1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题短期偿债能力资料来源HTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/作者伯顿G梅尔克尔为了能充分体现企业的灵活性,企业需要一些随时用于支付的现金。为此,企业必须要有以短期流动性形式存在的可用货币资金。这些高流动性资产包括企业的库存现金和银行存款,还包括现金等价物,即企业持有的期限短、流动性强、容易转化为已知金额现金、价值变动风险很小的投资等。包括现金、可随时用于支付的银行存款和其他货币资金。这些流动资产和半流动资产将与企业必须在不久的将来支付的款项密切地联系在一起,因此具有非常重大的意义。在这种方式下,就需要企业在某些资金的流动性和债务需求上达
2、到平衡,所以就很需要企业在两个对立的力量之间建立新的平衡一方面一个企业必须保证具有一定的流动性资金以避免流动性不足的严重问题,另一个方面,企业必须最大限度地发挥流动资金的作用来提高盈利能力,因为流动性的金融资产或半流动性的金融资产,它们的盈利几乎为零。企业应该在资金的流动性和收益性这两个方面作出权衡,寻求不同时期的最佳资金平衡点,对企业的发展具有十分重大的意义。企业必须知道在过去的会计年度里企业的现金流动量。这个观点本身的历史很有趣,但首先,这是因为从现金流量所构成的信息里,企业可以预测其偿付能力在未来将是如何演变的。当然,每个企业都要展望未来,他们应该从过去的数据中提取所有有效的信息,并将它
3、纳入估计。现金流量是由两个英语单词组成的,现金(对应的现金正如我们所看到的,是数字的概念,具有可用性,是准备好的钱,等等)和流量(继续,流通的问题)组成的一个专业术语。现金流量是一个特定时期的标志。这个现金流量可以被看作是企业的资源,是安全的、经常使用帐户中的现金和其他立即可用的现金。我们可以把现金流量当作目前一个确定的期限内的现金的收入和支付(理解为货币资金),这被称为现金流量表(虽然不太准确,但作为普遍接受的意义,称为已经产生的现金流量)。关于现金流量(现金流量表),费尔南德斯佩纳教授是这样定义的“现金流量是指将企业一定时期内现金或现金等价物的流入和流出的数量反映在资产负债表和利润表上,反
4、映的是一个确定的时期内企业最初和最后的现金状况。2定义了现金流量的概念并指定了现金流量的内容后,我们可以知道对企业而言,现金流量是一个非常重要且有效的工具,通过现金流量,企业可以进一步认识和探讨短期内企业的偿付能力。在这个意义上说,现金流量分析已逐渐构成了正规化,企业可以通过对支付手段的现阶段研究,确定现金流入与流出的差值,然后再通过动态和静态的比较来进行分析。从静态分析的比较看来,现金流量是两个不同的时间段的比较,期初与期末,两者之间的差值会显示出这段时间内现金流动的变化伪动态分析,通过资产负债表和利润表的研究,以此确定是什么原因引起了现金流动情况的变化。这其实是对现金流量研究对象的应用和企
5、业的偿付能力的研究1在历史方面,现金流量是在过去就已经形成了,同时带动了企业内部融资的能力。(历史现金分析)2现金流量的预测方面,通过现金流量表,企业可以预测未来的偿付能力及时做好现金预算,通过分析可使企业管理者掌握现金流量信息,调整好资金用途,以便于及时化解财务风险,这些都是源于这一前瞻性的估算方法。我们可以看出,现金流量和利润之间在概念和内容上有着本质的区别,现金流量表是根据收付实现制原则编制的,而利润表中的利润额则是根据权责发生制原则编制的,利润的增加并不同时代表现金流量净额的增加。我们已经提到的现金流量的一个替代意义,就是已经产生的现金流量。事实上,一些习惯包括把资产负债表和利润表的期
6、初期末差额普遍认为产生的现金流量,已经在企业中延伸开来。可由如下得到现金流量利润折旧耗材或者利润折旧耗材所得税/利润股息后者的概念也产生了净现金流量的说法。所以,我们了解的现金流量(或产生的现金净流量)是指企业通过一定的经济活动产生的剩余的现金量,这是个不正确的概念,不是一个恰当的现金流量的定义,因为它混淆了利润和现金流量。虽然现金流量的概念并不是完全正确的,但并不意味着它是无用的,却恰恰与此相反。通过这个概念我们很可能知道一个企业的资本潜力,并可以建立3企业在同一部门之间的比较(这里应该指出现金流量的产生是折旧或股利分配的相关政策)。净现金流量的频繁使用最开始来源于证券交易所,因为它以收付实
7、现制为原则,排除了人们主观认定的固定资产折旧费的干扰;同时,它不仅考虑了现金流量的数量而且考虑到收益的时间和货币的时间价值,它还是税后指标。正如已经提到,营运资本的来源和资金运作示了营运资本的变化。同样,现金流量(或现金)的来源和资金运作显示了可用资金的变化,也就是所说的库存现金和银行存款等。随着EOAT(现金流量的分析与应用研究)研究对象的深入,使用资产负债表的企业又可以利用这一点,但在流动资产(AC)上,又可进一步分为流动资金(D)和存货(消除不同存货间的区别),这样我们就得到FIG61。流动资金(D)存货(R)固定资产流动负债(PC)所有者权益(CP)经济结构金融结构FIG61流动资产的
8、变化,考虑到不同的结构,将会显示来源。通过增加流动负债(PC),或所有者权益(CP)或存货的减少(R)或固定资产(AF)的减少。应用。现金的支付导致存货(R)或固定资产(AF)的增加,或流动负债PC的减少或所有者权益(CP)的减少。现金流量的来源和去向,揭示了企业的现金是如何变动的,一方面,是因流动资产(AC)4为一些相关的经济活动,如款项的支付、采购和销售业务等,还有,从投资获得的资金或回收的资金,或是留存收益等。最后,我们应该指出,流动资产的存在是为了解决短期内的流动负债,大概如银行信贷,这将使现金流量发生增加或减少的变动,这主要是企业筹资、投资活动的结果。而这类情况的延伸是因为流动负债(
9、PC)可进一步分为供应信贷(CS)和银行信贷(CB),而他们也遵循上述描述相同的过程。5外文文献原文TITLESHORTTERMFINANCIALSOLVENCYMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/AUTHORBURTONGMELKIELINORDERTOBEABLETOCARRYONWITHITSACTIVITY,ABUSINESSREQUIRESMAKINGCERTAINIMMEDIATEPAYMENTSFORTHISITMUSTBEABLETOHAVEAVAILABLEFINANCIALMEANSINTHEFORMOFSHORTTERM
10、LIQUIDITYTHESEHIGHLYLIQUIDASSETSAREINCLUDEDINTHECASHACCOUNTSANDALLOWFORFINANCINGTHEECONOMICSTRUCTUREOFTHEBUSINESSTHISISCASHINTHESAFE,BANKACCOUNTSANDOTHERIMMEDIATELYAVAILABLECASHTHESELIQUIDASSETSANDQUASILIQUIDASSETSWILLBECLOSELYLINKEDWITHTHOSEPAYMENTSTHATTHEBUSINESSMUSTMAKEINTHEIMMEDIATEFUTUREAND,THE
11、REFOREPOSSESAHIGHDEGREEOFLIABILITYINTHISWAYAPPEARSTHENEEDTOARRIVEATABALANCEBETWEENTHELIQUIDNATUREOFCERTAINASSETSANDTHEREQUIREMENTOFCERTAINLIABILITIESONTHEOTHERHANDTHEREALSOARISESTHENEEDFORARRIVINGATANEWEQUILIBRIUMBETWEENTWOOPPOSINGFORCESONTHEONEHADTHEBUSINESSMUSTENSURETHATITHASLIQUIDFINANCIALMEANSIN
12、ORDERFORITTOCOVERITSCOMMITMENTSANDAVOIDASERIOUSPROBLEMOFLACKOFLIQUIDITYWHILEONTHEOTHERHANDITMUSTMAXIMISEPROFITABILITYANDTHEPROFITABILITYOFLIQUIDITYFINANCIALMEANSORQUASILIQUIDFINANCIALMEANSISPRACTICALLYNILLLIQUIDITYANDPROFITABILITYAREASPECTTHATAREJUXTAPOSEDWITHREGARDTOTHEOPTIMUMAMOUNTOFCASHFROMHEREST
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19、ANDATTHEENDOFTHEPERIOD,ANDTHEDIFFERENCEWILLSHOWTHEMOVEMENTOFTHECASHFLOWDURINGTHEPERIODPSEUDODYNAMICANALYSISBYMEANSOFTHEBALANCESHEETANDOPERATINGACCOUNTTHEMOVEMENTSTHATFORMAPARTOFANDDONOTFORMAPARTOFOPERATIONSARESTUDIEDINORDERTODETERMINEWHATMOVEMENTSGIVERISETOVARIATIONSINTHECASHSITUATIONOFTHEBUSINESSWH
20、ATTHISMEANSISASTUDYOFTHECURRENTSDONEBYMEANSOFTHESTATEMENTOFSOURCEANDAPPLICATIONOFTHECASHFLOWFORTHESTUDYANDTREATMENTOFTHESOLVENCYOFTHEBUSINESS1THEHISTORICALASPECTOFTHECASHFLOW,WHICHSTEMSFROMTHEFIGURESTHATTHEBUSINESSHASGATHEREDINTHEPASTANDWHICHBRINGSTOLIGHTSTHECAPACITYOFTHEBUSINESSFORFINANCINGITSELFIN
21、TERNALLYHISTORICALCASHANALYSIS2THEPROSPECTIVEASPECTOFTHECASHFLOW,WHERETHISBECOMESACOMPLEMENTTOTHECASHBUDGETATTHETIMEOFESTABLISHINGFORECASTSONTHESOLVENCYOFTHEBUSINESS,COOPERATINGINTHEDETECTIONOFTHECASHFLOWRELATIVETOHOWITAFFECTSFINANCIALMANAGEMENTARISESFROMTHISPROSPECTIVEANDESTIMATINGAPPROACH7ABRIEFME
22、NTIONATTHISPOINTSHOULDBEMADEOFTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHECONCEPTANDCONTENTSOFTHECASHFLOWANDOFPROFIT,BASEDONTHEFINANCIALNATUREDIFFERENCEBETWEENCOLLECTIONSANDPAYMENTSOFTHEFIRSTANDECONOMICNATUREOFTHESECONDDIFFERENCEBETWEENINCOMEANDCOSTSANALTERNATIVEMEANINGOFCASHFLOW,WHICHHASALREADYBEENREFERREDTO,ISTHATOFCA
23、SHFLOWGENERATEDINFACT,THECUSTOMOFINCLUDINGATTHEENDOFTHEBALANCESHEETANDOPERATINGACCOUNTWHATISGENERALLYKNOWNASCASHFLOWGENERATEDHASBECOMEQUITEEXTENDEDINBUSINESSTHISISARRIVEDATBYCASHFLOWGENERATEDPROFITSDEPRECIATIONSUPPLIESORALSOPROFITSDEPRECIATIONSUPPLIESTAX/PROFITSDIVIDENDSTHISLATTERCONCEPTHAVINGALSORE
24、CEIVEDTHENAMEOFNETCASHFLOWGENERATEDTHEREFORE,ITISUNDERSTOODTHATTHECASHFLOWGENERATEDORNETCASHFLOWGENERATEDMEANSTHEEXCESSTHATTHEBUSINESSGENERATESTHROUGHITSACTIVITYTHISISCONCEPTUALLYINCORRECTANDISNOTAPROPERMEANINGFORTHECASHFLOWSINCEITCONFUSESWHATISECONOMICPROFITWITHFINANCIALEXCESSANDINTHISRESPECTWEREFE
25、RTOTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENPROFITANDCASHFLOWTHATTHECASHFLOWGENERATEDDOESNOTRESPONDENTIRELYTOTHECONCEPTOFCASHFLOWDOESNOTMEAN,HOWEVER,THATITISUSELESS,BUTALLTOTHECONTRARYBYMEANSOFTHISELEMENTITISPOSSIBLETOKNOWTHEPOTENTIALFORGENERATINGRESOURCESBYTHEBUSINESS,ASWELLASESTABLISHCOMPARISONSBETWEENBUSINESSESWITHIN
26、THESAMESECTORITSHOULDBEPOINTEDOUTTHATTHECASHFLOWGENERATEDISNOTDISGUISEDBYDEPRECIATIONORDIVIDENDDISTRIBUTIONPOLICIESAFREQUENTUSEOFTHENETCASHFLOWGENERATEDTAKESPLACEINTHESPHEREOFTHESTOCKEXCHANGE,BECAUSEASITREFERSTOTHERESOURCESOFTHEACCOUNTINGPERIODTHATAREAVAILABLETOTHEBUSINESS,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTITSPOLICI
27、ESONDEPRECIATIONSANDDIVIDENDDISTRIBUTION,ITALLOWSFORGETTINGTOKNOWTHEINFORMATIONTHATCOULDREPRESENTTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFDIVIDENDS,WHICH,INITSELF,DOESNOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEDEPRECIATIONPROCESSASHASBEENMENTIONEDWHENREFERRINGTOWORKINGCAPITAL,THESTATEMENTOFSOURCEANDAPPLICATIONOFFUNDSBRINGSTOLIGHTTHEVARIATIONSIN
28、THATWORKINGCAPITALSIMILARLY,THESTATEMENTOFSOURCEANDAPPLICATIONOFTHECASHFLOWORCASHSHOWSTHEVARIATIONSINAVAILABLEFUNDS,BYMEANSOFTHEORIGINSANDAPPLICATIONSOFTHECASH,THATISTOSAYOFSHORTTERMCASHANDOTHERACCOUNTSWITHTHEOBJECTOFSTUDYINGTHEEOATSTATEMENTSOFSOURCEANDAPPLICATIONOF8CASHFLOWITISSUFFICIENTTOUSETHEPAT
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30、RMEDBYTHEALREADYMENTIONEDPATRIMONIALMASSESWILLBESHOWNBYSOURCESCASHENTRIESTHROUGHINCREASESINOPERATINGCREDITSPC,ORPERMANENTCAPITALSCPORDECREASESININVENTORIESRORINFIXEDASSETSAFAPPLICATIONSCASHPAYMENTSDUETOINCREASESININVENTORIESROROFFIXEDASSETSAF,ORBYDECREASESINOPERATINGCREDITSPCORPERMANENTCAPITALSCPTHE
31、STATEMENTOFSOURCEANDAPPLICATIONOFCASHFLOWBRINGSTOLIGHTHOWCASHCURRENTSCANPROCEED,ONTHEONEHAND,FROMTYPICALOPERATIONS,THATISPAYMENTSANDCOLLECTIONSFORPURCHASINGANDSALESOPERATIONS,ANDFROMINVESTMENT/DISINVESTMENTS,ORPERMANENTCAPITALSWESHOULDULTIMATELYPOINTOUTTHAT,FORGREATERSIMPLICITYCURRENTASSETSPCHAVEBEE
32、NCONSIDEREDASONLYFORMEDBYSHORTTERMCREDITSINCLUDEDWITHINCURRENTLIABILITIES,BASICALLYBANKCREDITS,THEINCREASESANDDECREASESOFWHICHWILL9CONSTITUTECASHSOURCESANDAPPLICATIONS,RESPECTIVELY,WHICHCANBEASACONSEQUENCEOFFINANCINGINVESTMENTOPERATIONSANDNOTEXPLOITATIONTHEEXTENSIONOFTHISCASEISSIMPLE,SINCEITISSUFFICIENTTOCONSIDERCURRENTLIABILITIESPCSUBDIVIDEDINTOCREDITSFORSUPPLIESCSANDBANKCREDITSCBANDFOLLOWTHESAMEPROCESSASALREADYDESCRIBED
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