THE CHALLENGE OF DECARBONIZING HEAVY INDUSTRYSAMANTHA GROSSEXECUTIVE SUMMARYHeavy industry makes products that are central to our modern way of life but is also responsible for nearly 40% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Steel, cement, and chemicals are the top three emitting industries and are among the most difficult to decarbonize, owing to technical factors like the need for very high heat and process emissions of carbon dioxide, and economic factors
