1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文CAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSDURINGAFIRMSLIFECYCLEINONEOFTHEMOSTINTERESTINGSTUDIESONTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFSMALLBUSINESS,BERGERANDUDELL1998ASSERTEDTHATGENERALFINANCIALTHEORYISNOTAPPLICABLETOALLBUSINESSESINSTEAD,THEPARTICULARPHASEOFABUSINESSSLIFECYCLEDETERMINESTHENATUREOFITSFINANCIALNEEDS,T
2、HEAVAILABILITYOFFINANCIALRESOURCES,ANDTHERELATEDCOSTOFCAPITALTHISAPPROACHSUPPORTSFINANCIALBEHAVIORSTHATARELIFECYCLESPECIFICASARGUEDBYKAPLANANDSTROMBERG2003,THECHANGINGDEGREEOFINFORMATIONALOPACITYTHATAFIRMFACESDRIVESITSFINANCIALLIFECYCLEFROMITSINCEPTIONTOMATURITY,THEFINANCIALNEEDSOFAFIRMCHANGEACCORDI
3、NGTOITSABILITYTOGENERATECASH,ITSGROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,ANDTHERISKINREALIZINGTHEMTHISWILLBEREFLECTEDBYEVOLVINGFINANCINGPREFERENCESANDTHENATUREOFTHESPECIFICFINANCIALCHOICESTHATAFIRMMAKESDURINGITSLIFECYCLEASACONSEQUENCE,FIRMSATTHEEARLIERSTAGESOFTHEIRLIFECYCLES,WHICHARGUABLYTENDTOHAVELARGERLEVELSOFASYMMETR
4、ICINFORMATION,MOREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,ANDREDUCEDSIZE,SHOULDHAVESPECIFICCAPITALSTRUCTUREDRIVERSANDSHOULDAPPLYSPECIFICFINANCINGSTRATEGIESASTHEYADVANCETHROUGHTHEDIFFERENTPHASESOFTHEIRLIFECYCLESDESPITERECENTATTENTIONTOTHISTOPIC,DATAONTHEFINANCINGSTRUCTUREOFFIRMSDURINGTHECOURSEOFTHEIRLIFECYCLESISRATHERLI
5、MITED,ANDRESULTSAREINCONCLUSIVEGREGORYETAL2005THUS,WESTILLNEEDTOEXTENDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFFIRMSFINANCIALCHOICESINTHISAREA,VERIFYING,INPARTICULAR,THEEXISTENCEOFAPROTEMPOREOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDTHEDRIVERSTHATAREPOTENTIALLYRELEVANTTOEXPLAINCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSASTHEFIRMSPROGRESSALONGTHEDIFFERENTP
6、HASESOFTHEIRLIFECYCLEINSOMECONTEXTS,EQUITYSPECIFICALLY,VENTURECAPITALHASBEENSHOWNTOPLAYAROLEINTHEEARLYSTAGES,WHILEDEBTBECOMESRELEVANTONLYINTHELATESTAGESINOTHERCONTEXTS,THESUPPORTOFAFINANCIALINTERMEDIARYBANKISFUNDAMENTALINTHEEARLYSTAGES,WHEREASTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREISREBALANCEDINLATERSTAGESTHEREISCOMMON
7、CONSENSUSREGARDINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTINWHICHASMALLFIRMISBASEDBECKETAL2002,2005TOOPERATEINTHEUSAORINITALY,SMALLBUSINESSESMUSTHAVEACCESSTOADIFFERENTVARIETYOFFINANCIALSOLUTIONSINORDERTOSUSTAINTHEIRBUSINESSINTHELIGHTOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONTHUS,THEFINANCINGPREFERENCESOFTHESEFIRMSAR
8、ECOMPLEX,ANDTHEAPPROPRIATENESSOFTHEAVAILABLEOPTIONSDESERVESFURTHERRESEARCHTHESTUDYREPORTEDHERECONTRIBUTESTOTHISAREAOFRESEARCHINTHATITSEEKSTOVERIFYWHETHERTHELIFECYCLEISARELEVANTFACTORINAFIRMSFINANCINGBEHAVIOREMPIRICALANALYSISISUSEDTOEVALUATETHEROLEOFTHELIFECYCLEANDTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEDETERMINANTSOFTHE
9、DEBT/EQUITYRATIOTHROUGHOUTTHELIFECYCLESOFITALIANSMALLBUSINESSESSPECIFICALLY,THEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSAREADDRESSEDDOITALIANFIRMSHAVEDIFFERENTFINANCIALSTRUCTURESDURINGDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEIRLIFECYCLESHOWDOITALIANCAPITALSTRUCTUREDETERMINANTSCHANGEINTHECOURSEOFAFIRMSLIFECYCLETHEPAPERISSTRUCTUREDASFOLLOWSTHEF
10、IRSTPARTEXAMINESTHESTRATEGICFINANCINGCHOICESOFFIRMSTHROUGHAFORMALRESEARCHHYPOTHESISINTHESECONDPART,THESAMPLEISINTRODUCED,THEVARIABLESANDTHEMODELAREAPPLIED,ANDTHERESULTSARESHOWNTHETHIRDPARTPRESENTSTHECONCLUSIONSANDADISCUSSIONOFTHEIMPLICATIONSFORMANAGEMENTANDFORFUTURERESEARCH2CAPITALSTRUCTUREANDFINANC
11、IALLIFECYCLETHECONCEPTTHATFIRMSEVOLVETHROUGHAFINANCIALLIFECYCLEISWELLESTABLISHEDINTHELITERATURETHEREIS,HOWEVER,DISAGREEMENTREGARDINGSEQUENTIALFINANCINGCHOICESANDTHEDEBT/EQUITYRATIOMOREOVER,THELIFECYCLEPARADIGMDOESNOTFITALLSMALLBUSINESSESBERGERANDUDELL1998,ANDDIFFERENCESEXISTNOTONLYINTERMSOFMANAGEMEN
12、TDETERMINATIONBUTALSOINTERMSOFDIFFERENTINDUSTRYAFFILIATIONSANDINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTSINWHICHFIRMSOPERATEHARRISANDRAVIV1991BECKETAL2002RAJANANDZINGALES2004UTREROGONZALEZ2007INTHEIRREVIEWOFTHECAPITALSTRUCTURELITERATURE,HARRISANDRAVIV1991NOTETHATITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHATFIRMSINAGIVENINDUSTRYWILLHAVES
13、IMILARLEVERAGERATIOS,WHICHARERELATIVELYSTABLEOVERTIME,WHILELEVERAGERATIOSVARYACROSSINDUSTRIESSPECIFICALLY,THEINDUSTRYISASIGNIFICANTDETERMINANTOFLEVERAGE,WHICHALONEHASBEENFOUNDTOEXPLAINUPTO25OFWITHINCOUNTRYLEVERAGEVARIATIONBRADLEYETAL1984MOREOVER,THEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTALSOHASACRUCIALINFLUENCEONC
14、APITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONS,ASRECENTLYDOCUMENTEDBYTITMANETAL2003FORLARGECOMPANIES,ANDBYGAUDETAL2005FORSMALLFIRMSMORETHANTHETYPEOFFINANCIALSYSTEMMARKETBASEDORBANKBASED,ITISTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMRAJANANDZINGALES1995WALD1999BOOTHETAL2001ANDOFTHEGENERALINSTITUTIONALCONTEXTPETERSENANDRAJAN1994,19
15、95BERGERANDUDELL1995THATDETERMINESTHEFINANCIALGROWTHOFFIRMSAFFECTINGCAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSTHEREFORE,HYPOTHESESONCAPITALSTRUCTUREDETERMINANTSMUSTTAKEINDUSTRYAFFILIATIONANDTHEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTINTOACCOUNTTHISISVERYMUCHTHECASEFORFIRMSTHATAREPARTICULARLYOPAQUEANDAFFECTEDBYASYMMETRICINFORMATION2
16、1FINANCIALLIFECYCLETHEORYANDHYPOTHESISSEVERALHYPOTHESES,ASSYNTHESIZEDINTABLE1,CANBEPROPOSEDFORTHECONSIDERATIONOFTHELIFECYCLEINEXPLAININGFIRMSFINANCINGBEHAVIORTHEUSEOFINTERNALRESOURCESASASUBSTITUTEFOREXTERNALFINANCEMUSTBEACKNOWLEDGED,ASINTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORY,BECAUSETHESEREFLECTTHESEVERITYOFASYMMETRI
17、CINFORMATIONPROBLEMSACCORDINGLY,INTHISSTUDY,HYPOTHESIS1DEALSWITHTHEROLEOFPROFITABILITYANDTHEPREFERENCESREGARDINGINTERNALRESOURCESVERSUSDEBTHYPOTHESES2AND3,EACHOFWHICHISFURTHERDIVIDEDINTOTWOFORMULATIONS,ADDRESSTHEDIFFERENTTHEORETICALFINANCIALPREFERENCESDURINGTHELIFECYCLEOFAFIRMHYPOTHESIS2AATTEMPTSTOD
18、ESCRIBETHEFINANCIALLIFECYCLEWITHRESPECTTOTHEAGEOFAFIRM,WHILEHYPOTHESIS3AISTHEREVERSEFORMULATIONHYPOTHESIS2BATTEMPTSTODESCRIBETHEFINANCIALLIFECYCLEWITHRESPECTTOTHEROLEOFAFIRMSREPUTATION,WHILEHYPOTHESIS3BISTHEREVERSEFORMULATIONFINALLY,DUETOTHEFACTTHATTHEPREVIOUSLYMENTIONEDEFFECTSCANBEHETEROGENEOUSFORD
19、IFFERENTINDUSTRIESANDFORFIRMSOPERATINGINDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALCONTEXTS,WEEXPLICITLYTAKEINDUSTRYAFFILIATIONANDTHECONTEXTOFANALYSISINTOACCOUNTHYPOTHESIS1PECKINGORDERTHEORYTHEMAINAPPROACHTOINTERPRETINGCAPITALSTRUCTURECHOICESFROMTHEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONPOINTOFVIEWISTHEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESISMYERS1984,WHI
20、CHSUGGESTSTHATFIRMSFINANCETHEIRNEEDSINAHIERARCHICALFASHIONMYERS1984ANDMYERSANDMAJLUF1984HAVEPOINTEDOUTTHEROLEOFMANAGERIALPREFERENCESINTHECHOICEOFFINANCINGRESOURCESTHESECHOICESAREMADEBYCONSIDERINGTHERELATIVECOSTSOFTHEVARIOUSSOURCESOFFINANCEDUETOINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESANDTRANSACTIONCOSTSTHEPECKINGORDER
21、THEORYPROPOSESTHATFIRMSPREFERTOUSEINTERNALSOURCESOFCAPITAL,RELYINGONEXTERNALSOURCESONLYWHENTHEINTERNALONESAREEXHAUSTEDASARESULT,FIRMSPREFERTOUSELESSINFORMATIONSENSITIVESECURITIES,WITHRETAINEDEARNINGSBEINGTHEMOSTPREFERREDFINANCINGSOURCE,FOLLOWEDBYDEBT,ANDTHENEQUITYCAPITALTHISIMPLIESTHATMOREPROFITABLE
22、FIRMSWILLRETAINEARNINGSANDBECOMELESSLEVERAGED,WHILELESSPROFITABLEFIRMSWILLBECOMEMORELEVERAGED,THUSDEMONSTRATINGANINVERSERELATIONBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDFINANCIALLEVERAGETHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYSEEMSPARTICULARLYRELEVANTFORSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDFIRMSDUETOTHEIRTYPICALFEATURESANDLIMITEDACCESSTOEXTERNALFINANCEH
23、OLMESANDKENT1991INPARTICULAR,THEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESISPROVIDESANINSTRUMENTALTOOLFORTHEANALYSISOFTHESTRATEGICFINANCINGPROBLEMOFFIRMSALONGTHELIFECYCLEROCHATEIXEIRAANDDOSSANTOS2005ITSTATESTHATNOOPTIMALLEVELOFDEBTBECOMESOBJECTIVELYEVIDENTRATHER,ITBECOMESAPPARENTASAFIRMSSITUATIONCHANGESOVERTIMETHUS,THEPR
24、OPORTIONOFDEBTINAFIRMSCAPITALSTRUCTUREISADJUSTEDINRESPONSETOTHEIMPENDINGFINANCIALNEEDSOFTHEFIRMOVERITSLIFECYCLEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFROMPREVIOUSSTUDIESTHATHAVEEXAMINEDSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDFIRMSCHITTENDENETAL1996MICHAELASETAL1999WASCONSISTENTWITHTHEPECKINGORDERARGUMENT,SINCELEVERAGEWASFOUNDTOBENEGATIVELYRE
25、LATEDTOPROFITABILITYTHEREFORE,THEEMPIRICALMODELEMPLOYEDHEREINCLUDEDPROFITABILITY,DEFINEDASEARNINGSBEFOREINTEREST,TAXES,DEPRECIATION,ANDAMORTIZATIONEBITDATOCAPITALMICHAELASETAL1999FAMAANDFRENCH2002SOGORBMIRA2005HYPOTHESIS2AFINANCIALLIFECYCLEFORSTARTUPS,WHICHARETHEMOSTINFORMATIONALLYOPAQUETYPEOFBUSINE
26、SS,ITISDIFFICULTTOOBTAINEXTERNALFUNDINGBERGERANDUDELL1998INFORMATIONOPACITYPREVENTSINVESTORSINSMALLFIRMSFROMDISTINGUISHINGBETWEENHIGHQUALITYANDLOWQUALITYCOMPANIESCONSEQUENTLY,BERGERANDUDELL1998ARGUEDTHATDEBT,DUETOTHEHIGHERINTERESTRATEAPPLIEDBYLENDERSTOHEDGEAGAINSTTHEHIGHERDEFAULTPROBABILITY,ISCOSTLY
27、FORYOUNGFIRMSDUETOASYMMETRICINFORMATION,YOUNG,INFORMATIONALLYOPAQUEFIRMSARELESSLEVERAGEDTHISPHENOMENONCANINHIBITSMALLFIRMSFROMUSINGEXTERNALFUNDINGATALLWEINBERG1994,INADDITIONTOTHEFACTTHATCASHFLOWSARENEEDEDTOSERVICEINTERESTPAYMENTS,ANDSMALLANDYOUNGBUSINESSESARETYPICALLYNOTABLETOGENERATEPOSITIVECASHFL
28、OWSINTHEEARLYSTAGESCONSEQUENTLY,ACCORDINGTOFLUCK2000ANDTOTHEEMPIRICALRESULTSOFCAREYETAL1993ANDHELWEGEANDLIANG1996,YOUNGFIRMSAREFINANCEDMAINLYBYINSIDERS,BUSINESSANGELS,ANDVENTURECAPITALEQUITYASASOURCEOFFUNDSALLOWSTHESOUNDNESSOFANINVESTMENTTOBEMONITORED,WHILEPATIENTCAPITALCANWAITFORLONGTERMECONOMICRET
29、URNSONINVESTMENTSANDTHEREBYMEETTHELONGTERMFINANCIALNEEDSOFAYOUNGFIRMESPECIALLYGIVENANIMPERFECTMARKET,THEVENTURECAPITALISTPROFESSIONALLYSUPPORTSAYOUNGFIRMWITHHISORHERFINANCIALRESOURCESANDSKILLSKAPLANANDSTROMBERG2003INTHISCONTEXT,CAREYETAL1993ANDHELWEGEANDLIANG1996SHOWEDTHATSMALLENTREPRENEURIALFIRMSFR
30、EQUENTLYISSUEOUTSIDEEQUITYBEFORETHEYISSUEDEBTBANKDEBTISTYPICALLYMOREREADILYAVAILABLEAFTERAFIRMHASACHIEVEDSIGNIFICANTTANGIBLEASSETSTHATMIGHTBECOLLATERALIZEDTHEUSEOFDEBTINCREASESOVERTIMEANDBECOMESPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTINTHEMATURITYSTAGEOFABUSINESSBERGERANDUDELL1998ASAFIRMGOESTHROUGHITSLIFECYCLE,BECOMIN
31、GMATUREANDLESSINFORMATIONALLYOPAQUE,ITSFINANCINGCHOICESCHANGE,INCLUDINGBETTERACCESSTOTHEDEBTMARKETCHITTENDENETAL1996THEREFORE,LEVERAGEINCREASESWITHAGE,ASYOUNGFIRMSAREFINANCIALLYCONSTRAINEDWHILEOLDFIRMSHAVECONVENIENTACCESSTOEXTERNALFINANCETHEREFORE,THISLIFECYCLEPATTERNOFFIRMFINANCINGASSUMESTHATSMALLF
32、IRMSWILLUSEOUTSIDEEQUITYFIRSTSUCHASVENTURECAPITALFINANCEANDRETAINEDEARNINGS,ISSUINGDEBTATLASTTOSATISFYTHEIRSUBSEQUENTFINANCINGNEEDSTHISAPPROACHCONTRASTSWITHTHATDESCRIBEDINTHEPECKINGORDERMODELMAINLYWITHRESPECTTOTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFSTARTUPFIRMSHYPOTHESIS2BREPUTATIONALEFFECTAREPUTATIONARGUMENTALSOSUPP
33、ORTSTHECONVENIENTUSEOFDEBTONLYINTHEMATURITYSTAGEYOUNGFIRMS,WITHOUTPASTEXPERIENCEANDATRACKRECORD,HAVEALOWDEBTCAPACITYVICEVERSA,FIRMSTHATHAVECONSOLIDATEDTHEIRBUSINESS,WITHAPASTHISTORY,PASTPROFITABILITY,TRACKRECORD,ANDCREDIBILITYANDRELIABILITYINTHEPRODUCTMARKET,ARENOTCONSTRAINEDINTHECREDITMARKETANDCANO
34、BTAINFINANCEUNDERGOODECONOMICTERMSTHESEFIRMSCANHAVEDEVELOPEDAPOSITIVEREPUTATIONTOBESPENTONTHEFINANCIALMARKETDIAMOND1989THEREFORE,EARLYINTHELIFECYCLE,SMALLBUSINESSESHAVELITTLEREPAYMENTHISTORYORRECORDOFPROFITABILITYUPONWHICHEXTERNALSUPPLIERSOFFUNDSCANRELYFORSUCHFIRMS,INTERNALRESOURCESFROMENTREPRENEURS
35、ORTHEIRFAMILIESAREFUNDAMENTAL,ANDWHENTHESEAREEXHAUSTED,VENTURECAPITALBECOMESTHEPRIMARYCHOICEAFTERAPERIODOFSUFFICIENTPROFITSASWELLASOFRELIABILITYANDCREDIBILITYINTHEMARKET,FIRMSCANGAINAPOSITIVEREPUTATIONANDARETHUSABLETOREADILYOBTAINTHEREQUIREDFINANCING,INCLUDINGDEBTHIRSHLEIFERANDTHAKOR1992ASTHEFIRMMAT
36、URES,OUTSIDESTAKEHOLDERSCANEXAMINETHEFIRMSTRACKRECORDANDITSCREDITWORTHINESSOVERTIMEAFIRMSREPUTATIONCANMITIGATETHEPROBLEMOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONANDIMPROVEITSACCESSTOEXTERNALSOURCESOFFUNDING,SUCHASTRADECREDITANDBANKDEBTDIAMOND1989THUS,GAININGAREPUTATIONINTHEMARKETOVERTIMEANDREDUCINGMORALHAZARDPROBLEMS
37、PROVIDEOLDERFIRMSWITHBETTERCONDITIONSFORUSINGDEBTASASOURCEOFFINANCEASSTATEDBYDIAMOND1989,OLDERFIRMSWILLBEABLETOINCREASETHEIRUSEOFDEBTEMPIRICALLY,FLUCKETAL1998FINDTHATTHEPROPORTIONOFFUNDSFROMINSIDERSINCREASESDURINGTHEEARLYSTAGESOFAFIRMSLIFECYCLE,WHILETHEPROPORTIONOFOUTSIDERFINANCEDECLINESHOWEVER,ATSO
38、MEPOINTTHISRELATIONSHIPREVERSESTHEYINTERPRETTHISRESULTASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAPOSITIVEREPUTATIONINCREDITMARKETSTHATALLOWSTHEFIRMTOOBTAINCHEAPERSOURCESOFEXTERNALFINANCINGSOURCEMAURIZIOLAROCCA,TIZIANALAROCCAANDALFIOCARIOLA“CAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSDURINGAFIRMSLIFECYCLE”,SMALLBUSINESSECONOMICS
39、,ONLINEFIRST,24AUGUST2009PAGES124译文基于企业生命周期的资本结构决策在小企业资本结构的研究中,伯格和德尔(1998)有趣地发现,普遍的财务理论并不适用于所有交易。进一步说,企业生命周期的特定阶段决定了资金需求的性质、财务资源的可用性和与此相关的资本成本。这一论断说明了特定生命周期具有特定的财务行为。科普兰和斯特伯格(2003)证明,一个企业的信息不透明的变化程度有助于经济生命周期的发展。从初期到成熟,企业的资金需求要根据其产生现金的能力、其成长机会和实现机会的风险而变化。这将从融资偏好的演变和企业基于生命周期所做出的具体财务决策的性质中得到反映。因此,企业处于生
40、命周期的早期时,不对称信息的水平较高、成长机会更多、规模较为简化,应该用特定的资本结构驱动力以及制定特定的融资策略去应对企业生命周期不同阶段。不管最近对于这个话题有怎么样的进展,在企业生命周期的各个过程中显示企业融资结构的数据还是相当有限,而且结果是不明确的(格雷戈里等2005)。因此我们仍然需要延伸对企业在这个领域中的财务决策的认识和验证,特别是短期最优资本结构的存在和企业随着生命周期的不同阶段发展过程中可能解释资本结构决策相关因素的了解。在一些文章中,权益(特别是风险资本)在企业生命周期初期的作用已经被认识到,债务则只在末期起作用。在另一些文章中,金融中介机构(银行)的支持在企业早期发展中
41、起基础性作用,而资本结构在以后的阶段中起到重新平衡的作用。关于制度环境基础对一家小企业的重要性已是大家普遍认同的观点贝克等2002,2005。要想在美国或者意大利生存,小企业必须使用各种不同的财务策略去维持他们在信息不对称情况下的各种业务。因此,这些企业的融资偏好是复杂的,有效选择的适当性值得进一步研究。该研究报告有助于在这一研究领域力图核实企业生命周期是否是其融资行为的相关因素。在意大利小企业中,通常用经验分析来评价企业生命周期所扮演的角色和在生命周期各个阶段中债权比率决定因素方面的差别。具体地说,解决了以下几个问题意大利企业在不同的生命周期阶段中拥有不同的财务结构吗在企业生命周期不同阶段中
42、,意大利的资本结构决定因素如何改变文章结构如下第一部分,通过正式的研究假设调查了企业的战略性融资选择。第二部分,引用案例,建立变量数据模型,显示结果。第三部分,得出结论,讨论本文对管理和未来研究方向的影响。2资本结构和财务生命周期企业通过财务生命周期发展的理念已经充分地在各种文献中得到确立。但是,连续的融资选择和债权比率还是存在一些异议。此外,生命周期模式并不适合所有小企业(伯格和德尔,1998),这其中的差异不仅存在于管理决策方面,而且也存在于企业面临的不同行业联盟和环境制度方面(哈里斯和瑞佛1991;贝克等2002;拉詹和金格拉斯2004;崔洛高扎勒斯2007)。根据哈里斯和瑞佛关于资本结
43、构的文献中回顾,他们注意到人们普遍认为企业在给定的行业中会有相似的杠杆比率,而且会稳定相当一段时间,但是各个行业的杠杆比率却不尽相同。具体地说,行业是杠杆作用的一个重要决定因素,单独作用会造成高达25的杠杆作用的变化(布兰德利等1984)。此外,制度环境对资本结构决策也有重要影响,迪特曼等(2003)以大企业为研究对象证明了这点,而高德等(2005)以小企业为研究对象也证明了这点。除了财务系统的类型(市场化或者银行化)之外的是财务系统的效率(拉詹和金格拉斯1995;沃德1999;布兹等2001)和一般制度背景彼德生和拉詹1994,1995;柏格和德尔1995也决定着企业的财政增长,因此会影响企
44、业资本结构决策。因此,对资本结构因素的假设必须将产业间相互联系和制度环境纳入考虑之内。这对那些信息特别不透明并且受信息不对称影响较大的企业尤为重要。21财务生命周期理论和假设表1综合了几个假说,在解释企业财务行为中提出对企业生命周期的考虑。我们必须了解到使用内部资金来代替外来资金的可行性,就像在次序理论中说的一样,因为这反映出信息不对称的严重问题。因此,在这项研究中,假设1涉及的是收益率的作用和内部资金抵债的参数。假设2和假设3,每个都可进一步分为两个公式,说明企业在生命周期各个阶段的不同理论财务参数。假设2A试图描述企业财务生命周期年龄方面的内容,而假设3A描述的则是完全相反的内容。假设2B
45、试图描述财务生命周期关于企业声誉的作用方面的内容,而假设3B描述的则是完全相反的内容。最后,由于这样的事实,即先前提到的对不同行业和不同制度环境下的企业经营产生的效果,我们明确地把产业机构和内容分析纳入考虑范围之内。假设1次序理论。解释不对称信息观点下资本结构决策的主要方法是次序理论(迈尔斯1984),它表明企业财务上需要采用分级的方式。迈尔斯和马杰鲁夫(1984)指出了管理偏好在融资来源上的作用。这些选择都是根据考虑到由于信息不对称和交易成本产生的融资来源相关成本来制定的。次序理论指出企业倾向于使用内部资本来源,只有当内部资本来源疲软不堪时才依靠外部资本来源。因此,企业更愿意使用更少敏感信息
46、的股票,用留存收益作为最优资金来源,其次是负债,然后是股权资本。这意味着高盈利企业将收入保留下来,从而减小了借债可能,而低盈利企业借债的可能将会更大,因此说明了盈利能力和财务举债可能之间相反的关系。由于中小企业的典型特征以及他们获得外部融资的限制性,次序理论尤其与中小企业相关(福尔摩斯和肯特1991)。值得一提的是,次序理论对分析基于企业生命周期下的战略性融资问题提供了很大帮助(罗卡特希尔和托斯桑托2005)。它指出,没有最佳债务水平会成为明显的“客观”现象;相反,企业的处境会随着时间的变化而变化。因此,在一个企业的资本结构中,债务的比例需要根据未来企业各个生命周期的财务需求进行调整。对小企业
47、的前期研究的进一步实验性证据(赤坦登等1996;米凯拉1999)与次序理论的内容基本吻合,因为研究发现杠杆效用对利润有负面作用。因此,这里采用的实验模型应包括利润在内,定义为剔除利息、税收、折旧和摊销(EBITDA)前的资本收入(米凯拉等1999;法玛尔和佛兰奇2002;索戈布米拉2005)。假设2A财务生命周期。对于初创企业来说,“信息最不透明”的企业很难获得外部资金(伯格和德尔1998)。信息的不透明防止了小企业投资者将高质量、低质量的企业区别对待。因此,伯格和德尔(1998)提出由于采用较高的利率的抵押贷款同样存在较高的违约风险,对于年轻的企业来说成本是昂贵的。由于信息不对称、年轻、信息
48、不透明等原因导致企业的杠杆效用较低。这一现象能够抑制小企业使用外部资金温伯格1994,除了这一事实之外,现金流量需要应付利息的支付,而年轻的小企业在早期阶段往往并不能够产生有效的现金流量。因此,根据弗兰克(2000)、凯利等(1993)、郝威格和里昂(1996)的经验性结果,年轻的企业主要依靠内部人员、天使投资和风险资本提供资金。股票作为一种资金来源允许采用稳固的投资,然而“有耐心”的资本可以等待长期投资经济回报因而满足年轻企业长期资本需要。尤其是考虑到一个不完全的市场,专业风险资本家建议一个年轻的企业的运作必须与其资本来源和技能相适应(卡普兰和斯特龙伯格2003)。在这样的背景下,凯利等(1
49、993)、郝威格和里昂(1996)表明,小企业经常在其对外发行债券之前发行股票。当企业拥有重大有形资产作为抵押之后,向银行借债通常轻而易举就能成功。对于企业成熟阶段来说,债务的应用随着时间的发展变得特别重要(伯格和德尔1998)。企业随着它的生命周期发展慢慢走向成熟,信息变得不透明,融资决策也在改变,包括更好的进入债务市场赤坦登等1996。因此,杠杆效用随着年龄增长更加明显,年轻的企业倍受资金约束而老企业的外部融资则非常便利。因此,该生命周期模式企业融资假设小企业将使用外来资本例如风险投资和留存收益作为首要资本来源,最后通过发行债券来满足他们的后续资金需求。这种方法与次序模型中描述的方法主要是通过初创企业的融资决策形成对比。假设2B声誉效用。对于成熟阶段的企业来说,声誉的好坏对于举债的便利程度也有重要支持作用。年轻的企业,没有过去的经验和业绩记录,举债能力较低。反过来,拥有巩固的业务、过去的历史、过去的盈利能力、以往的业绩记录、信誉和产品市场上比较可靠的企业,在信贷市场下不受限制,并能在良好的经济条件下成功融通资金。这种企业已经在金融市场上营造出良好的声誉(戴蒙1989)。因此,早在生命周期,小企业几乎没有外部供应商可以信赖的资金还款记录或利润记录。对于这样的企业来说,内部资本由企业家和他们的家人提供是最根本的,而且当这部分资本
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