1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题人力资本、破产和资本结构资料来源加利福尼亚大学,维也纳经济管理大学作者乔纳森伯克李察斯坦顿约瑟夫治拿摘要在一个经济完全竞争的资本和劳动力市场中,我们得出的最佳劳动合同下公司股权和债权,并表明,它意味着将成为根深蒂固的员工,因此企业面临大的破产成本。权衡这些人力成本和税收优惠债务产生了企业的最佳资本结构。我们的模型提供了最佳的债务水平,符合这些观察的实践不依靠摩擦,比如道德风险和信息不对称。根据现有的经验证据,我们的模型意味着持久的个体差异。利用跨企业来表明,工资应该是对负债有力的解释。自从莫迪利亚尼和勒(1958)第一次表明,资本结构与无摩擦的经济无关,金
2、融经济学家就困惑,到底什么现实摩擦使资本结构决策非常重要多年来已形成共识至少两个摩擦是重要的企业所得税收和破产成本。一个有趣的特点,资本结构的研究是明显的脱节的学术文献和讨论并确定破产成本的热门新闻。在企业破产的新闻里,几乎总是集中在人的破产成本。这一重点是可以解释的,心理学研究表明,工作保障是最重要的一个决定因素,非自愿失业是人类幸福和快乐的重要不利影响。然而,在企业融资的文献中,这些人的破产成本很少得到注意,这就不难理解为什么了。直观地说,如果员工支付工资不应该很昂贵,那么找到新的工作和在原地的工资上存在着竞争。因此,大量人力破产成本的存在,员工必须巩固他们必须付出再也不能够找到另一个工作
3、那样的成本,或采取其他工作大大降低工资。尤其是在当公司面临破产的前景下,要出现那么多的股东员工。本文认为,这种直觉是错的。事实上,为应对劳动力市场竞争,防御是最佳的方法。在一个经济与完全竞争的资本和劳动力市场,应该期望员工面对大型人力破产成本。此外,一致的证据表明,这些间接破产成本足够大的企业要对债务使用实行重大限制。如果企业进一步恶化,使它不能产生利息甚至工资优惠,它被迫破产。在临近破产时,它可以取消其合同,员工可以被终止,改为更高效的员工。因为合同工资不下降来响应消息关于员工的生产力,员工工资此刻终止通常会大大超过其竞争市场工资。因此,这些根深蒂固的员工面临破产申请产生的巨大成2本,他们将
4、被迫采取削减工资和获得当前的市场工资。我们的贡献是获得企业最优资本结构下合同的影响因素。数额分担风险投资者和雇员的程度取决于债务。较高的债务水平意味着高概率破产或财务困境(在该国的厌恶风险的雇员接受较低的工资),从而减少风险分担。利用这种洞察力,我们得出文献中一个最优资本结构理论通过引入两个重要的摩擦,公司税务。我们模型公司贸易的好处,在于风险分担与利益税盾。来表明,这种模式有可能解决一些明显的困惑中确定的数据。例如,即使存在潜在的大税盾公司优化问题,只有适度的债务水平。而事实上,在某些情况下,要保存现金余额,尽管相关税制存在弊端,我们提出一些其他预测的横截面分布的影响。在我们的模型中,雇员支
5、付保险,提供劳动合同接受较低的工资。在其他条件不变的高杠杆,因此应给与较高的工资。出于这一见解,谢姆努尔,程,和张(2008)寻找和发现经验证据的一个积极的关系,工资和杠杆额外的假设,资本是风险小于劳动,我们的模型还预测,更多的劳动密集型企业应具有较低的杠杆。此外,由于资本密集型企业通常较大,一个跨部门之间的关系的债务水平和企业规模应该存在更高杠杆。这一预测的支持,现有的经验证据。面值与突变(1988),拉詹和津加莱斯(1995),法玛和法语(2002)所有文件的一个积极的跨部门之间的关系的杠杆作用和企业规模。最后,一个积极的关系,企业规模和工资也应该存在。有趣的是,这横断面关系已经被视为一个
6、原因不明的劳动经济学家(见棕色和迈多夫(1989)记录在案。人们普遍认为,资本结构是债务在一个交易成本与效益之间的选择。然而,尽管有广泛的协议在学者和医生对债务的好处,确定其成本,提出了更多的难题。大多数现有的文件,要求企业资本结构(或投资者)承受相当大的破产成本,但是,经验证据并不支持这样。与此相反,有证据表明,破产费用和该公司的雇员都是重要的,但这些都没有得到重视,在金融文学。我们的分析表明,合理的参数值,破产费用应由员工承担,事实上,提供了一个一阶平衡的税益债务。一个重要的简化假设,在我们的模型,我们不允许公司在遣散支付解雇的员工之前破产。放宽这一假设将复杂的分析明显,但不改变定性的结果
7、。该公司会更好一非生产性员工之前,破产,并继续他的合同工资。在现实中,道德风险来自被解雇的员工福利(他们继续获得高于市场工资从以前的雇主,他们可以补充这种收入有了新工作,在市场工资)最有可能解释了为什么这种合同是罕见的。发散我们的其他一些简化的假设会导致有趣的扩展模型。股利政策与资本结构动态决定外源公司付清所有多余的现金作为股息和永不改变的债务水平。3更一般地,我们认为,认识劳动和资本之间的相互作用,市场打开了一个新的和令人兴奋的路径为今后在公司金融的研究。分析所产生的影响可以大大改善我们理解企业的行为。4外文文献原文TITLEHUMANCAPITAL,BANKRUPTCYANDCAPITAL
8、STRUCTUREMATERIALSOURCEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,VIENNAUNIVERSITYOFECONOMICSAUTHORJONATHANBBERK,RICHARDSTANTONANDJOSEFZECHNERABSTRACTINANECONOMYWITHPERFECTLYCOMPETITIVECAPITALANDLABORMARKETS,WEDERIVETHEOPTIMALLABORCONTRACTFORFIRMSWITHBOTHEQUITYANDDEBT,ANDSHOWTHATITIMPLIESEMPLOYEESWILLBECOMEENTRENCHEDAN
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13、YETTHESEHUMANCOSTSOFBANKRUPTCYHAVERECEIVEDMINIMALATTENTIONINTHECORPORATEFINANCELITERATUREITISNOTDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDWHYINTUITIVELY,IFEMPLOYEESAREBEINGPAIDTHEIRCOMPETITIVEWAGE,ITSHOULDNOTBEVERYCOSTLYTOFINDANEWJOBATTHESAMEWAGE5THUS,FORSUBSTANTIALHUMANCOSTSOFBANKRUPTCYTOEXIST,EMPLOYEESMUSTBEENTRENCHED
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16、HATITCANNOTMAKEINTERESTPAYMENTSEVENWITHWAGECONCESSIONS,ITISFORCEDINTOBANKRUPTCYINBANKRUPTCY,ITCANABROGATEITSCONTRACTS,ANDEMPLOYEESCANBETERMINATEDANDREPLACEDWITHMOREPRODUCTIVEEMPLOYEESBECAUSECONTRACTEDWAGESNEVERFALLINRESPONSETOBADNEWSABOUTEMPLOYEEPRODUCTIVITY,EMPLOYEESWAGESATTHEMOMENTOFTERMINATIONWIL
17、LTYPICALLYBESUBSTANTIALLYGREATERTHANTHEIRCOMPETITIVEMARKETWAGESASARESULT,THESEENTRENCHEDEMPLOYEESFACESUBSTANTIALCOSTSRESULTINGFROMABANKRUPTCYFILINGTHEYWILLBEFORCEDTOTAKEAWAGECUTANDEARNTHEIRCURRENTMARKETWAGEOURSECONDCONTRIBUTIONISTODERIVETHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHISOPTIMALEMPLOYMENTCONTRACTFORTHEFIRMSCAPITA
18、LSTRUCTURETHEAMOUNTOFRISKSHARINGBETWEENINVESTORSANDEMPLOYEESDEPENDSONTHELEVELOFDEBTHIGHERDEBTLEVELSIMPLYAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCYORFINANCIALDISTRESSSTATESINWHICHTHERISKAVERSEEMPLOYEESRECEIVELOWERWAGES,ANDHENCELESSRISKSHARINGUSINGTHISINSIGHT,WEDERIVEATHEORYOFOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREBYINTRODUCINGT
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21、EVERAGESHOULDTHEREFORE6BEASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERWAGESMOTIVATEDBYTHISINSIGHT,CHEMMANUR,CHENG,ANDZHANG2008LOOKFORANDFINDEMPIRICALEVIDENCEOFAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENWAGESANDLEVERAGEWITHTHEADDITIONALASSUMPTIONTHATCAPITALISLESSRISKYTHANLABOR,OURMODELALSOPREDICTSTHATMORELABORINTENSIVEFIRMSSHOULDHAVELOWERLEVER
22、AGEINADDITION,BECAUSECAPITALINTENSIVEFIRMSTENDTOBELARGER,ACROSSSECTIONALRELATIONBETWEENDEBTLEVELSANDFIRMSIZESHOULDEXISTLARGEFIRMSSHOULDBEMOREHIGHLYLEVEREDTHISPREDICTIONISSUPPORTEDBYTHEEXISTINGEMPIRICALEVIDENCETITMANANDWESSELS1988,RAJANANDZINGALES1995ANDFAMAANDFRENCH2002ALLDOCUMENTAPOSITIVECROSSSECTI
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24、EENTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFDEBTHOWEVER,ALTHOUGHTHEREISBROADAGREEMENTAMONGACADEMICSANDPRACTITIONERSONTHEBENEFITSOFDEBT,IDENTIFYINGITSCOSTSHASPRESENTEDMOREOFAPUZZLEMOSTEXISTINGPAPERSONCAPITALSTRUCTUREREQUIREFIRMSORTHEIRINVESTORSTOBEARSIZABLEBANKRUPTCYCOSTS,BUTTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEDOESNOTSUPPORTTHISINCONTR
25、AST,THEREISEVIDENCETHATBANKRUPTCYCOSTSBORNEBYEMPLOYEESOFTHEFIRMARESIGNIFICANT,YETTHESEHAVENOTRECEIVEDMUCHATTENTIONINTHEFINANCELITERATUREOURANALYSISDEMONSTRATESTHAT,ATREASONABLEPARAMETERVALUES,THEBANKRUPTCYCOSTSBORNEBYEMPLOYEESCAN,INFACT,PROVIDEAFIRSTORDERCOUNTERBALANCETOTHETAXBENEFITSOFDEBTANIMPORTA
26、NTSIMPLIFYINGASSUMPTIONINOURMODELISTHATWEDONOTALLOWFIRMSTOMAKESEVERANCEPAYMENTSTOFIREDEMPLOYEESPRIORTOBANKRUPTCYRELAXINGTHISASSUMPTIONWOULDCOMPLICATETHEANALYSISAPPRECIABLY,BUTWOULDNOTQUALITATIVELYCHANGETHERESULTSTHEFIRMWOULDBEBETTEROFFFRINGANUNPRODUCTIVEEMPLOYEEPRIORTOBANKRUPTCY,ANDCONTINUINGTOPAYHI
27、SCONTRACTEDWAGEINREALITY,THEMORALHAZARDBENEFITSEMPLOYEESDERIVEFROMBEINGFIREDTHEYCONTINUETOEARNANABOVEMARKETWAGEFROMTHEIROLDEMPLOYERANDTHEYCANTHENSUPPLEMENTTHISINCOMEWITHANEWJOBATTHEMARKETWAGEMOSTLIKELYEXPLAINSWHYSUCHCONTRACTSAREUNCOMMONRELAXINGSOMEOFOUROTHERSIMPLIFYINGASSUMPTIONSWOULDLEADTOINTERESTI
28、NGEXTENSIONSOFTHEMODELBOTHDIVIDENDPOLICYANDDYNAMICCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSAREEXOGENOUSTHEFIRMPAYSOUTALLEXCESSCASHASDIVIDENDSANDNEVER7CHANGESTHELEVELOFDEBTMOREGENERALLY,WEBELIEVETHATRECOGNIZINGTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENLABORANDCAPITALMARKETSOPENSANEWANDEXCITINGPATHFORFUTURERESEARCHINCORPORATEFINANCEANALYZINGTHERESULTINGIMPLICATIONSCOULDSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEOURUNDERSTANDINGOFCORPORATEBEHAVIOR
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