1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文MANAGEMENTBUYOUTSASANINSTRUMENTOFPRIVATIZATIONINEASTERNEUROPEPRIVATIZINGGOVERNMENTENTERPRISESISONEOFTHEMOSTDIFFICULTTASKSINTHETRANSFORMATIONPROCESSTAKINGPLACEINTHEFORMERSOCIALISTECONOMIESWHATCONTRIBUTIONDOMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSHAVETOMAKEINCOPINGWITHTHATTASKALLTHECOUNTRIESOFEASTERNEUROPEAN
2、DTHECISARECURRENTLYINTHEPROCESSOFREPLACINGTHEIRPLANNEDECONOMIESWITHMARKETECONOMICSYSTEMSSUCHATRANSFORMATIONREQUIRESTHESTATETOMAKEARAPIDWITHDRAWALFROMPLANNINGRESPONSIBILITYANDSUBSTANTIALLYTORENOUNCEITSRIGHTSOFOWNERSHIPOVERTHEMEANSOFPRODUCTIONTHEPRIMETASKSINVOLVEDINBRINGINGTHATABOUTARETOCREATEANEWSYST
3、EMOFPRIVATELAWANDTOPRIVATIZEGOVERNMENTENTERPRISESWHEREASITISPOSSIBLE,FORMALLYATLEAST,TOINTRODUCEASYSTEMOFPRIVATELAWVERYSWIFTLY,ITISAMUCHMORETIMECONSUMINGANDDIFFICULTMATTERTOTRANSFEROWNERSHIPOFTHEMEANSOFPRODUCTIONTOPRIVATEHANDSTHEDIFFICULTYARISESPARTLYOUTOFTHEVERYSCALEOFTHEPRIVATIZATIONTASKTHESTATESS
4、HAREOFTHEMEANSOFPRODUCTIONINTHEFORMERSOCIALISTCOUNTRIESISVIRTUALLY100,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFHUNGARYWHEREEXPERIMENTSWITHPRIVATEENTERPRISEHAVEACERTAINTRADITIONINWESTERNEUROPEANDTHEUSA,ONTHEOTHERHAND,THELEVELOFSTATEINVOLVEMENTISONLYAPPROXIMATELY10ANDEVENINTHESCANDINAVIANCOUNTRIES,WHICHAREOFTENDESCRIBEDASSO
5、CIALIST,STATEOWNERSHIPDOESNOTPLAYASIGNIFICANTPARTTHUSTHECOUNTRIESOFEASTERNEUROPEWILLNEEDTOTRANSFERFOURFIFTHSOFTHEIRECONOMIESTOPRIVATEOWNERSHIPIFTHEYWANTTOCREATESIMILARCONDITIONSTOTHOSEOFWESTERNEUROPEREGARDINGOWNERSHIPOFTHEMEANSOFPRODUCTIONPRIVATIZATIONALTERNATIVESIFSIGNIFICANTSUCCESSESINPRIVATIZINGS
6、TATEENTERPRISESARETOBEACHIEVEDSWIFTLY,ACOMPREHENSIVESTRATEGYISNEEDEDWHICHPROVIDESFORALLCONCEIVABLEFORMSOFPRIVATIZATIONTOBEAPPLIEDWHEREANDWHENSUITABLETHEBASICALTERNATIVESAVAILABLEAREASTOCKMARKETFLOTATION,DIRECTSALETOOUTSIDEINVESTORS,ANDVARIOUSFORMSOFMANAGEMENTBUYOUTMBOTHEFLOTATIONOFFORMERGOVERNMENTEN
7、TERPRISESONTHESTOCKMARKET,LIKETHEVARIOUSCOUPONMODELSALSOUNDERDISCUSSION,HASTHEADVANTAGETHATPARTICIPATINGSHARESCANBEWIDELYDISPERSEDAMONGTHEGENERALPUBLICINADDITION,THEENTERPRISEWILLALSOSUBSEQUENTLYBESUBJECTEDTOTHELOCATIVEANDSUPERVISORYMECHANISMSINHERENTINTHECAPITALMARKETSHOWEVER,INCONTRASTTOWESTERNEUR
8、OPE,WHERESTOCKMARKETFLOTATIONSOFGOVERNMENTENTERPRISESHAVEFREQUENTLYBEENSUCCESSFULLYCARRIEDOUT,PARTICULARLYINITALY,FRANCEANDTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,THEREARELIMITSTOTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHISAPPROACHINEASTERNEUROPEFORONETHING,THEHIGHCOSTSINVOLVEDMEANTHATTHISMETHODCANONLYBECONSIDEREDFORVERYLARGEENTERPRISES,WHILEF
9、ORANOTHERTHEELIGIBILITYOFENTERPRISESFORTHECAPITALMARKETS,ANDTHECAPITALMARKETSTHEMSELVES,ARENOTYETSUFFICIENTLYDEVELOPEDSUCCESSESINEASTERNGERMANYTHEWAVEOF“MINOR“PRIVATIZATIONINTHEWHOLESALING,RETAILINGANDSERVICESSECTORINEASTERNGERMANYISNOWALMOSTCOMPLETE,ANDTHEVASTMAJORITYOFTHE30,000BUSINESSESINVOLVEDHA
10、VEBEENSOLDTOEXISTINGMANAGEMENTOREMPLOYEESINMANUFACTURING,WHICHCOMPRISEDAPPROXIMATELY10,000DIFFERENTBUSINESSESAFTERTHEFIRSTPHASEOFDECLAMATION,5,000PRIVATIZATIONSHADBEENCARRIEDOUTBYMARCH1992,OFWHICHAPPROXIMATELY20WEREMBOROUGHLYHALFOFTHEMBOCOMPANIESNOWOPERATINGINEASTERNGERMANYEMPLOYLESSTHAN50PEOPLEHOWE
11、VER,FORBUSINESSESINTHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORTHEAVERAGENUMBEROFEMPLOYEESIS180MBOPRIVATIZATIONHASPREDOMINANTLYOCCURREDININDUSTRIESWHEREARAPIDRETURNONINVESTMENTCANBEEXPECTEDOR,INOTHERSWORDS,INTHESERVICESECTORANDINWHOLESALINGANDRETAILINGNEVERTHELESS,THEBYNOMEANSINCONSIDERABLENUMBEROFMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSINCORE
12、INDUSTRIALSECTORSSUCHASTHEMACHINETOOLSANDAPPLIANCESINDUSTRIES,VEHICLEMANUFACTURING,STEEL,OPTICALINSTRUMENTSANDPRECISIONMECHANICSDOESSHOWTHATMOREINVESTMENTINTENSIVEAREASCANALSOBEPRIVATIZEDBYTHISMETHODMANAGERSTENDESPECIALLYTOBUYUPBUSINESSESIFLOCALCOMPETITIONISRELATIVELYLOWASREGARDSTHE3,500SMALLORMEDIU
13、MSIZEDBUSINESSESREMAININGTOBEPRIVATIZEDASOFMARCH1992,WHICHISRESPONSIBLEFORCOORDINATINGPRIVATIZATION,INTENDSTOGIVEPREFERENCETOTHEMANAGEMENTBUYINAPPROACHITHASDEVELOPEDITSOWNCONCEPTTOPROMOTEINITIATIVESOFTHISKIND,WHICHINCLUDESGIVINGPRIORITYTOMBIBIDSIFTHEYMATCHTHEVALUEOFOTHEROFFERSRECEIVEDITISALSOHELPING
14、TOFINDSUITABLEBUYINMANAGERS,ANDGIVINGSUPPORTINTHEDISPOSALOFNONCOREASSETSINORDERTOKEEPDOWNTHEPURCHASEPRICESOFTHEBUSINESSESCONCERNEDOTHERMEASURESINCLUDEDINTHECONCEPTAREPAYMENTHOLIDAYSFORTHEPURCHASERANDTHEPROVISIONOFLOANGUARANTEESFORFUNDINGRELATEDTOTHETRANSACTION2INALL,ATOTALOFAPPROX34,000MBOTRANSACTIO
15、NSCANBEEXPECTEDINEASTERNGERMANYSMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYIFONEASSUMESANAVERAGEOF100150EMPLOYEESPERENTERPRISEBOUGHTOUT,THATWOULDMEANTHATSOMETHINGOVERONEQUARTEROFAMILLIONJOBSCANBESECUREDBYMEANSOFMBOMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSINEASTERNEUROPEIFONEASSUMESTHATTHEREAREAPPROXIMATELY100,000INDUSTRIALENTERPRISESINEASTERNEU
16、ROPEANDTHECIS,WHICHNEEDTOBEDELIMITATEDSOASTOGIVEATOTALOFATLEAST200,000TO300,000,THATWOULDMEAN70,000TO100,000POTENTIALMBOTRANSACTIONSEVENIFONLYONETHIRDOFTHEPRIVATIZATIONSCARRIEDOUTTOOKTHATROUTEANESTIMATEOFTHEPOTENTIALMBOVOLUMEIN“MINOR“PRIVATIZATIONSINEASTERNEUROPEBASEDONEASTERNGERMANFIGURESISONEMILLI
17、ONOPERATINGUNITSHOWEVER,THEPRESENTPOSITIONINTHESECOUNTRIESASREGARDSMBOPRIVATIZATIONISADIFFICULTONETOASSESSINPOLAND,APPROXIMATELY100,000RETAILINGBUSINESSESHAVEBEENPRIVATIZEDSINCETHEPRIVATIZATIONLAWWASPASSEDINJULY1990,MOSTOFTHESEVIAMBOINTHEINDUSTRIALSECTOR,APPROXIMATELY1,000GOVERNMENTENTERPRISESHAVEBE
18、EN“LIQUIDATED“,WHICHGENERALLYMEANSTHATTHEYHAVEBEENTAKENOVERBYTHEIRMANAGEMENTSINTHECOURSEOF“MINOR“PRIVATIZATIONINCZECHOSLOVAKIA,16,500SMALLFIRMSHAVEPASSEDTOPRIVATEOWNERSSINCEJANUARY1991,ANDANOTHER30,000SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDBUSINESSESARECANDIDATESFORMBOINHUNGARY,THENUMBEROFMBOINRETAILINGANDSERVICESISMUC
19、HSMALLERSIMPLYBECAUSEMANYOFTHEBUSINESSESWEREALREADYOPERATINGASPRIVATEENTERPRISESSINCE1989,THEREHAVEBEENANUMBEROFMBO,INCLUDINGLARGESCALEONES,INMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYINRUSSIA,NUMEROUSDEFACTOPRIVATIZATIONSVIAMBOHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTINTHELASTTHREEYEARS,SOMEOFWHICHHAVEINVOLVEDRELATIVELYLARGEENTERPRISESBECAUS
20、ETHELINESOFDEMARCATIONBETWEENDIFFERENTFORMSOFOWNERSHIPHAVEBECOMEMOREANDMOREBLURREDBYTHEMANYLEGISLATIVECHANGES,THESTATUSOFPRIVATEENTERPRISEINRUSSIAISESPECIALLYDIFFICULTTOASCERTAINTHEONLYAPPROACHWHICHWOULDSOFARAPPEARTOBEGUARANTEEDINLAWISTHESPECIALBUYOUTVARIANTINWHICHTHEENTIREWORKFORCEOFANENTERPRISETAK
21、ESOVERITSOWNERSHIPTOFORMACOOPERATIVEMBOMIGHTBEEXPECTEDTOPLAYARELATIVELYMORESIGNIFICANTPARTINTHEPRIVATIZATIONPROCESSINEASTERNEUROPETHANTHEYHAVEDONEINFORMEREASTGERMANYBECAUSEOFTHESPECIALDIFFICULTIESASSOCIATEDWITHANYMOVESTOSTIMULATETHESEECONOMIESBYFOUNDINGNEWPRIVATEENTERPRISES,ANDBECAUSEFOREIGNINVESTOR
22、SHAVEBEENVERYHESITANTTOBECOMEINVOLVEDTHERE,ATAKEOVERBYTHEMANAGEMENTISVIRTUALLYTHEONLYPRACTICABLEFORMOFPRIVATIZATIONWHICHREMAINSINCENTIVEANDCONTROLSTRUCTURESONTHELEVELOFTHEINDIVIDUALFIRM,THEMOSTIMPORTANTBENEFITPRODUCEDBYANMBOTRANSACTIONISTHATITFIRMLYTIESINTHEINCENTIVEANDCONTROLSTRUCTURESWHICHAREVITAL
23、TORAISINGEFFICIENCYANOBVIOUSINCENTIVE,BUTNOLESSEFFECTIVEFORTHAT,TOPRODUCETHOROUGHGOINGIMPROVEMENTSCOMESDIRECTLYFROMTHEMANAGEMENTSPARTICIPATIONINTHECAPITALVALUEOFTHEENTERPRISEBECAUSETHISCREATESADIRECTLINKBETWEENTHEPARTICIPATINGINCOMETOWHICHTHEMANAGERSAREENTITLEDANDTHEPROFITSEARNEDBYTHECOMPANYASAWHOLE
24、,ITCANBEASSUMEDTHATTHEYWILLREDOUBLETHEIREFFORTSTOMAKEITACOMMERCIALSUCCESSTHESAMEALSOAPPLIESIFSECONDANDTHIRDLEVELMANAGEMENTORTHEWORKFORCEASAWHOLEAREGRANTEDOWNERSHIPPARTICIPATIONTHESUPERVISORYANDCONTROLSTRUCTURESAREFURTHERINTENSIFIEDBYTHEFACTTHATMBOCOMPANIESTENDTOCARRYALARGEAMOUNTOFDEBTINTERESTANDLOAN
25、SERVICECOSTSIMPOSEAHARDBUDGETCONSTRAINTONMANAGEMENT,FROMWHICHITHASNOESCAPEINORDERTOMEETITSPAYMENTOBLIGATIONS,ITISCOMPELLEDTOPAYOUTALLTHECASHFLOWGENERATED,WITHOUTHAVINGTHEOPTIONOFRETAININGITFORFUTUREUSEPROBLEMSINEASTERNEUROPEBECAUSETHELEGALFRAMEWORKWHICHOUGHTTOGOVERNTHELEGITIMATESALEOFGOVERNMENTPROPE
26、RTYTOINTERESTEDMANAGERSISLARGELYSTILLLACKINGINEASTERNEUROPE,QUITEACONSIDERABLENUMBEROFTHEMBOTRANSACTIONSDURINGTHEFIRSTPRIVATIZATIONPHASEWHICHISSTILLCONTINUINGHAVEBEENSOCALLED“SPONTANEOUSPRIVATIZATIONS“THEYTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHECOLLAPSEOFTHEOLDBUREAUCRATICSTRUCTURES,WHICHMEANSTHEYHAVEVIRTUALLYUNLIMITEDFR
27、EEDOMSDURINGTHECURRENTTRANSITIONALPHASEONEMETHODOFTENUSEDTOTAKEHOLDOFANEWFIRM,FOREXAMPLE,ISTOBEGINBYHIVINGOFFANUMBEROFFACILITIESFROMTHEENTERPRISEANDTHENTOPURCHASETHEMONFAVORABLETERMSALTHOUGHTHESESELFMADEAGREEMENTSCREATETHESAMEOUTCOMEASLEGALMBOINECONOMICTERMS,THEYAREINFACTTANTAMOUNTTOTHETHEFTOFGOVERN
28、MENTPROPERTYTHEREAREALSOTWODIFFERENTPOINTSOFVIEWONTHEPROBLEMOFTHESTATEBEINGTAKENADVANTAGEOFWHENANENTERPRISEISPRIVATIZED,VIAAMANAGEMENTBUYOUTORINDEEDBYANYOTHERMEANSTHEPUBLICINTHEREFORMINGCOUNTRIESHASBEENRIGHTTOCRITICIZETHEUNJUSTGAINSMADEBYPURCHASERSASEVENTSINHUNGARYHAVESHOWN,SPECTACULARFRAUDSMAYEVENH
29、AVEANEGATIVEINFLUENCEONTHEENTIREPRIVATIZATIONPROCESSHOWEVER,ONEHASTOASKWHETHERITCANREALLYBEALLOWEDTOBETHEFOREMOSTPRIORITYOFPRIVATIZATIONPOLICYTOOBTAINA“FAIR“SALEPRICE,ASHIGHASPOSSIBLE,FORTHEASSETSCONCERNEDTHEREMAYINFACTBECIRCUMSTANCESINWHICHTHEOBJECTIVEOFMAXIMIZINGSALEPROCEEDSOUGHTTOTAKESECONDPLACET
30、OTHEMOREIMPORTANTGOALOFCREATINGANENTERPRISESTRUCTUREINWHICHSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDBUSINESSESFEATURESTRONGLYHENCEEVENTHEHIGHPROFITSEARNEDBYTHEFIRSTRUSHOFMANAGERSMAKINGBUYOUTSDOHAVEAPOSITIVESIDETOTHEM,FORTHESIGNALSTHEYHAVEGIVENTOOTHERSWHOMIGHTWANTTOFOLLOWINTHEIRFOOTSTEPSWILL,REGARDLESSOFOTHERCRITICALASPEC
31、TSCONCERNINGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFINCOMEANDWEALTH,ACCELERATETHEWHOLEPROCESSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCOMPETITIONTHESALEOFREALESTATESITES,OFTENTHEONLYVALUABLEASSETSPOSSESSEDBYEASTERNEUROPEANINDUSTRIALENTERPRISES,ATSUBSTANTIALLYBELOWTHEIRREALVALUESMAYINDEEDHAVEBROUGHTCERTAINPEOPLEQUICKLYTORICHES,BUTATLEASTTHESESIT
32、ESWILLBEPUTTOSOMEMEANINGFULUSEBYTHEIRNEWPURCHASERSBEFOREVERYLONGTHEPROBLEMOFINSUFFICIENTCOMPETENCEONTHEPARTOFTHEMANAGERSMAKINGBUYOUTSINEASTERNEUROPEOUGHTNOTTOBEEXAGGERATEDEVENTHOUGHTHETURBULENTENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHESECHANGESOFOWNERSHIPAREMADEWILLMAKECONSIDERABLEENTREPRENEURIALDEMANDSONTHEMANAGEMENTTE
33、AMSTAKINGOVERTHEBUSINESSES,THEIRCAPACITYTOLEARNFROMEXPERIENCESHOULDNOTBEUNDERESTIMATEDTHEAVERAGEAGEOFTHEMANAGERSCONCERNED,IFEASTGERMANEXPERIENCEISANYINDICATION,ISBETWEEN35AND40YEARS,ANDTHESEPEOPLEHAVEALLNEEDEDAGOODDEALOFIMPROVISINGTALENTINTHEPASTTOSURVIVEUNDERTHEPLANNEDECONOMYTHEGENERALFINANCIALSTAB
34、ILITYOFMBOFIRMS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISINDEEDAMORECRITICALFACTORALTHOUGHTHERELATIVELYLOWCAPITALIZATIONOFTHESEFIRMSDOESININDIVIDUALCASESMOBILIZETHELASTRESERVESTHEIRMANAGERSHAVEAVAILABLETOBEHAVEEFFICIENTLYINTHEMARKET,MANYOFTHECOMPANIESFOUNDEDBYMBOAREINFACTBUILTONRATHERSHAKYFINANCIALFOUNDATIONSTHUSTHEADVANTA
35、GEOFTHESUPERIORCONTROLSTRUCTUREPROVIDEDBYASMALLGROUPOFOWNERSHIPPARTICIPANTSISCOUNTERACTEDFROMAFINANCIALPOINTOFVIEWBYTHEDISADVANTAGEOFANARROWFUNDINGBASEINTHISSITUATION,THEFUNDSNECESSARYTOCARRYOUTINVESTMENTTOSECURETHEFIRMSFUTURECANOFTENNOTBEOBTAINEDTHISASSESSMENTISCONFIRMEDBYSURVEYSCARRIEDOUTINEASTERN
36、GERMANYATANAVERAGEOFDM11,000PEREMPLOYEE,MBOFIRMSHAVEAFARLOWERVOLUMEOFINVESTMENTTHANOTHERPRIVATIZEDFIRMS,WHICHHAVEBEENINVESTINGINTHEORDEROFDM80,000PEREMPLOYEENOMATTERWHATPROBLEMSMAYBEASSOCIATEDWITHMBOACTIVITIESINEASTERNEUROPE,ONEOUGHTNOTTOOVERLOOKTHEFACTTHATTHEREAREFREQUENTLYNOALTERNATIVESAVAILABLEIN
37、PRACTICETOATAKEOVEROFFORMERGOVERNMENTENTERPRISESBYTHEIRMANAGEMENTSINEASTERNEUROPEAPARTFROMFORMEREASTGERMANY,PRIVATIZATIONHASSOFARALMOSTINEVITABLYBEENSYNONYMOUSWITHMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSSOURCEHARALDSONDHOFANDMARKUSSTAHL,1992MANAGEMENTBUYOUTSANDENTREPRENEURIALOPPORTUNITIES,INTERECONOMICS,VOL27,NUMBER5,PP21
38、0214译文管理层收购在欧洲作为私有化工具国营企业私有化改造,是前社会主义国家经济发展过程中最困难的任务之一。在这种情况下,须做出什么来促进管理层收购目前,所有的东欧国家和独联体都在用市场经济体制更换计划经济体制。这种转变需要国家迅速退出计划责任,并大体上放弃生产关系所有者权利。在将所涉及的主要任务中,要建立一个新的私法制度和私有化政府企业。鉴于有可能的,正式迅速地引进私法系统,它是一个将生产资料的所有权转让到私人手中的更耗时更困难的问题。困难的部分是产生的非常规模私有化的任务。国家对前社会主义国家的生产资料份额几乎是100,与实践与民营企业有一定传统的匈牙利不同。另一方面,在西欧和美国,国家
39、参与程度只有约10,即使是在斯堪的纳维亚国家,这些经常被描述为社会主义,国家所有制没有发挥重要作用。因此,东欧国家如果想建立类似的条件对西欧有关生产资料的所有权,需要将本国经济的五分之四私有化。私有化的选择如果国有企业私有化的重大成就要快速实现,提供私有化要适当应用的地点和时间的所有可以想象的形式的战略。可用的基本选择是股市浮选,直接出售给外部投资者,以及各种形式的管理层收购。对前政府的浮选企业股市,如各种优惠券模式也正在讨论中,它有广大市民广泛参与股份的优势。此外,企业也将在资本市场随之成为分配和固有监督机制的主体。然而,相对于西欧,政府企业的股票市场浮选经常成功实现,特别是在意大利,法国和
40、英国,这种方法在东欧将限制其有效性。东德的成功目前批发业、零售业和服务业初步的私有化浪潮在德国东部几乎已经完成,而且大部分的企业被卖给了现有的管理人员或是雇员。在制造业,截止至1992年3月,反聚集力的第一阶段之后大约10000种不同的企业中的5000家已经完成了私有化,其中约20是管理层收购。MBO的私有化主要发生在可预计快速投资回报的工业,换言之,在服务、批发和零售部门。尽管如此,有大多数管理层收购发生在核心工业部门如家电行业,汽车制造,钢铁,光学仪器和精密机械,这些表明更多的投资密集区可以用这种方法私有化。管理者更倾向于收购当地竞争较低的企业。至于余下被私有化(截至1992年3月)的35
41、00家中小型企业,负责整合私有化的托管局打算优先考虑管理层收购的办法。它已经建立出了自己的概念,以促进这类,其中包括优先管理层换购的出价,如果他们匹配的价值得到其他优惠措施。托管局还帮助找到适当买进经理,并给予支持在非核心资产的处置,以减低其有关企业的采购价格。总之,预计有约3千至4千左右的MBO交易将发生在德国东部的制造业。如果假设一个平均有100到150个员工的企业被收购了,那意味着25万个就业机会通过MBO得到保证。管理层收购在东欧如果假定在东欧和独联体国家有10万需要分散的工业企业,这意味着70000到100000潜力MBO的交易,即使只有三分之一进行了私有化。估计在小型私有化的潜在M
42、BO数量在东德价格基础上的东欧是一百万单位。然而,在这些国家,现在MBO私有化的位置是很难评估的在波兰,大约有10万零售企业已经私有化,因为私有化法律在1990年7月通过,其中大部分是通过管理层收购进行的。在工业部门,约1000个政府企业已被清算,也就是说,他们已经被管理层接管了。在捷克斯洛伐克的小型私有化的过程中,自1991年1月起,16500个小企业已成为私有,还有30000家中小型企业成为管理层收购的候选。在匈牙利,零售业和服务业的管理层收购数量更小,更简单,因为许多企业已被作为民营企业来运营。在俄罗斯,过去三年以来,实际上通过管理层收购实现私有化的企业,其中有一些涉及比较大的企业。因为
43、不同形式所有权的分界线通过许多法律条款的改变已经越来越模糊,民营企业的地位在俄罗斯特别难以确定。到目前为止唯一的办法在法律上有保证的是特殊的收购形式整个企业的员工掌握了企业的所有权,形成合作。预期,东欧的管理层收购可能在私有化过程中较他们以往在东德做的起到了更重要的作用。由于任何动作极难得到刺激由新成立的这些民营企业经济体的作用,外国投资者一直犹豫参与到其中去,由管理层接管几乎是唯一可行的私有化形式。激励和控制结构对个别企业,最重要的是由管理层收购产生的激励和股权控制,它们至关重要的作用是提高效率。一个明显的激励,彻底的改善直接来自管理层对企业价值的参与。因为这将创造一个直接的联系,管理层有资
44、格参与整个公司的股利和利润分配,我们假设,他们将加倍努力,使之成为商业上的成功。这同样也适用于第二和第三级管理或作为一个整体的劳动力被授予所有权的参与。管理层收购公司往往携带了大量的债务,在这一基础上,监督和控制结构更强化了。管理部门承担了服务费用和贷款利息征收的强硬预算约束,这是无可避免的。为了应对债务,它被迫支付了所有生成的现金流,而无需选择保留以待将来。东欧的问题由于在很大程度上东欧缺少管理政府财产的合法出售给感兴趣的管理层的法律框架,在私有化的第一阶段,仍有相当数量的自发私有化管理层收购交易。他们利用了这个崩溃的老官僚结构的优势,而这意味着他们在当前的过渡阶段有几乎无限的自由。一种持有
45、新公司的方法经常被使用,例如,开始从企业分离出一些设施,然后以优惠的条件购买它们。虽然这些私下签订的协议与经济方面法律上的管理层收购结果相同,他们实际上无异于政府财产被盗。在通过管理层收购或者通过其他方式充分利用企业私有化上,还有两个不同的观点。改革国家的民众有权利批评不义的收入,像匈牙利事件的那样,壮观的舞弊行为甚至会对整个私有化进程产生负面的影响。但是,人们要问,是否能真正获准私有化政策的首要优先权去获得一个其他有关资产尽可能高的公平的出售价格。实施上,可能有种情况,其中销售收入最大化的目标应财务的第二个地方,更重要的是创造一种中小型企业特点强烈的企业结构的目标。因此,即使管理层偏向于在收
46、购中赚取了高额利润,给了其他想跟随他们的人信号,不管其他在收入和财富分配上的批评,这些加快了竞争和发展的过程。房地产出售网站,房地产通常是东欧的工业企业所拥有的唯一有价值的财产,低于它们实际价值可能确实带来了某些人财富的迅速积累,但至少这些网站将提出一些新的有意义举措在使用购买前很长一段时间内。由于东欧没有足够的能力进行管理层收购的问题不应该被夸大。即使在混乱的环境中,这些变化将是相当取得所有权的企业需要管理团队接管企业,他们从经验中学习的能力不应当被低估管理人员的平均年龄,东德的经验显示是在35到40岁之间,这些人需要大量的即兴才华,在过去的协议和计划经济下生存。在另一方面。一般金融稳定的管
47、理层接管的公司确实是一个比较关键的因素。虽然这些相对较低的资本的企业在个别情况下才会动用最后的储备金提供给他们的经理,维持在市场上的有效行为,许多由管理层收购而创建的公司实际上建立在不牢固的财政基础上。因此,由小团体所有权参与者带来的上级控制结构的优势被一个财务角度的特点,即狭窄的资金渠道所抵消。在这种情况下,必要的资金投资,以确保公司的未来往往无法得到实现。这一评价也证实了在德国东部进行了的调查。平均每个员工11000马克,管理层收购的公司有一个比其他私营公司少得多的投资,平均每个员工的投资为80000马克。在东欧,无论什么问题与管理层收购活动联系在一起,一个不应该忽视的事实是在实践中没有频繁的,可选择的,有效的通过管理层接管政府企业的手段。在东欧,出了前东德,私有化到目前为止几乎无可避免地成为管理层收购。出处哈罗德松德霍夫,马库斯斯塔尔,管理层收购在欧洲作为私有化工具,国际经济199227210214
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