1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题资产流动性和资本结构资料来源财务分析与定量分析杂志作者VALERIYSIBILKOV1资产流动性在杠杆调节作用中的积极效应WILLIAMSON(1988)ANDSHLEIFERANDVISHNY(1992)认为如果流动资产较多,则会产生较大的杠杆作用。WILLIAMSON1988假定如果资产更具流动性,或者能更加“灵活”地运用,企业就更应该进行负债融资,因为银行和公共债务市场会从融资中收取较低的成本,即在监测和清算中,债券持有人对流动资产的持有只付出较低成本。因此,在杠杆作用下,企业资产的流动性越高,就更可以进行风险投资。SHLEIFERANDVISHNY
2、(1992)在资产的流动性和资本结构的相关性上也做了一个相似的预测资产流动性影响着预期成本,如果以较高折扣卖出流动性较小的资产,那么它在财务危机中也只会增加资产清盘的预期费用。为了避免非流动资产的昂贵的清理费用,管理者可以减少类似错误发生的可能并因此减少预期的费用。如果资产具有较高的流动性,企业减少预期的财务费用就可以更多地进行负债融资,增加债务的金额数量。资产流动性的最佳杠杆作用与平衡的资本结构模型的积极作用是一致的。比如HARRISANDRAVIV(1990)认为为了获得一个稳定的收益率,企业通过对自身能力的观察,然后可以利用债务,在公司的操作性政策上做出必要的改变。当选择一个适当水平的债
3、务,那么投资者必定要在预期违约成本和在接受公司经营政策的改进中作出一个抉择。如果资产流动性增加了,拖欠的费用减少了,投资者就更可能会利用债务去获得公司的信息。资产流动性这个角色在HARRISANDRAVIVS1990以及其他平衡模型,和在SHLEIFERANDVISHNY(1992)中提及的相似,像预期成本,在某种程度上和资产流动性,和负债收益是平衡的。2资产流动性在杠杆调节作用中的负面影响或无足轻重的影响资产流动性可能不会增加杠杆作用有如下几个原因首先,MORELLEC(2001)提出资产流动性的杠杆作用阻碍了资产的处置,因为资产的出售会获得较高的清算价值,而只消耗较低成本,资产流动性越高,
4、资产销售收益则会越好。但是反过来说,资产的销售减少了公司资产的规模大小和资产的整体价值,因此对债权人来说是不利的,即通过对公司资产规模的2限制来阻止资产的出售并且从债权人的角度来说可以在资产清算时增加其价值。MORELLEC(2001)因此在债务合同中以资产作为担保,预测了资产的流动性和杠杆作用之间是一个积极的关系,并且管理者在这些资产上没有处置的意义;若资产不为贷款做抵押,那么资产流动性和杠杆作用之间是一个负面的关系。第二,MYERSANDRAJAN(1998)注意到如果资产流动性越大,那么对管理者来说在公司资产公允价值进行转换时成本也越低,在管理者多资产进行控制的时候也会消耗较低成本,例如
5、公司资产清算。但是这两个效应造成了管理者和外部投资者之间的一个冲突,它将随着资产流动性的增加而增长。这种冲突会通过限制管理者转变资产的公允价值而得到解决(即减少转型风险)。在这种转型风险较低的情况下,投资者在投资基金时的相关期望费用就更低了,这意味着债务将变得廉价,而且将会得到更多的应用。MYERSANDRAJANS(1998)因此预测了一个模型,在缺乏转型风险的情况下,资产流动性将会达到最佳杠杆的作用,而在存在转型风险下,资产流动性和杠杆作用的关系是呈曲线状态的。另外,MYERSANDRAJAN(1998)ANDMORELLEC(2001)在资产流动性和杠杆作用的关系上也做了相似的预测,资产
6、管理者可以改变公司资产。而MYERSANDRAJANS(1998)有不同的观点,他们提出即使管理者可以改变资产,他们也不会在资产流动性水平较低时这样做,因为他们在经营公司资产时获得的私人收益远大于在转变资产情况下获得的收益。与此相反,MORELLEC(2001)认为,在资产处于低流动水平状态下,管理者随着资产流动性而出售资产的概率会增加,那么它将降低额外的成本和债务。第三,与债务损益比较,如果资产清算的预期花费较小,那么资产流动性就不应影响资本结构决定。第四,由于代理问题、风险回避和不愿面对债务压力的情况,管理者可能会认为债务少是最佳选择。BERGER,OFEK,ANDYERMACK(1997
7、)认为管理者承担较小债务是较明智的选择,可能会减少痛苦的概率并且可以保护他们的人力资本。如果举债的概率低于其他机关或者有其他原因,那么资产流动性的边际效益和与预期成本都会降低,资产流动性和杠杆作用之间的关系也会变弱或变的无足轻重。第五,高额的资本结构调整费用可能会让公司为了改变资产流动性而重新调整他们的债务,这种情况明显偏离了资产流动性产生的最佳效果。3与资产流动性相关的措施对资产流动性的研究在衡量其流动性方面面临着较大的困难。市场不是为3了公司资产而存在的,在市场组织文学中也没有日报援引关于资产流动性的估计措施。然而近期,SCHLINGEMANNETAL(2002)提出了一个关于资产流动性的
8、新的措施,那就是流动性指标。流动性指标的估计可以分为两步首先,流动资产索引在企业财产的总账面价值中被估计为公司交易的总价值。其次,稳定的流动资产等同于行业流动性指标的平均值,这是通过资产的账面价值权衡而定的。实质上,流动性指标假设资产流动性在一定程度上主要取决于该公司所处的行业。在公司资产的流动性方面,流动资产和固定资产的持有依然存在问题。如果公司为了增加其现金持有量,卖出生产性资产而降低资产的流动性,那么流动资产的持有对公司的其他资产的流动性可能会产生消极的影响。最后,固定资产与总资产的比例不能解释有形资产的流动性或者公司的无形资产将会成为公司资产整体流动性中一个非常重要的组成部分。因此,流
9、动性指标的最低标准是必须同时出现理论和实际上的优势。4外文文献原文TITLEASSETLIQUIDITYANDCAPITALSTRUCTUREMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFFINANCIALANDQUANTITATIVEANALYSISAUTHORVALERIYSIBILKOVAPOSITIVEEFFECTSOFASSETLIQUIDITYONLEVERAGEWILLIAMSON1988ANDSHLEIFERANDVISHNY1992ARGUETHATMORELIQUIDASSETSINCREASEOPTIMALLEVERAGEWILLIAMSON1988POSITSTHATA
10、SSETSTHATAREMORELIQUID,ORMORE“REDEPLOYABLE,”SHOULDBEFINANCEDWITHDEBTMOREOFTEN,BECAUSEBANKSANDPUBLICDEBTMARKETSINCURLOWERCOSTSFROMFINANCINGTHESEASSETSTHATIS,LIQUIDASSETSARELESSCOSTLYTOMONITORANDLIQUIDATEFORBONDHOLDERSTHEREFORE,HIGHERASSETLIQUIDITYINCREASESTHEAMOUNTOFCAPITALFIRMSCANBORROW,ASWELLASTHEO
11、PTIMALLEVERAGESHLEIFERANDVISHNY1992MAKEASIMILARPREDICTIONABOUTTHERELATIONBETWEENASSETLIQUIDITYANDCAPITALSTRUCTURE,ARGUINGTHATASSETLIQUIDITYAFFECTSTHEEXPECTEDCOSTSOFDISTRESSBECAUSELESSLIQUIDASSETSSELLATHIGHERDISCOUNTSRELATIVETOTHEIRFAIRVALUES,WHICHTHENINCREASESTHEEXPECTEDCOSTSOFASSETLIQUIDATIONINTHEE
12、VENTOFFINANCIALDISTRESSTOAVOIDCOSTLYLIQUIDATIONASSOCIATEDWITHILLIQUIDASSETS,MANAGERSREDUCELEVERAGEEXANTETOLOWERTHEPROBABILITYOFDEFAULTANDREDUCEEXPECTEDDISTRESSCOSTSHIGHERASSETLIQUIDITY,ONTHEOTHERHAND,DECREASESTHEEXPECTEDCOSTSOFFINANCIALDISTRESS,ALLOWSCOMPANIESTOTAKEONMOREDEBTEXANTE,ANDINCREASESTHEOP
13、TIMALAMOUNTOFDEBTTHEPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENASSETLIQUIDITYANDOPTIMALLEVERAGEISCONSISTENTWITHSOMETRADEOFFMODELSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREFOREXAMPLE,HARRISANDRAVIV1990ARGUETHATINVESTORSEXPLOITDEBTTOOBTAININFORMATIONABOUTAFIRMSPROFITABILITYBYFIRSTOBSERVINGTHEFIRMSABILITYTOMAKECONTRACTUALPAYMENTSATDIFFERENTLEVEL
14、SOFLEVERAGE,ANDTHENMAKINGNECESSARYCHANGESTOTHECOMPANYSOPERATINGPOLICIESWHENCHOOSINGTHEAPPROPRIATELEVELOFDEBT,INVESTORSTRADEOFFTHEEXPECTEDCOSTSOFDEFAULTAGAINSTPOTENTIALIMPROVEMENTSINTHEOPERATINGPOLICYOFAFIRMASASSETLIQUIDITYINCREASES,THECOSTSOFDEFAULTDROP,ANDINVESTORSAREMORELIKELYTOUSEDEBTTOOBTAININFO
15、RMATIONABOUTTHECOMPANYTHEROLEOFASSETLIQUIDITYINHARRISANDRAVIVS1990ANDOTHERTRADEOFFMODELSISSIMILARTOTHATINSHLEIFERANDVISHNY1992,SUCHTHATTHEEXPECTEDCOSTSOFDEFAULT,DETERMINEDINPARTBYASSETLIQUIDITY,AREBALANCEDAGAINSTTHEBENEFITSOFDEBT5BNEGATIVEORINSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSOFASSETLIQUIDITYONLEVERAGEASSETLIQUIDIT
16、YMIGHTNOTINCREASELEVERAGEFORSEVERALREASONSFIRST,MORELLEC2001ARGUESTHATTHEEFFECTOFASSETLIQUIDITYONLEVERAGEDEPENDSONWHETHERRESTRICTIONSAREPLACEDONASSETDISPOSITIONHIGHERASSETLIQUIDITYMAKESASSETSALESMORELIKELYBECAUSEOFTHELOWERCOSTSOFSELLINGASSETSANDTHEHIGHERLIQUIDATIONVALUESINTURN,ASSETSALESREDUCETHESIZ
17、EANDVALUEOFAFIRMSASSETSUPONCLOSUREANDTHEREFOREAREBADFORCREDITORSIMPOSINGRESTRICTIONSONTHEFIRMSASSETSPREVENTSASSETSALESANDINCREASESEXPECTEDASSETVALUEINLIQUIDATIONFORCREDITORSMORELLEC2001THEREFOREPREDICTSAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENASSETLIQUIDITYANDLEVERAGEWHENASSETSSERVEASCOLLATERALFORDEBTCONTRACTSANDMAN
18、AGERSHAVENODISCRETIONOVERTHOSEASSETS,ANDANEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENASSETLIQUIDITYANDLEVERAGEWHENTHEASSETSARENOTTIEDUPASCOLLATERALSECOND,MYERSANDRAJAN1998NOTETHATGREATERASSETLIQUIDITYMAKESITLESSCOSTLYFORMANAGERSTOTRANSFORMFIRMASSETSANDEXPROPRIATEVALUEFROMINVESTORSGREATERASSETLIQUIDITYALSOMAKESITLESSCOST
19、LYFORINVESTORSTOEXERCISECONTROLOVERMANAGERS,SUCHASBYLIQUIDATINGTHEFIRMTHESETWOEFFECTSRESULTINACONFLICTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOUTSIDEINVESTORS,WHICHINCREASESWITHGREATERASSETLIQUIDITYTHECONFLICTMAYBERESOLVEDBYLIMITINGMANAGERSABILITYTOTRANSFORMASSETSANDEXPROPRIATEVALUEIE,REDUCINGTRANSFORMATIONRISKWITHLOWERT
20、RANSFORMATIONRISK,INVESTORSFACELOWEREXPECTEDCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHPROVIDINGFUNDS,WHICHMEANSDEBTBECOMESCHEAPERANDGETSUSEDMOREOFTENMYERSANDRAJANS1998MODELTHUSPREDICTSTHATINTHEABSENCEOFTRANSFORMATIONRISK,OPTIMALLEVERAGEINCREASESINASSETLIQUIDITY,WHEREASINTHEPRESENCEOFTRANSFORMATIONRISK,THERELATIONBETWEENLE
21、VERAGEANDASSETLIQUIDITYISCURVILINEARINOTHERWORDS,WHEREASMYERSANDRAJAN1998ANDMORELLEC2001MAKESIMILARPREDICTIONSABOUTTHERELATIONBETWEENASSETLIQUIDITYANDLEVERAGEWHENMANAGERSHAVENODISCRETIONOVERASSETS,THEIRPREDICTIONSDIVERGEWHENMANAGERSCANTRANSFORMFIRMASSETSTHEDIFFERENCESTEMSFROMMYERSANDRAJANS1998CLAIMT
22、HATEVENIFMANAGERSCANTRANSFORMASSETS,THEYWILLNOTDOSOATLOWLEVELSOFASSETLIQUIDITY,BECAUSETHEYDERIVEPRIVATEBENEFITSFROMOPERATINGFIRMASSETSTHATAREGREATERTHANTHEGAINSTHEYWOULDRECEIVEFROMTRANSFORMINGTHEASSETSINCONTRAST,MORELLEC2001ARGUESTHATTHEPROBABILITYTHATMANAGERSWILLSELLASSETSINCREASESWITHASSETLIQUIDIT
23、Y,EVENATLOWLIQUIDITYLEVELS,WHICHIMPOSESADDITIONALCOSTSONFINANCIERSANDREDUCESTHEOPTIMALAMOUNTOFDEBTTHIRD,IFTHEPROBABILITYANDEXPECTEDCOSTSOFLIQUIDATIONAREECONOMICALLY6SMALLCOMPAREDWITHTHEBENEFITSOFDEBT,ASSETLIQUIDITYSHOULDNOTAFFECTCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSFOURTH,DUETOAGENCYPROBLEMS,RISKAVERSION,ANDARE
24、LUCTANCETOFACETHEPERFORMANCEPRESSURESASSOCIATEDWITHDEBT,MANAGERSMIGHTPREFERLESSDEBTTHANISOPTIMALBERGER,OFEK,ANDYERMACK1997REVEALTHATENTRENCHEDMANAGERSTAKEONLESSDEBTTHANISOPTIMAL,POSSIBLYTODECREASETHEPROBABILITYOFDISTRESSANDPROTECTTHEIRHUMANCAPITALIFLEVERAGEANDTHEPROBABILITYOFDISTRESSARELOWFORAGENCYO
25、ROTHERREASONS,THEMARGINALEFFECTOFASSETLIQUIDITYONEXPECTEDDISTRESSCOSTSSHOULDALSOBELOW,ANDTHERELATIONBETWEENASSETLIQUIDITYANDLEVERAGEWILLBECOMEWEAKORINSIGNIFICANTFIFTH,HIGHCAPITALSTRUCTUREADJUSTMENTCOSTSMIGHTKEEPCOMPANIESFROMADJUSTINGTHEIRDEBTINRESPONSETOCHANGESINASSETLIQUIDITY,INWHICHCASESIGNIFICANT
26、DEVIATIONSFROMTHEOPTIMUMWILLATTENUATETHEEFFECTOFASSETLIQUIDITYONTHECAPITALSTRUCTURECMEASUREOFASSETLIQUIDITYRESEARCHONASSETLIQUIDITYFACESTHESIGNIFICANTDIFFICULTYOFMEASURINGTHELIQUIDITYOFASSETSNOORGANIZEDMARKETPLACEEXISTSFORCORPORATEASSETS,ANDNOOBSERVABLEDAILYQUOTESESTIMATETHEMEASURESOFLIQUIDITYCOMMON
27、LYUSEDINMARKETMICROSTRUCTURELITERATURERECENTLY,HOWEVER,SCHLINGEMANNETAL2002PROPOSEDANEWMEASUREOFASSETLIQUIDITY,THELIQUIDITYINDEXTHELIQUIDITYINDEXISESTIMATEDINTWOSTEPSFIRST,THEINDUSTRYLIQUIDITYINDEXISESTIMATEDASTHERATIOOFTHETOTALVALUEOFCORPORATETRANSACTIONSTOTHETOTALBOOKVALUEOFASSETSINTHEINDUSTRYSECO
28、ND,THEFIRMLIQUIDITYINDEXEQUALSTHEAVERAGEOFTHEINDUSTRYLIQUIDITYINDICESOFSEGMENTSINDUSTRIES,WEIGHTEDBYTHESEGMENTSTOTALBOOKVALUEOFASSETSINESSENCE,THELIQUIDITYINDEXASSUMESTHATASSETLIQUIDITYATTHEFIRMLEVELDEPENDSPRIMARILYONTHECONDITIONSINTHEFIRMSINDUSTRYCURRENTASSETHOLDINGSANDFIXEDASSETSAREALSOPROBLEMATIC
29、MEASURESOFTHELIQUIDITYOFAFIRMSASSETSHOLDINGSOFCURRENTASSETSEVENMAYRELATENEGATIVELYTOTHELIQUIDITYOFOTHERFIRMASSETSIFTHEFIRMINCREASESITSCASHHOLDINGSWHENASSETLIQUIDITYISLOWTOREDUCETHEPROBABILITYOFSELLINGPRODUCTIVEASSETSFORCASHFINALLY,ASSETTANGIBILITY,ORTHERATIOOFFIXEDASSETSTOTOTALASSETS,DOESNOTACCOUNTF
30、ORTHELIQUIDITYOFTANGIBLEASSETS4ORFORTHEFACTTHATTHECOMPANYSINTANGIBLEASSETSMAYBEANIMPORTANTCOMPONENTOFOVERALLFIRMASSETLIQUIDITYTHEBOTTOMLINE,THEREFORE,ISTHATTHELIQUIDITYINDEXAPPEARSTOHAVEBOTHTHEORETICALANDPRACTICALADVANTAGESOVERALTERNATIVELIQUIDITYMEASURESTHISVIEWISSUPPORTEDBYADDITIONALTESTSREPORTEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION
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