1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题资本结构的重要决定因素之来自捷克共和国的实证资料来源经济和金融杂志作者帕特里克鲍尔现代资本结构理论,是由莫迪里安尼和米勒1958)建立的。37年之后,RAJAN和ZINGALES1995陈述“该理论显然在该主题上已取得了一些进步。我们现在明白了背离莫迪里安尼和米勒的假设,使得资本结构与公司的价值相关。然而,关于不同理论的实证相关仍然很少被了解”。同样,HARRIS和RAVIV1991在他们调查的资本结构理论中声言“调查的模型已经鉴定出一大批潜在的资本结构的决定因素。实证工作却未证明,无论怎样,这些是从不同环境内容下重要的之中挑选出来的。”因此,一些具有假设
2、的资本结构理论是存在的(都不具有普遍性),但很少人知道他们相关的实证内容。此外,现有的实证研究主要建立在发达国家G7国家的数据上。基于发展中国家的数据一直没有出现直到最近,例如BOOTHETAL2001或HUANGANDSONG2002。到目前为止,还没有关于中欧和东欧中转型国家的数据的研究被发表,至少在这位作者知识范围内。本论文的主要目的是要填补这种差距,探索捷克共和国的案例。正如HARRIS和RAVIV1991)指出“几项研究阐明关于公司和行业的特殊特点决定财务杠杆率。这些研究一般都认为杠杆随着固定资产、负债税盾、成长机会、公司规模增加以及随着广告支出与波动性、研究和发展支出、破产概率、盈
3、利能力和独特性减少。”然而理论与实证研究的结果一直都不那么明确。基于数据的可获得性,本文将对以下资本结构的决定因素进行分析规模、盈利能力、有形性、成长机会、税务、非债务税盾、波动性、产业分类。从理论的角度,规模对财务杠杆的效果是不明确的。正如RAJANANDZINGALES1995提出“较大的公司倾向于多元化和不易破产,所以规模按净销售额的对数计算可能是破产概率的相反代表。如果这样,规模对债务供应应该有一个积极的影响。然而,规模也可以代表外部投资者拥有的信息,增加他们对股权优于债务的偏好。实证研究也未给我们提供明确的信息,一些作者发现了两者的正相关关系,例如HUANG,SONG2002;RAJ
4、AN,ZINGALES1995;FRIEND,LANG1988。另一方面,一些研究报告显示负向关系,例如KESTER1986,KIMSORENSEN1986和TITMANWESSELS1988。此外,还有一些结果太少,远未达到2统计显著水平。为了代表公司的规模,在这项研究中使用销售额的自然对数就像它在大多数研究中类似的角色。另一种可能代表公司规模的是用总资产的自然对数。在这次研究中总资产的自然对数与销售额的有很高的相关性(2000年为068,2001年为070)因此,利用总资产的自然对数作为一个公司规模的代理变量应该获得相似的结果。目前关于盈利能力对杠杆的影响没有一致的预测。从权衡理论的角度来
5、看,拥有更多利润的公司应该有更高的杠杆,因为他们由于税收保护拥有更多的收益。自由现金流量理论建议,更具盈利能力的公司应该使用更多的债务来约束经理,诱导他们付出现金而不是把钱花在效率低下的项目上。然而,从优序融资理论的角度看,公司更喜欢内源融资多过外源融资。所以更盈利的公司对外源融资需求较低,因此也有更低的杠杆。大多数实证研究注意到财务杠杆与盈利能力的负相关关系。例如RAJANZINGALES1995,HUANGSONG2002,,BOOTHETAL2001,,TITMANWESSELS1988,FRIENDLANG1988和KESTER1986。在这项研究中,盈利能力通过资产收益率代表定义为息
6、税前收入除以总资产。据迈尔斯1977阐述,在未来成长机会大的公司应该使用更多的股权融资,因为一个具有较高财务杠杆的公司更有可能错过有利可图的投资机会。正如HUANGANDSONG(2002声称“这样一个投资,有效的将财富从股东转移到债权人身上。”因此,一种假设是成长机会与财务杠杆呈负相关关系。用市场价值与账面价值的比率代表成长机会,还有一个理由支持负向关系,RAJAN和ZINGALES1995的观点指出“这个理论预测,具有高的市场价值与账面价值比率的公司,财务危机成本也较高,这就是为什么我们认为是负相关。”一些实证研究证实了理论预测,例如RAJANZINGALES(1995,KIMSORENS
7、EN(1986和TITMANWESSELS(1988的报告。然而,如KESTER1986和HUANG,SONG2002证实了成长机会与财务杠杆的正面关系。在这项研究中,P/B比市场价值比上账面价值被用来代表增长机会。本文对捷克共和国上市公司资本结构的决定因素进行了分析。总的来说,捷克上市公司的财务杠杆比G7国家及大多数发展中国家要低,当使用总负债比率来衡量。在财务杠杆以市场价值表达时,不同的结果也被获得。因为很低的P/B,财务杠杆在捷克比在G7国家要高。因此,捷克的公司显示相对较低的杠杆,当用账面价值计量,但财务杠杆较高,当用市场价值评估。根据实证分析的结果显示,捷克上市公司的财务杠杆与规模呈
8、正相关,此结果支持了破产概率的相反观点。财务杠杆与利润呈负相关。这一发现与优序融资理论一致,而不是静态权衡模型。有形性与财务杠杆间呈负相关与理论预测相矛盾,这个结果的原因需要一些理论的支持而本研究未提供。财务杠杆与之间的关系P/B比率代表成长机会是负相关,假设以市场价值衡量。这个结果3证实了拥有更高未来发展机会的公司应该使用更多的股权融资。推测出这些发现是仍存在问题,因为较低水平的统计数据。然而,在税的案例中,结果与理论预测一致。非债务税盾与财务杠杆负相关与理论预测相符,并显示非债务税盾代替DEBTRELATED税盾。关于工业因素的假设,很难与其他的研究比较结果,因为样本量只允许区分有限数量的
9、类别。在产业分类,特别是基于捷克统计局分类,也在比较上导致其他的问题。然而,结果证明了工业之间的杠杆差异,没有发现财务杠杆与波动性的关系。当涉及规模、盈利能力和负债税盾,结果与其他大多数实证研究的结论相似。在有形性的案例中,研究结果与发展中国家获得的结果一致,而成长机会的结果却与发达国家获得的结果一致。在研究税收和波动性时,结果和比较都不清楚。总之,捷克共和国上市公司的财务杠杆似乎与G7国家以及文中列示发展中国家的上市公司的决定因素一致。模型应用于该研究的解释力也相对较高。4外文文献原文TITLEDETERMINANTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFR
10、OMTHECZECHREPUBLICMATERIALSOURCECZECHJOURNALOFECONOMICSANDFINANCEAUTHORPATRIKBAUERTHEMODERNTHEORYOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREWASESTABLISHEDBYMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958THIRTYSEVENYEARSLATER,RAJANANDZINGALES1995,P1421STATEDTHEORYHASCLEARLYMADESOMEPROGRESSONTHESUBJECTWENOWUNDERSTANDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDEPARTURESFROMTHE
11、MODIGLIANIANDMILLERASSUMPTIONSTHATMAKECAPITALSTRUCTURERELEVANTTOAFIRMSVALUEHOWEVER,VERYLITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTHEEMPIRICALRELEVANCEOFTHEDIFFERENTTHEORIESSIMILARLY,HARRISANDRAVIV1991,P299INTHEIRSURVEYOFCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESCLAIMEDTHEMODELSSURVEYEDHAVEIDENTIFIEDALARGENUMBEROFPOTENTIALDETERMINANTSOFCAPIT
12、ALSTRUCTURETHEEMPIRICALWORKSOFARHASNOT,HOWEVER,SORTEDOUTWHICHOFTHESEAREIMPORTANTINVARIOUSCONTEXTSTHUS,SEVERALCONDITIONALTHEORIESOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREEXISTNONEISUNIVERSAL,BUTVERYLITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTHEIREMPIRICALRELEVANCEMOREOVER,THEEXISTINGEMPIRICALEVIDENCEISBASEDMAINLYONDATAFROMDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESG7COUNT
13、RIESFINDINGSBASEDONDATAFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHAVENOTAPPEAREDUNTILRECENTLYFOREXAMPLEBOOTHETAL20011ORHUANGANDSONG20022SOFAR,NOSTUDYHASBEENPUBLISHEDBASEDONDATAFROMTRANSITIONCOUNTRIESOFCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE,ATLEASTTOTHEEXTENTOFTHISAUTHORSKNOWLEDGETHEMAINGOALOFTHISPAPERISTOFILLTHISGAP,EXPLORINGTHECASE
14、OFTHECZECHREPUBLICASHARRISANDRAVIV1991,P334STATESEVERALSTUDIESSHEDLIGHTONTHESPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSOFFIRMSANDINDUSTRIESTHATDETERMINELEVERAGERATIOSTHESESTUDIESGENERALLYAGREETHATLEVERAGEINCREASESWITHFIXEDASSETS,NONDEBTTAXSHIELDS,GROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,ANDFIRMSIZEANDDECREASESWITHVOLATILITY,ADVERTISINGEXPE
15、NDITURES,RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTEXPENDITURES,BANKRUPTCYPROBABILITY,PROFITABILITYANDUNIQUENESSOFTHEPRODUCTHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFBOTHTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALSTUDIESARENOTALWAYSUNAMBIGUOUSBASEDONTHEDATAAVAILABILITY,THEFOLLOWINGDETERMINANTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREAREANALYSEDINTHISPAPERSIZE,PROFITABILITY,TANGIBILI
16、TY,GROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,TAX,NONDEBTTAXSHIELDS,VOLATILITY,ANDINDUSTRYCLASSIFICATION5FROMTHETHEORETICALPOINTOFVIEW,THEEFFECTOFSIZEONLEVERAGEISAMBIGUOUSASCLAIMLARGERFIRMSTENDTOBEMOREDIVERSIFIEDANDFAILLESSOFTEN,SOSIZECOMPUTEDASTHELOGARITHMOFNETSALESMAYBEANINVERSEPROXYFORTHEPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCYIFSO,SIZ
17、ESHOULDHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHESUPPLYDEBTHOWEVER,SIZEMAYALSOBEAPROXYFORTHEINFORMATIONOUTSIDEINVESTORSHAVE,WHICHSHOULDINCREASETHEIRPREFERENCEFOREQUITYRELATIVETODEBTALSOEMPIRICALSTUDIESDONOTPROVIDEUSWITHCLEARINFORMATIONSOMEAUTHORSFINDAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENSIZEANDLEVERAGE,FOREXAMPLEHUANGANDSONG2002,R
18、AJANANDZINGALES19957ANDFRIENDANDLANG1988ONTHEOTHERHAND,SOMESTUDIESREPORTANEGATIVERELATION,FOREXAMPLEKESTER,1986,KIMSORENSEN,1986ANDTITMANWESSELS,1988MOREOVER,THERESULTSAREVERYOFTENWEAKASFARASTHELEVELOFSTATISTICALSIGNIFICANCEISCONCERNEDTOPROXYFORTHESIZEOFACOMPANY,THENATURALLOGARITHMOFSALESISUSEDINTHI
19、SSTUDYASITISINMOSTSTUDIESOFSIMILARCHARACTERANOTHERPOSSIBILITYISTOPROXYTHESIZEOFACOMPANYBYTHENATURALLOGARITHMOFTOTALASSETSINTHISSTUDYTHEREISAHIGHCORRELATIONBETWEENTHENATURALLOGARITHMOFTOTALASSETSANDTHENATURALLOGARITHMOFSALES068IN2000,070IN2001,THEREFORETHEUSEOFTHENATURALLOGARITHMOFTOTALASSETSASAPROXY
20、VARIABLEFORTHESIZEOFACOMPANYSHOULDLEADTOSIMILARRESULTSTHEREARENOCONSISTENTTHEORETICALPREDICTIONSONTHEEFFECTSOFPROFITABILITYONLEVERAGEFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHETRADEOFFTHEORY,MOREPROFITABLECOMPANIESSHOULDHAVEHIGHERLEVERAGEBECAUSETHEYHAVEMOREINCOMETOSHIELDFROMTAXESTHEFREECASHFLOWTHEORYWOULDSUGGESTTHATMOR
21、EPROFITABLECOMPANIESSHOULDUSEMOREDEBTINORDERTODISCIPLINEMANAGERS,TOINDUCETHEMTOPAYOUTCASHINSTEADOFSPENDINGMONEYONINEFFICIENTPROJECTSHOWEVER,FROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORY,FIRMSPREFERINTERNALFINANCINGTOEXTERNALSOMOREPROFITABLECOMPANIESHAVEALOWERNEEDFOREXTERNALFINANCINGANDTHEREFORESHOULDHAV
22、ELOWERLEVERAGEMOSTEMPIRICALSTUDIESOBSERVEANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLEVERAGEANDPROFITABILITY,FOREXAMPLERAJANZINGALES,1995,HUANGSONG,2002,BOOTHETAL,2001,TITMANWESSELS,1988,FRIENDLANG,1988ANDKESTER,1986INTHISSTUDY,PROFITABILITYISPROXIEDBYRETURNONASSETSDEFINEDASEARNINGSBEFOREINTERESTANDTAXESDIVIDEDBYT
23、OTALASSETSACCORDINGTOMYERS1977,FIRMSWITHHIGHFUTUREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESSHOULDUSEMOREEQUITYFINANCING,BECAUSEAHIGHERLEVERAGEDCOMPANYISMORELIKELYTO6PASSUPPROFITABLEINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESASHUANGANDSONG2002,P9CLAIMSUCHANINVESTMENTEFFECTIVELYTRANSFERSWEALTHFROMSTOCKHOLDERSTODEBTHOLDERSTHEREFOREANEGATIVEREL
24、ATIONBETWEENGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESANDLEVERAGEISPREDICTEDASMARKETTOBOOKRATIOISUSEDINORDERTOPROXYFORGROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,THEREISONEMOREREASONTOEXPECTANEGATIVERELATIONASRAJANANDZINGALES1995,P1455POINTOUTTHETHEORYPREDICTSTHATFIRMSWITHHIGHMARKETTOBOOKRATIOSHAVEHIGHERCOSTSOFFINANCIALDISTRESS,WHICHISWHYWEEXPEC
25、TANEGATIVECORRELATIONSOMEEMPIRICALSTUDIESCONFIRMTHETHEORETICALPREDICTION,SUCHASRAJANZINGALES,1995,KIMSORENSEN,1986ORTITMANWESSELS,1988REPORTHOWEVER,FOREXAMPLE,KESTER1986ANDHUANGANDSONG2002DEMONSTRATEAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESANDLEVERAGEINTHISSTUDY,THEP/BRATIOMARKETTOBOOKRATIOISUSEDA
26、SAPROXYFORGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESINTHISPAPER,THEDETERMINANTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREOFLISTEDCOMPANIESINTHECZECHREPUBLICAREANALYSEDINGENERAL,CZECHLISTEDFIRMSEXHIBITLOWERLEVERAGETHANFIRMSING7COUNTRIESANDFIRMSINTHEMAJORITYOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,WHENMEASUREDBYBOOKTOTALLIABILITIESRATIODIFFERENTRESULTSAREOBTAINEDWHE
27、NLEVERAGEISEXPRESSEDINMARKETVALUEBECAUSEOFVERYLOWP/BRATIO,LEVERAGEINTHECZECHREPUBLICISHIGHERTHANING7COUNTRIESTHUS,CZECHFIRMSSHOWRELATIVELYLOWLEVERAGEMEASUREDINBOOKVALUE,BUTHIGHLEVERAGEASSESSEDINMARKETVALUEACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSOFEMPIRICALANALYSIS,LEVERAGEOFCZECHLISTEDFIRMSISPOSITIVELYCORRELATEDWITHSI
28、ZE,THISRESULTSUPPORTSTHEVIEWOFSIZEASANINVERSEPROXYFORTHEPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCYLEVERAGEISNEGATIVELYCORRELATEDWITHPROFITABILITYTHISFINDINGISCONSISTENTWITHTHEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESISRATHERTHANWITHSTATICTRADEOFFMODELSANEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENTANGIBILITYANDLEVERAGEISINCONTRADICTIONWITHTHEORETICALPREDICTION
29、THEREASONFORTHISRESULTWOULDNEEDSOMETHEORETICALSUPPORT,WHICHISNOTPROVIDEDBYTHISSTUDYTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLEVERAGEANDP/BRATIOPROXYFORGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESISNEGATIVE,GIVENTHATTHELEVERAGEISMEASUREDINMARKETVALUETHISRESULTCONFIRMSTHATFIRMSWITHHIGHERFUTUREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESSHOULDUSEMOREEQUITYFINANCINGITISP
30、ROBLEMATICTOSPECULATEABOUTTHESEFINDINGSBECAUSEOFTHELOWERLEVELOFSTATISTICALSIGNIFICANCEHOWEVER,INTHECASEOFTAX,THERESULTISINACCORDANCEWITHTHEORETICALPREDICTIONANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENLEVERAGEANDNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSISINACCORDANCEWITHTHEORETICALPREDICTIONANDSHOWSNONDEBTTAXSHIELDSASSUBSTITUTESTODEBTRELA
31、TEDTAXSHIELDCONCERNINGINDUSTRYDUMMIES,ITISDIFFICULT7TOCOMPARETHERESULTSWITHOTHERSTUDIESBECAUSESAMPLESIZEALLOWSONETODISTINGUISHONLYALIMITEDNUMBEROFCATEGORIESTHEINDUSTRYCLASSIFICATIONIS,MOREOVER,BASEDONTHECZECHSTATISTICALOFFICECLASSIFICATION,WHICHCAUSESOTHERPROBLEMSINCOMPARISONHOWEVER,THERESULTSPROVET
32、HEDIFFERENCESINLEVERAGEBETWEENINDUSTRIESNORELATIONSHIPWASFOUNDBETWEENLEVERAGEANDVOLATILITYWHENITCONCERNSSIZE,PROFITABILITYANDNONDEBTTAXSHIELDS,THERESULTSARESIMILARTOTHECONCLUSIONSOFMOSTOTHEREMPIRICALSTUDIESINTHECASEOFTANGIBILITY,THEFINDINGSOFTHISSTUDYCORRESPONDTOTHERESULTSOBTAINEDFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTR
33、IES,WHEREASINTHECASEOFGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESTHEFINDINGSAREINACCORDANCEWITHTHERESULTSOBTAINEDFORDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESRESULTSANDCOMPARISONSARENOTCLEARINCASESOFTAXANDVOLATILITYINGENERAL,LEVERAGEOFLISTEDFIRMSINTHECZECHREPUBLICSEEMSTOBEDETERMINEDBYTHESAMEFACTORSASLEVERAGEOFLISTEDFIRMSING7COUNTRIESANDINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESREPORTEDINTHISPAPERTHEEXPLANATORYPOWEROFMODELSUSEDINTHISSTUDYISRELATIVELYHIGH
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