1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文IMPROVINGLOGISTICSOPERATIONSACROSSTHEFOODINDUSTRYSUPPLYCHAININTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,MANUFACTURERS,DISTRIBUTORSANDRETAILERSHAVECOMETOFINDTHATTHEYNEEDANEWWAYOFWORKINGTOGETHERFIRST,TOSHOWTHEREASONSWHYTHESEPARTNERSNEEDNEWWAYSOFSUPPLYCHAINSANDLOGISTICSWEMUSTGIVEABACKGROUNDREGARDINGTHESE
2、BUSINESSISSUESINTHECOMPANIESTHEPAPERWILLOUTLINETHECONCEPTSOFTHESEISSUESANDTHENSHOWAFOODRETAILCOMPANYTHATISDEALINGWITHCHANGESINITSLOGISTICSANDSUPPLYCHAINTHROUGHTHISCOMPANYWEWILLSHOWTHEOLDWAYOFDOINGTHINGSANDTHECHANGESBEINGMADETOBRINGTHESYSTEMUPTODATEWEWILLCONCLUDEBYFINDINGOUTWHYTHEYARESOSLOWPACEDINCHA
3、NGINGTOTHENEWSYSTEMSOFDISTRIBUTING,INVENTORYANDSUPPLYINGINPRESENTMARKETSLOGISTICSINACOMPETITIVEMARKETPLACE,THECOMPANIESTHATGETTHEIRPRODUCTSTOMARKETFASTEST,MINIMIZETHEIRINVENTORYCOSTSANDGETTHEMOSTMILEAGELITERALLYANDFIGURATIVELYOUTOFTHEIRFIGURATIVELYORDELIVERYFLEETSARETHEONESTHATSUCCEEDRETTING,1997MAN
4、YCOMPANIESAREAUTOMATINGTHEIRLOGISTICSPROCESSESBYSETTINGUPSUPPLYCHAINSTHATCONNECTTHEMWITHTHEIRCUSTOMERSANDSUPPLIERSSIMPLYDEFINED,LOGISTICSISAPRACTICETHATISUSEDTODETERMINEHOWTOMOVEPEOPLEANDMATERIALSMOSTEFFICIENTLYBETWEENASOURCEANDADESTINATIONTHE“CHAIN”METAPHORISUSEDTODESCRIBEAGROUPOFCOMPANIESCONNECTED
5、LOOSELY,ALLCOLLABORATINGONTHEMOSTEFFICIENTANDECONOMICALDELIVERYOFAPRODUCTLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTREQUIRESTHATEQUIPMENT,RESOURCESANDLABORAREMADEAVAILABLEONLYINTHEAMOUNTREQUIREDANDATTHETIMEREQUIREDTODOTHEJOBITISBASEDONBRINGINGTHEPRODUCTEXACTLYINLINEWITHMARKETDEMANDJUSTINTIMEJITMEANSMAKINGWHATTHEMARKETWANTS
6、,WHENITWANTSITMORESPECIFICALLY,LOGISTICSMANAGEMENTISCRUCIALTOCOMPANIESENDEAVORINGTOEMPLOYJITMANUFACTURINGPRACTICESEFFICIENTLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTENSURESTHATORIGINALEQUIPMENTMANUFACTUREOEMSUPPLIERSWILLHAVETHENECESSARYPARTSDELIVEREDTOAGIVENCOMPANYINASYNCHRONIZEDANDTIMELYFASHIONOEMSUPPLIERSALSOENABLETHECO
7、MPANYTOMEETTHESUPPLYDEMANDFORTHEIRPRODUCTINLESSTIMETHANITWOULDTAKETHEMIFTHEYWEREMANUFACTURINGALLTHEPARTSOFTHEIRPRODUCTTHEMSELVESSUPPLYCHAINSOUTSOURCINGISONEOFSEVERALELEMENTSOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTGENERALLYAPPLIEDTOWARDINCREASINGEFFICIENCYINOPERATIONSFORTHEMOSTPART,MANYCOMPANIESSEEOUTSOURCINGASACOSTR
8、EDUCTIONMECHANISMANDMANYFIRMSHAVESEVERALTHIRDPARTYCONTRACTSMANYCHEMICALPRODUCERSAREOUTSOURCINGSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTTOLOGISTICSCOMPANIESDOWCHEMICAL,FOREXAMPLE,PILOTEDITSFIRSTTHIRDPARTYCONTRACTWITHYELLOWFREIGHTSYSTEMLOCATEDINOVERLANDPARK,KANSASANDSUBSEQUENTLYSIGNEDA70MILLIONOUTSOURCINGDEALWITHMENLOLOG
9、ISTICSINREDWOODCITY,CALIFORNIAIN1995UNDERTHEAGREEMENT,MENLOLOGISTICSWILLDISPATCHINBOUNDANDOUTBOUNDTRUCKLOADANDLESSTHANTRUCKLOADSHIPMENTSFROM45DOWFACILITIESMORRISANDMULLIN,1997THEDEALWITHMENLOHASLEDTOSIGNIFICANTSAVINGSINFREIGHTSHIPMENTMENLONOWASSIGNSALLDOWSSHIPMENTSTOCARRIERSDOWBENEFITSFROMTHEEXTENSI
10、VE,COMPUTERIZEDDISTRIBUTIONTRACKINGSYSTEMOPERATEDBYMENLOTHEYUSETHEIROWNTECHNOLOGYTOENSURETHATCARRIERSMEETQUALITYANDSERVICEREQUIREMENTSANDARETHEMOSTCOMPETENTCARRIERSFORGIVENLINESOFTRAFFICITISIMPORTANTTODEVELOPALINKBETWEENTHECOMPANIESTOENSUREALONGTERMBUSINESSRELATIONSHIPTHISPROVIDESTHECOMPANIESINVOLVE
11、DWITHTHESTABILITYREQUIREDTOOPTIMIZETHEIRPROFITTHEREAREFOURNEEDSTHATAFFECTTHESUPPLIERSABILITYTOPERFORMTRUST,COMMUNICATIONS,LINEARITYOFPRODUCTION,ANDTIMEANDVISIBILITYTOMAKECHANGESREQUIREMENTSFORLOGISTICSMANUFACTURINGTHECORPORATECOMMITMENTTODEVELOPINGTHEINTERNALSTRUCTURESANDTHECUSTOMERANDSUPPLIERBASEST
12、OSUPPORTLOGISTICSMANUFACTURINGISTHEPRIMARYREQUIREMENTFORDEVELOPINGAVIABLELOGISTICSSYSTEMTOBEABLETOESTABLISHALOGISTICSMANUFACTURINGSYSTEM,EVERYDEPARTMENTSHOULDHAVESOMECOMMITMENTTOALIGNWITHACOMMONGOALTHISGOALMUSTALSOBESUPPORTEDBYTHECOMPANYSTOPMANAGEMENTTOHAVERESOURCESANDTIMEALLOCATEDTODEVELOPINGTHENEC
13、ESSARYSYSTEMSANDPROCEDURESTHESYSTEMNEEDSTOBEMETHODICALLYDEVELOPEDONASCALETHATISWITHINTHEEMPLOYERSMEANSFROMBOTHAFINANCIALANDANAPPLICATIONSTANDPOINTULTIMATELY,THEOPERATIONOFALOGISTICSSYSTEMWILLREQUIRETHEUNWAVERINGSUPPORTANDCOMMITMENTOFTHEENTIRECOMPANYPARTNERSHIPSINTHEPAST,COMPANIESWERECAPABLEOFREMAINI
14、NGINDEPENDENTANDCOMPETITIVEWHENTHEYHADTHECAPABILITYANDRESOURCESNECESSARYTOPRODUCEAPRODUCTTHISISBECOMINGMOREANDMOREDIFFICULTASTECHNOLOGYINCREASESINCOMPLEXITYCOMPANIESOVERCOMECAPITALLIMITATIONSORLABORINTENSIVEREQUIREMENTSBYBECOMINGDEPENDENTONSUPPLIERSTOPROVIDESERVICESMANYSERVICESANDOEMSUPPLIERSHAVEEVO
15、LVEDASTHERESULTCOMPANIESNOWAPPRECIATETHATLONGTERMSUCCESSRELIESONTHEQUALITYOFTHECUSTOMERSUPPLIERRELATIONSHIPESTABLISHEDSOTHATTHEYWILLDEVELOPSUCCESSFULPARTNERSHIPSTHEREFORE,SUCCESSFULPARTNERSHIPSREQUIRETHEDEVELOPMENTOFMUTUALLYBENEFICIALPROGRAMSPURCHASINGTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGAREAFORMANYMANUFACTURERSINACHI
16、EVINGJITISTHEPURCHASINGOFRAWMATERIALSANDPARTSTHISISIMPORTANTBECAUSEANINTERNALJITSYSTEMCANBEOPERATEDSUCCESSFULLYONLYWHENTHEMATERIALSBEINGFEDINTOITAREOFSUFFICIENTQUALITYANDDELIVEREDONTIMEJITPURCHASINGDESIRESTHEFOLLOWINGGOALSSECUREASTEADYFLOWOFQUALITYPARTSREDUCETHELEADTIMEREQUIREDFORORDERINGPRODUCTREDU
17、CETHEAMOUNTOFINVENTORYINTHESUPPLYANDPRODUCTIONPIPELINESANDREDUCETHECOSTOFPURCHASEDMATERIALLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTFORMANUFACTURERSTOMEETJITREQUIREMENTSREQUIRESONTIMEDELIVERYANDFREQUENCYOFDELIVERYONTIMEMATERIALDELIVERYMEANSTHATCOMPANIESRECEIVETHEMATERIALJUSTBEFOREITISREQUIREDASUPPLIERSABILITYTODELIVERONTI
18、MEISACOMBINATIONOFFACTORSTRANSPORTATION,RAWMATERIALAVAILABILITY,PRICE,HOLIDAYS,ETC,WHICHREQUIRESEXPERTSCHEDULINGSCHEDULINGAMAJORCONCERNOFPURCHASINGMANAGERSISTHEPROCESSOFCOORDINATINGTHEMANUFACTURINGNEEDFORMATERIALSTHEPROCESSISCOMPLICATEDBYPERIODICCHANGESINPRODUCTMIXANDVOLUMEREQUIREMENTANDTHECONTINUAL
19、INTRODUCTIONOFNEWPRODUCTSCOMPANIESSOLVETHEPROBLEMOFHOWMUCHMATERIALTOORDERANDWHENTOORDERBYPLACINGCONTRACTSBASEDONORDERREQUIREMENTSSUPPLIEDBYMATERIALCONTROLMATERIALCONTROLMAKESITSDECISIONSBASEDONTHEMASTERSCHEDULELESSCURRENTINVENTORYINAJITSYSTEMTHESUPPLIERPICKSUPTHEINFORMATIONONTHENEXTPRODUCTIONREQUIRE
20、MENTSEVERYTIMEADELIVERYISMADELOGISTICSPLANNINGITISIMPOSSIBLETOESTABLISHANEWLOGISTICSSYSTEMTHATCANBEUSEDSUCCESSFULLYWITHOUTMODIFICATIONSINCEEACHMANUFACTURINGPROCESSISDIFFERENTEGINTERMSOFGOALS,PRODUCTREQUIREMENTS,CUSTOMERREQUIREMENTSETC,ITISUPTOTHEINDIVIDUALCOMPANYTODETERMINETHETIMEFRAMEOFDELIVERABLES
21、VALUEADDEDDISTRIBUTIONVALUEADDEDDISTRIBUTIONVADISASTRATEGYTOINCREASEAGILITYANDASSETMANAGEMENT,IMPROVETIMETOMARKET,ANDREDUCETHECOMPLEXITYOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTBURTON,1997VADALLOWSORGANIZATIONSTOFOCUSONTRUECORECOMPETENCIESANDAVOIDTHEEXPENSEOFANYNONCORE,OVERHEADCORPORATEINFRASTRUCTUREVALUEADDEDDISTRIBUT
22、ORSOFFERANEXTENSIVEARRAYOFSERVICES,SUCHASPIPELINING,INPLANTSTORES,ELECTRONICAUTOMATICREPLENISHMENT,COMPONENTPROGRAMMING,ANDTURNKEYSERVICESTHEKEYTOSUCCESSISINMAPPINGANDCOUPLINGTHEIRSOLUTIONSOPTIONSTOANORGANIZATIONSSTRATEGICIMPROVEMENTNEEDSTHEFIRSTSTEPISTODEVELOPAWORKINGKNOWLEDGEOFTHESEVADSERVICESMOST
23、VALUEADDEDDISTRIBUTORSAREVERYCOOPERATIVEINRESPONDINGTOANORGANIZATIONSGENERALMATERIALSPLANNINGANDPURCHASINGREQUIREMENTSORGANIZATIONSMUST,HOWEVER,TAKETIMETODEVELOPANOPERATIONSSTRATEGYBASEDONREALCUSTOMERANDMARKETNEEDS,ANDTHENALLOWTHISTODRIVETHEIRVADPROGRAMSJUSTSIMPLYSUPERIMPOSINGAPULLMATERIALSSYSTEMOVE
24、RINEFFICIENTINTERNALPROCESSESOREXPECTINGTHEDISTRIBUTORTOPLANPIPELINESFORANYMAGNITUDEOFCHANGEWILLNOTCREATETHECOMPETITIVEBREAKTHROUGHSINSUPPLYCHAINPERFORMANCELEADINGEDGECOMPANIESHAVELEARNEDTOFOCUSTHEIREFFORTSONTHOSEPROCESSESORCORECOMPETENCIESTHATADDTHEMOSTVALUEFORCUSTOMERSNONSTRATEGICPROCESSESORFUNCTI
25、ONSAREINCREASINGLYBEINGOUTSOURCEDTOSPECIALISTS,WHOPROVIDEMOREVALUEATLOWERCOSTS,FASTERRESPONSETIMES,ANDINCREASEDFLEXIBILITYDUETOSCALEANDSCOPEVADISAPOPULAREXAMPLEOFTHISMOVEMENT,INWHICHMATERIALSPLANNING,PURCHASING,WAREHOUSING,ANDLOGISTICSACTIVITIESARESHIFTEDFROMTHEMANUFACTURERTOITSDISTRIBUTIONPARTNERWH
26、ILETHEVADCONCEPTISSIMPLE,SUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATIONISOFTENDIFFICULTBECAUSEORGANIZATIONSARENOTPREPAREDINSTRUCTURE,PROCESS,ANDCULTURETO“PLUGANDPLAY”THEINNOVATIVESERVICESOFFEREDBYTHESETHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSWHENIMPLEMENTEDMETHODICALLY,VADPROVIDESSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSINSUPPLYCHAINPERFORMANCEINAREPETITIVE,PU
27、LLMANUFACTURINGENVIRONMENT,WITHDISTRIBUTORSTAFFED,ONSITESTORESANDDELIVERYOFCOMPONENTS,SIGNIFICANTINVENTORYTURNSAREVERYREALISTICINADDITION,TOTALCOSTREDUCTIONSOF310PERCENTOFTOTALDIRECTMATERIALSPURCHASESAREPOSSIBLE,ANDTHESESAVINGSFLOWDIRECTLYTOTHECOMPANYSBOTTOMLINEBURTON,1997VALUEADDEDSERVICESHAVEBECOM
28、EASTRONGCORECOMPETENCYOFELECTRONICDISTRIBUTORSWHILESOMEOFTHESESERVICESAREVADBASICS,OTHERSSUCHASAUTOMATEDREPLENISHMENT,INPLANTSTORES,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,ANDTIMETOMARKETSUPPORTCANBECOMESTRONGDIFFERENTIATORSOFCOMPETITIVENESSSCENARIOOFDISTRIBUTIONINFOODRETAILRELATIONSBETWEENTHEPARTNERSINFOODRETAILERS,
29、MANUFACTURERS,ANDWHOLESALERSAREDIFFICULTANDAREALWAYSCHANGINGTOMEETTHENEWDEMANDSTURNINGTOTHEFUTURE,THEFOODINDUSTRYISTRYINGTOFOCUSINONBUSINESSTOBUSINESSRELATIONSHIPS,ECOMMERCESYSTEMS,ANDANEWSYSTEMTOLINKTHETHREETOGETHERMOREEFFICIENTLYTOBRINGLOWCOSTSANDLOWPRICESTOITSCUSTOMERSITWASUNVEILEDATACONFERENCEIN
30、LONDON,WHICHMARKEDTHECULMINATIONOFPHASEONEOFTHEFORUMSWORKSANDTHESTARTOFANAMBITIOUSPROGRAMTOIMPROVECOMPETITIVENESSANDDISSEMINATEBESTPRACTICE,WITHCONSUMERNEEDSPLACEDFIRMLYATTHECENTEROFALLPLANSANDACTIONTHEFORUMACOLLABORATIVEPARTNERSHIPBETWEENTHEMEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION,DEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENT,FOODAND
31、RURALAFFAIRS,ANDNATIONALFARMERSUNIONWASFORMEDWITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFHELPINGTHEBRITISHREDMEATINDUSTRYTOIMPROVECOMPETITIVENESS,PROFITABILITYANDQUALITYOFPRODUCTOFFEREDTOCONSUMERSINSTEADOFASUPPLYCHAIN,PARTSOFTHISINDUSTRYARERATHERLIKEASPIDERSWEBTHEREISALOTOFCOSTLYREGULATION,AHISTORYOFUNDERINVESTMENT,NOTENOUGH
32、TRANSPARENCY,LOWPROFITABILITY,MUTUALDISTRUSTANDGROWINGIMPORTPENETRATIONTHEFIRSTANDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPOINTARRIVEDATBYTHEFORUMWASTOSETUPANUMBEROFBESTPRACTICESUPPLYCHAINSWHICHACTUALLYMAKEMONEYMCCOY,2002APILOTSTUDYANDANALYSISBYTHEVIALINKCOMPANYSUGGESTEDTHATDATASYNCHRONIZATIONWOULDSAVETHEUSFOODSERVICEINDUS
33、TRYMORETHAN11BILLIONAYEARTHROUGHIMPROVEDSUPPLYCHAINEFFICIENCYTHE11BILLIONINANNUALSAVINGSISANINITIALESTIMATEFORUSFOODSERVICEOPERATORSANDDISTRIBUTORSONLYTHISBENEFITWASCALCULATEDFROMTHEPRELIMINARYSTUDYRESULTSANDFOLLOWUPANALYSISPERFORMEDBYVIALINK,PROJECTEDACROSSTHETOP100RESTAURANTCHAINSANDTOP100DISTRIBU
34、TORSTHEESTIMATEDOESNOTINCLUDEANYANTICIPATEDSAVINGSFORMANUFACTURERS,FORWHICHPRELIMINARYRESULTSARENOTYETAVAILABLEBUSINESSWIRE,2001THELOCALSUPERMARKETSOLDSYSTEMOFLOGISTICSCONSISTEDOFBARCODESCANNINGTOORDERNEWPRODUCTOVERTHEPHONETHEYWOULDUSEMACHINESTOSCANITEMSTHEYNEEDORWEREONSALEINTOAMACHINEANDTHENCALLINT
35、OTHEWAREHOUSEANDPLACETHEORDEREVERYNIGHTTHEWAREHOUSEWOULDFINDTHEITEMSNEEDEDANDLOADTRUCKSTOBESENTTOTHESTORESEARLIERINTHEPROCESSTHEWAREHOUSEWOULDHAVETOESTIMATEWHATPRODUCTSANDHOWMUCHSHOULDBEORDEREDFROMTHESUPPLIERTHESESYSTEMSLEDTOHUGEINVENTORIESINTHEWAREHOUSESANDALSOATTHESTORELEVELSBACKROOMTHEWAREHOUSETO
36、CLEARROOMWOULDSENDADDITIONALITEMSTOTHESTORESWITHPOORRECORDSKEPTININVENTORIESTHESTORESOFTENWOULDHAVEPRODUCTSITTINGFORMONTHSTHEQUESTIONISWHYARESOMEOFTHESELOCALSUPERMARKETCHAINSNOTUSINGTHENEWSYSTEMSOUTTHERENEWDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSTHEWALMARTMODELISOFTENUSEDINCURRENTFOODRETAILINDUSTRYWALMARTSHARESITSINFORM
37、ATIONFROMITSCUSTOMERS,ELECTRONICALLY,WITHMANUFACTURERSANDTHEYREPLENISHTHEIRSTORESINVENTORYTHISSYSTEMISWHATISCALLEDCONTINUOUSREPLENISHMENTTHESYSTEMISABLETOPRODUCELEANERINVENTORY,LOWERCOSTSANDPASSONSAVINGSTOCUSTOMERSTHISSYSTEMISNOWTRYINGTOBEINTRODUCEDINTOTHEFOODRETAILBUSINESS,BUTWITHTHEIRADDEDIDEASONE
38、OFTHENEWCHANGESISTHEELECTRONICDATAINTERCHANGEEDI,WHICHISASYSTEMTHATDEALSWITHTHEIRSUPPLIERSTHROUGHCOMPUTERSTHISSYSTEMISABLETOFACILITATEACONTINUOUSELECTRONICFLOWOFINFORMATIONKINSLEY,2000THISSUPPLIESTHESTORESWITHPRODUCTJUSTINTIMEPLUSADDITIONALLY,ITPREVENTSSTOCKOUTSATTHESTORESANDHELPSTHEMANUFACTURERSWIT
39、HPRODUCTIONSOURCESEYEDMAHMOUDAGHAZADEH,2004“IMPROVINGLOGISTICSOPERATIONSACROSSTHEFOODINDUSTRYSUPPLYCHAIN”INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCONTEMPORARYHOSPITALITYMANAGEMENT,VOL16,NO4,OCTOBERPP263268译文改善食品行业供应链中的物流业务介绍近年来,制造商、分销商、零售商发现他们需要一种新方式共同工作。本文首先表明合作者需要供应链和物流方面的新方式的原因,对此,我们必须给出一个关于这些企业里的业务问题的背景,同时,本文将简略说明
40、这些问题的概念;然后列举食品的零售公司在其物流与供应链中的变更处理方法,在这些公司里,我们将展示运营的旧方式和带来系统更新的改变措施;最后,我们将找出在当前的市场,合作者向分配、库存和供应的新系统进行缓慢转变的原因。物流在竞争激烈的市场上,企业以最快的速度将产品推向市场。其中,库存成本达到最小化,同时离开服务领域或者运送团队真正地、形象地赚取最大的利益是成功的主要因素(雷蒂格,1997)。许多企业都在自动化物流流程设立供应链,使他们能够与客户和供应商进行联系。简单定义,物流是一种被用于确定在资源和目标之间进行人力和材料的最有效转换的业务。“链”则用来比喻企业集团之间的联系不紧密,所有的产品提供
41、最有效和最经济的合作。基于产品的生产与市场的需求完全一致,物流管理要求设备、资源和劳动力只有在资金和时间同时需求时进行工作,才能被有效利用。所谓准时制(JIT)就是当市场需要什么,就按要求生产所需的产品。更具体地说,物流管理的关键在于企业在生产实践中尽可能使用准时制。高效的物流管理确保原始设备制造(OEM)供应商不仅能够同步和及时地向公司提供所需的零部件,而且能够在较短时间内让公司满足所需的产品贮备需求,而不是让公司自己生产这些零部件。供应链外包是供应链管理中普遍被用来提高工作效率的各种因素之一。在大多数情况下,许多公司将外包作为降低成本的机制,因此,很多企业都有若干个第三方的合同。许多化学生
42、厂商提供物流公司的外包供应链管理。例如,道氏化学公司与位于堪萨斯州的欧弗兰公园的黄河货运系统公司签订了第一个第三方合同。随后,于1995年在加利福尼亚州的红木市,和门罗物流公司签署了一个7000万美元的外包协议。根据协议,门罗物流公司将从45道氏设备中派遣运送一大卡车的货物量入境和出境或者是少于一大卡车的货物量(莫里斯和穆林,1997)。与门罗公司签订的协议,使道氏公司大大节省了货物运输的费用。门罗公司现在将道氏公司的货物向各个营运商分配。道氏公司从门罗公司全面的计算机分配、追踪操作系统的运作中获得收益。门罗公司用自己的技术确保满足营运商的质量和服务的要求,并且确保营运商是特定的交通路线中最有
43、能力载体。为了确保长期的业务合作关系,最重要的就是发展企业之间的联系。对此公司提出了涉及他们稳定发展的要求,而影响供应商的执行能力有五个方面因素诚信、通讯、线性生产、时间和能见度。从这五个方面做出改变,从而改善公司的利润。物流制造的要求公司致力于发展内部结构、客户和供应商的物流基地以支持物流制造,这是发展一个可行的物流系统的基本要求。为了能够建立一个物流制造系统,每个部门应该有一定的承诺,以配合一个共同的目标。同时,这个目标还必须被公司的最高管理层所支持,利用资源和时间的分配来发展必要的系统和程序。从财务和应用的角度看,这个系统需要在雇主意愿的规模范围内有条不紊地发展。最终,一个物流系统的运作
44、将需要坚定的支持和整个公司的承诺。合作关系在过去,当公司有必要利用性能和资源去生产产品时,他们有剩余的能力来保持独立性和竞争性。但是,在当今,这个变得越来越困难,就像科技越来越复杂了一样。因此,公司通过对供应商提供服务,克服资本的局限性和劳动力短缺来保持独立性,许多服务商和制造供应商都已经采取了这种方式。公司现在明白,长期的成功需要依靠客户和供应商之间的诚信品质来建立,这样,他们能够建立成功的合作关系。另外,成功的合作关系需要互利互惠的方案的发展。采购对于许多制造商在实现准时制时,最具挑战的领域是原材料和零部件的采购。采购过程是很重要的,因为内部准时制的系统只有当被送入的材料是高质量和及时的,
45、才可能成功地运作。准时制采购有以下目标确保高质量的零部件源源不断;缩短订购货物的交货时间;减少在供应和生产管线的库存量,降低购买材料的成本。物流管理为了让制造商满足准时制的要求,规定准时的运送和高效率的运送方案。材料的准时运送意味着公司一旦有对材料的需求,就能第一时间收到材料。同时,供应商能够准时运送的能力有几个综合的因素交通运输、原材料供应、价格和节假日等。规划采购经理主要关注的是规划材料需求生产的过程,使这个过程变得复杂的主要原因有产品结构、数量要求和新产品的不断引进的周期性变化。公司设定合同之后,根据材料控制提供的订购要求,解决了订购材料的数量和时间问题。同时,根据全面计划对材料进行决策
46、控制,减少了当前的库存。在准时制系统下,当每次货物被运送,供应商便会在下一个生产中得到信息。物流计划建立一个成功的,不需修改的新物流系统是很重要的。由于每个生产程序是不同的(例如目标、产品需求、客户需求等),因此,是由个别公司做出决定交付货物的时间表。增值分销增值分销技术(VAD)是一种策略,以提高运作灵活性和资产的管理,提高市场运作的时间,降低物流管理的复杂性(伯顿,1997)。增值分销技术使企业能够专注于真正的核心竞争力,并避免任何非核心的企业基础设施费用。增值分销商提供了一系列的门类齐全的服务,如流水线、厂内商店、电子自动补货、组件编程和一站式服务。成功的关键在于映射和结合他们的选择方案
47、,去解决一个组织的战略改进的需求问题。第一步就是增长这些增值分销技术服务的工作知识。大部分增值分销商都非常合作的回应一个组织的一般材料计划和采购需求。组织必须,但是需要时间来制定一项以真正的客户和市场需求为基础的运转策略,然后让这个策略推动他们的增值分销技术方案计划。只是简单地叠加一个拉力材料系统穿过无效率的内部过程或者期望经销商对任何的改变计划渠道,都将不会对供应链的成果创造突破性的竞争力。领先的公司都已经学会把他们努力的重点放在这些进程或者核心竞争力上,为客户添加最大的价值。非战略性流程或者功能正越来越多地外包给那些以较低的成本,较快的响应时间,以及由于规模和范围而增加的灵活性来提供更多价
48、值的专家们。增值分销技术是一个运作的普遍的例子,在这个运作里,材料的计划、采购、仓储和物流活动从生产商到分销合作者进行转变。虽然增值分销技术的概念很简单,但是能够成功的实施通常是困难的,因为组织往往在结构、过程和由这些第三方供应商提供的“即宣传即实施”的创新服务的文化上没有做好准备。当实施有条不紊,增值分销技术提供的供应链绩效就有显著意义的改善。在一个反复的拉力生产环境下,分销商的全体职员,现场的商场,以及零部件的配送,有意义的投资转向是非常现实的。此外,全部的直接材料采购里,全部的成本降低310是可能的,而这些节省直接流向公司的底线(伯顿,1997)。增值服务已经成为电子分销商的强大核心竞争
49、力。虽然很多这些服务都是增值分销技术的基础,其他的,如自动补货、厂内商店、信息技术,以及时间对市场的支持,这些都可以成为竞争力强大的差异化。食品零售分销的方案食品零售商、制造商和批发商之间的关系是不易处理的,总是为了满足新的要求而改变。谈及未来,食品业正把注意力集中在商业与商业之间的关系,电子商务系统,以及一个新的系统,把这三个方面更加高效率地连接在一起,给客户带来低成本和低价格。这是在伦敦的一个讨论会上揭幕的,这标志着论坛会工作时期的顶点,以消费者被牢固地放置在所有计划和行动中心的需求,开始一项雄心勃勃的计划,来提高竞争力和宣传最好的业务。本次论坛,是关于肉类和牲畜委员会、环境部门、食品和农村事务部,以及全国农民的联盟之间的合作关系,内容是客观地帮助英国红色肉类行业提高竞争能力、盈利能力和提供给消费者的质量。如果代替了一个供应链,这个行业部分更像一个蜘蛛网,存在很多昂贵的监管费用,投资一直不足,没有足够的透明度,低利润,合作者之间相互猜疑,以及增长的进口渗透。论坛指出,首要且最重要的一点是设立一个最佳实践的供应链,能够实际赚到钱(麦克伊,2002)。凡林克(音译)公司分析的一个试验性研究中认为,数据同步化可以通过改善供应链的效率,节省美国食品服务行业每年超过11亿美元。每年节省11亿美元对于美国的餐饮服务经营者和唯一的分销商而言,是一项最初
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