSMOSTOFTHEABBREVIATIONSAREUSEDFORALONGTIME,ANDTHEIRMEANINGSAREWIDELYACKNOWLEDGEDAMONGBUSINESSMENFORINSTANCE,INTHESENTENCE“WEREGRETTHATWEAREUNABLETOCONSIDERYOURRE

47、QUESTFORPAYMENTOND/ATERMSASARULE,WEASKFORPAYMENTBYL/C”,THEREARETWOABBREVIATIONS“D/A”AND“L/C”“D/A”MEANS“DOCUMENTSAGAINSTACCEPTANCE”,AND“L/C”MEANS“LETTEROFCREDIT”THEMEANINGSOF“D/A”AND“L/C”ARECLEARAMONGBUSINESSMEN,SOTHEYWOULDNTTAKEMORETIMETOEXPLAINTHEMTAKE“TRADETERMS”ASANEXAMPLETHIRTEENKINDSOFTRADETERM

48、SALSOCALLEDPRICETERMSAREACCEPTEDBYMANYCOUNTRIESININTERNATIONALTRADEEVERYINTERNATIONALTRADETERMCONSISTSOFTHREELETTERSANDFORMULATESTHERIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSOFBOTHPARTIESTHEYARESTANDARDIZEDBYINTERNATIONALCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEINLONGTERMTRADEFORINSTANCE,“CIF”MEANS“COST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT”LISHIMIN,2005BESIDEST

49、HETRADETERMS,THEREAREMANYABBREVIATIONSACKNOWLEDGEDININTERNATIONALTRADETAKE“B2B”,“B2C”,“PLS”,“MOQ”ASEXAMPLESB2B”MEANS“BUSINESSTOBUSINESSTRANSACTIONS”“B2C”MEANS“BUSINESSTOCUSTOMERTRANSACTION”“PLS”MEANS“PLEASE”“MOQ”MEANS“MINIMUMORDERQUANTITY”INADDITIONTOABBREVIATIONSREFERRINGTOBUSINESSTRANSACTIONS,SOMEABBREVIATIONSREPRESENTNAMESOFINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS,FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,FAMOUSENTERPRISE,SUCHASTHE“IMF”MEANING“INTERNATIONALMONETARYFUND”,“OPEC”REFERRINGTO“ORGANIZATIONOFPETROLEUMEXPORTINGCOUNTRIES”,“SINOPEC”STANDINGFOR“CHINAPETROLEUMTHISISRESTRICTEDBYTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCONTEXTINT