《实用电子商务》英语课件二.pptx

1、from Electronic DataInterchange to Electronic Commerce,Unit 2 Business-to-BusinessStrategies:,学习指导：本章主要介绍了：1、B2B的含义2、电子数据交换的应用3、增值网的含义4、基于互联网的电子数据交换5、开放的互联网结构,2.1 Interoduction,Business-to-business is that companies buying from and selling to each other online. But theres more to it than purchasing.

2、 Its evolved to encompass supply chain management as more companies outsource parts of their supply chain to their trading partners.,General Electric (GE) is one of the largest and most successful companies in the world. It engages in a wide range of businesses around the world, including the produc

3、tion of appliances and electrical and electronic products, broadcasting, and a variety of financial and insurance activities.,One of its oldest line of business is GE Lighting, which produces over 30,000 different kinds of lightbulbs in its 28 North American plants and other locations around the wor

4、ld.,The raw materials used in making lightbulbs are fairly standard items: glass, aluminum, various insulating plastics, and filament materials. However, a major portion of each lightbulbs cost is the money that GE Lighting spends on indirect materials and parts for the machines used to fabricate an

5、d assemble the bulbs.,These indirect materials and parts must conform to detailed specifications that GE stores on more than 3 million blueprints and other design drawings.,Because the technologies for making lightbulbs are mature and well-known, GE Lighting can solicit bids from a variety of suppli

6、ers for indirect materials and machinery replacement parts without worrying about the possible disclosure of trade secrets. Unfortunately, the bidding process at GE Lighting had become very slow and inefficient.,Each transaction required the Purchasing Department to request the relevant blueprints,

7、photocopy them, attach them to other material specification documents, and mail the whole package to suppliers that might be interested in bidding on the item.,It would often take purchasing personnel more than four weeks to gather the information, send it to potential suppliers, obtain and evaluate

8、 suppliers bids, negotiate with the chosen suppliers, and place an order. These long delays were limiting GE Lightings flexibility and ability to respond to requests from its customers.,By applying the tools of electronic commerce to these purchase transactions, GE Lighting was able to make major im

9、provements to the entire parts acquisition process. Today, purchasing personnel have access to a procurement system through their desktop computers.,When they need to buy replacement parts for a machine, they create a new purchase file that includes basic quantity, delivery date, and delivery locati

10、on information.,Then, from a list generated by a continually updated supplier database, they select suppliers from which they request quotes. Finally, they attach electronic copies of all necessary blueprints and engineering drawings, which are now digitized and stored in another database; with a mo

11、use click, they send the entire bid package off in an encrypted format to all the selected suppliers.,Assembling the bid package now takes hours instead of a week or more. Suppliers are asked to respond in a short time period usually a week through the Internet. The purchasing members can evaluate t

12、he returned bids and award a contract online, completing the entire process in about 10 days.,The most significant savings to GE Lighting were in process time reduction from four weeks or more to 10 days-and in the elimination of paper and the costs of handling paper. However, the company also reali

13、zed other benefits.,Because the online system made it easier to send out bid packages, the Purchasing Department could send out more bids to a wider range of suppliers. In particular, many foreign suppliers that had been difficult to reach with mailed bid packages could be included in the solicitati

14、on for quotes.,The Increased competition drove down prices. GE Lighting has saved up to 20 percent on many of these items since moving the bid process online. Suppliers welcome the reduced time lag between submitting the bid and learning whether GE Lighting will award them the contract; this makes t

15、heir production planning easier.,2.2 Electronic Date Interchange,Electronic data interchange(EDI) is a computer-to-computer transfer of business information between two businesses that uses a standard format of some kind. The two businesses that are exchanging information are trading partners.,Firms

16、 that exchange data in specific standard formats are said to be EDI compatible. The business information,exchanged is often transaction data; however, it can also include other information related to transactions, such as price order status inquiries.,Transaction data in business-to-business transac

17、tions includes the information traditionally included on paper invoices, purchase orders, requests for quotations, bills of lading, and receiving reports. The data on these five types of forms accounts for over 75 percent of all information exchanged by trading partners in the United States.,Thus, E

18、DI was the first form of electronic commerce to be widely used in business-some 20 years before anyone used the term “electronic commerce” to describe anything.,It is very important that you understand what EDI is designed to accomplish and how it came to be the preferred way for businesses to excha

19、nge information, because most B2B electronic commerce is an adaptation of EDI or is based on EDI principles. Another important reason for being familiar with EDI is that EDI is still the method used for most electronic B2B transaction.,The emergence of large business organizations in the late 1800s

20、and early 1900s brought with it the need to create formal records of business transactions.,In the 1950s, companies began to use computers to store and process internal transaction records, but the information flows between businesses continued to be printed on paper; purchase orders, invoices, bill

21、s of lading, checks, remittance advices, and other standard forms were used to document transactions.,The process of using a person or a computer to generate a paper form, mailing that form, and then having another person enter the data into the trading partners computer was slow, inefficient, expen

22、sive, redundant, and unreliable. By the 1960s, businesses that engaged in large volumes of transactions with each other had begun exchanging transaction information on punched cards or magnetic tape.,Advances in data communications technology during the 1960s and 1970s allowed trading partners to tr

23、ansfer,data over telephone lines instead of shipping punched cards or magnetic tapes to each other.,Although these information transfer agreements between trading partners increased efficiency and reduced errors, they were not an ideal solution. Because the data translation programs that one trading

24、 partner wrote usually would not work for other trading partners, each company participating in this information exchange had to make a substantial investment in computing infrastructure.,Only large trading partners could afford this investment, and even those companies had to perform a significant

25、number of transactions to justify the cost. Smaller or lower-volume trading partners could not afford to participate in the benefits of these paper-free exchanges.,In 1968, a number of freight and shipping companies joined together to form the,Transportation Data Coordinating Committee (TDCC), which

26、 was charged with exploring ways to reduce the paperwork burden that shippers and carriers faced.,The TDCC created a standardized information set that included all the data elements that shippers commonly included on bills of lading, freight invoices, shipping manifests, and other paper forms. Inste

27、ad of printing a paper form, shippers could convert information about shipments into a computer file that conformed to the TDCC standard format.,The shipper could electronically transmit that computer file to any freight company that had adopted the TDCC format. The freight company translated the TD

28、CC format into data it could use in its own information systems.,The savings from no printing and handling forms, no entering the data twice, and or having to worry about error-correction procedures were significant for most shippers and freight carriers.,Although these early industry-specific data

29、interchange efforts were very helpful, their benefits were limited to members of the industries that created standard-setting groups. In addition, most businesses that are in a particular industry buy goods and services from businesses that are in other industries.,For example, a machinery manufactu

30、rer might buy materials from steel mills, paint distributors, electrical assembly contractors, and container manufacturers. Also, almost every business needs to buy office supplies and the services of freight and transportation companies.,Thus, full realization of EDIs economies and efficiencies req

31、uired standards that could be used by companies in all industries.,2.3 Value-Added Networks,EDI reduces paper flow and streamlines the interchange of information among departments within a company and between companies. These efficiencies were responsible for the benefits described in the GE Lightin

32、g example presented in the introduction to this chapter.,The key elements that alter the process so dramatically are the EDI network (instead of the mail service) that connects the two companies and the two EDI translator computers that handle the conversion of data from the formats used internally

33、by the buyer and the vendor to standard EDI transaction sets.,Trading partners can implement the EDI network and EDI translation processes in several ways. Each of these ways uses one of two basic approaches: direct connection or indirect connection.,The first approach, called direct connection EDI,

34、 requires each business in the network to operate its own on-site EDI translator computer. These EDI translator computers are then connected directly to each other using modems and dial-up telephone lines or dedicated leased lines.,The dial-up option becomes troublesome when customers or vendors are

35、 located in different time zones, and when transactions are time sensitive or high in volume. The dedicated leased-line option can become very expensive for businesses that must maintain many connections with customers or vendors.,Trading partners that use different communication protocols can make

36、either of the direct connection methods difficult to implement.,Instead of connecting directly to each of its trading partners, a company might decide to use the services of a value-added network. A value-added network (VAN) is a company that provides communications equipment, software, and skills n

37、eeded to receive, store, and forward electronic messages that contain EDI transaction sets.,To use the services of a VAN, a company must install EDI translator software that is compatible with the VAN. Often, the VAN supplies this software as part of its operating agreement.,To send an EDI transacti

38、on set to a trading partner, the VAN customer connects to the VAN using a dedicated or dial-up telephone line and then forwards the EDI-formatted message to the VAN. The VAN logs the message and delivers it to the trading partners mail- box on the VAN computer. The trading partner then dials in to t

39、he VAN and retrieves its EDI- formatted messages from that mailbox.,This approach is called indirect connection EDI because the trading partners pass messages through the VAN instead of connecting their computers directly to each other.,Companies that provide VAN services include Computer-Associates

40、, Descartes VAN Services, EC/EDI, GPAS, IBM Global Services, Kleinschmidt, and the Sterling Electronic Trading Network.,2.4 EDI on the Internet,As the Internet gained prominence as a tool for conducting business, trading partners using EDI began to view the Internet as a potential replacement for th

41、e expensive leased lines, and dial-up connections (required to support both direct and VAN-aided EDI ).,Companies that had been unable to afford EDI began to look at the Internet as an enabling technology that,might get them back in the game of selling to large customers that demanded EDI capabiliti

42、es from their suppliers.,The major roadblocks to conducting EDI over the Internet initially were concerns about security and the Internets general inability to provide audit logs and third-party verification of message transmission and delivery. As the basic TCP/IP structure of the Internet was enha

43、nced with secure protocols and other encryption schemes , businesses worried less about security issues; however, concerns still existed.,The lack of third-party verification continues to be at issue because the Internet has no built-in facility for it. Because EDI transactions are business contract

44、s and often involve a large amounts of money, the issue of nonrepudiation is significant.,Nonrepudiation is the ability to establish that a particular transaction actually occurred. It prevents either party from repudiating, or denying, the transactions validity or existence.,In the past the non-rep

45、udiation function was provided either by a VANS audit logs for indirect connection EDI or a comparison of the trading partners message logs for direct connection EDI.,2.5 Open Architecture of the Internet,In the mid-1990s, a number of firms began providing EDI services on the Internet. Companies tha

46、t originally provided traditional VAN services now offer EDI on the Internet along with a number of new companies that entered the market with their Internet EDI services. EDI on the Internet is called Internet EDI or Web EDI.,It is also called open EDI because the internet is an open architecture n

47、etwork. Many of the new EDI offerings go beyond traditional EDI and help trading partners accomplish information interchanges that are more complex than the EDI standard transaction sets.,Internet EDI has grown rapidly, but has not replaced traditional EDI because so many large companies have signif

48、icant investments in the computing infrastructure they use for traditional EDI. Most VANs today offer Internet EDI services, but they continue to provide traditional EDI services.,The open architecture of the Internet allows trading partners virtually unlimited opportunities for customizing their in

49、formation interchanges. New tools such as XML are helping trading partners be even more flexible in exchanging detailed information.,Vocabulary,appliance / plains / n. 用具,器具;应用,运用aluminum / lu:minm / n. /化/铝insulate / insjuleit / vt. 使绝缘, 隔离filament / filmnt / n. 细丝, 灯丝fabricate / fbrikeit / vt. 制作, 构成, 捏造, 伪造, 虚构assemble / sembl / vt. 集合, 聚集, 装配; vi. 集合,blueprint / blu:print / n. 蓝图, 设计图, 计划; vt. 制成蓝图, 计划conform / knf:m / vt. 使一致, 使遵守, 使顺从; vi. 符合, 相似, 适应环境; a. 一致的, 顺从的solicit / slisit / v. 恳求 disclosure / disklu / n. 揭发, 败露, 败露的事情,