1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文FINANCELEASINGININTERNATIONALTRADEFINANCELEASINGISAFINANCINGDEVICEINTHEFORMOFALEASEITHASBEENUSEDASANEFFECTIVEALTERNATIVETOTHEPURCHASEOFEQUIPMENTUSUALLYAFINANCELEASINGTRANSACTIONWORKSINTHEFOLLOWINGWAYATTHEREQUESTOFTHELESSEE,WITHHISSPECIFICATIONOFTHEASSETANDSELECTIONOFTHESUPPLIER,THELE
2、SSORENTERSINTOASUPPLYAGREEMENTWITHTHESUPPLIERTHELESSORACQUIRESTHEASSETFROMTHESUPPLIER,WHORECEIVESOUTRIGHTPAYMENTFROMTHELESSORTHEN,THELESSORLEASESTHEASSETTOTHELESSEEFORATERMWHICHISUSUALLYMOSTOFTHEUSEFULLIFEOFTHEASSET,INRETURNFORTHELESSEESPAYMENTOFRENTALTHISRENTALISCALCULATEDTOCOVERTHECAPITALOUTLAYOFT
3、HELESSORANDALSOTOGIVEHIMAMARGINOFPROFITDURINGTHELEASEPERIOD,THELESSEEENJOYSTHEPOSSESSIONOFTHEASSETANDTHEPROFITSRESULTINGFROMTHEUSEOFITHEALSOUNDERTAKESTOMAINTAINITINGOODORDERANDISRESPONSIBLEFORLOSSORDAMAGETOITATTHEENDOFTHELEASEPERIOD,EITHERTHELESSEEWOULDCONTINUETOHIRETHESAMEASSETFORASECONDARYPERIODAN
4、DPAYSAPEPPERCORNRENTALTOWARDIT,ORTHEASSETWOULDBESOLD,OFTENBYTHELESSEEONBEHALFOFTHELESSOR,ANDTHELESSEEWOULDSHAREASUBSTANTIALPROPORTIONOFTHEPROCEEDSOFTHESALEINORDERTOENCOURAGETHEUSEOFFINANCELEASINGINTERNATIONALLYANDNATIONALLY,THEINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEFORTHEUNIFICATIONOFPRIVATELAW“UNIDROIT”PREPAREDTHEU
5、NIDROITCONVENTIONONINTERNATIONALFINANCIALLEASING1988THE“CONVENTION”ANDTHEUNIDROITMODELLAWONLEASING2008THE“MODELLAW”BUTTHEUKHASNEITHERRATIFIEDTHECONVENTIONNORADOPTEDTHEMODELLAWTHISTHESISWILLEXAMINETHELAWPERTAININGTOFINANCELEASINGINENGLANDANDWALES,AIMINGTOASSESSWHETHERITISFITFORTHEPURPOSEOFFACILITATIN
6、GTRADEOFEQUIPMENTAFEWCONCEPTSWILLNOWBEEXPLAINEDANDTHEPOINTSONWHICHTHEDISCUSSIONWILLFOCUSWILLBEHIGHLIGHTEDTHETERM“FINANCELEASING”WILLREFERTOTHEWHOLETRANSACTIONINVOLVINGTHETHREEPARTIESANDTHETERM“FINANCELEASE”WILLREFERTOTHESPECIFICAGREEMENTMADEBETWEENTHELESSORANDTHELESSEETHEFINANCELEASINGTRANSACTIONDIS
7、CUSSEDINTHISTHESISINVOLVESTHREEPARTIESTHESUPPLIER,LESSORANDLESSEETHESUPPLIERMAYBETHEMANUFACTURER,AWHOLESALEMERCHANT,ANAGENT,ORANYONEWHOISCHOSENBYTHELESSEETOSUPPLYTHESPECIFICASSETFORHISUSETHELESSORISUSUALLYAFINANCECOMPANY,ORAFINANCEHOUSE,ORANYONEWHOCANPROVIDETHEFINANCEANDISPREPAREDTOACQUIRETHEASSETSP
8、ECIFIEDBYTHELESSEEFORHISUSETHELESSEEISTHEACTUALUSER,WHOSELECTSTHESUPPLIERANDTHEASSET,AND,PROVIDINGSPECIFICATIONSOFTHEASSET,REQUESTSTHEFINANCEHEISRESPONSIBLETOTHELESSORFORTHEPAYMENTOFRENTALSANDTHEPROPERUSEOFTHEASSETASTECHNOLOGYHASDEVELOPEDTOTHEEXTENTTHATITISNOWPOSSIBLEFORMANYCONSUMERSTOPARTICIPATEINI
9、NTERNATIONALTRADE,THEYMIGHTCHOOSETOGETINVOLVEDINFINANCELEASINGBUTTHEIRRIGHTSATTRACTSPECIALPROTECTIONAIMINGTOELUCIDATETHEPARTIESRIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSTOEACHOTHER,PARTICULARLYREFLECTINGTHEFINANCIALFEATUREOFTHETRANSACTION,THETHESISWILLFOCUSONTHETRANSACTIONSWHERETHETHREEPARTIESAREDEALINGINTHECOURSEOFBUSIN
10、ESS,RATHERTHANDEALINGASACONSUMERTHEINVOLVEMENTOFAFINANCIERPROVIDESPRACTICALBENEFITSTOALLTHREEPARTIESTHISTHESISSEEKSTOINVESTIGATETHESPECIFICSOFTHEFINANCIALLESSORSINVOLVEMENTINTHETRIPARTITETRANSACTION,WHICHMAKESFINANCELEASINGAFINANCIALMECHANISMFINANCIALARRANGEMENTSOFFEREDBYTHESUPPLIERDIRECTLYTOTHEUSER
11、,INCLUDINGTHOSEINTHEFORMOFLEASING,ARENOTTHEOBJECTOFTHISSTUDYFINANCELEASINGTRANSACTIONSCONCERNCHATTELS,WHICHAREOFTHENATUREOFMOVEABLEPROPERTYALTHOUGHSOMECOMMERCIALLEASESOFLANDHAVEAFINANCINGFUNCTION,THEYAREIMPRINTEDBYTHEIMMOVEABLENATUREOFTHEREALPROPERTYANDARESUBJECTTOLANDLAWTHEREFORELANDISEXCLUDEDFROMT
12、HESCOPEOFTHISTHESIS,ALTHOUGHSOMEPRINCIPLESOFLANDLAW,PARTICULARLYWITHREGARDTOMORTGAGE,COULD,TOSOMEEXTENT,SHEDLIGHTONTHELAWAPPLICABLETOFINANCELEASINGBYANALOGYINGENERAL,THETERMS“LEASE”AND“HIRE”AREUSEDINTERCHANGEABLYWHENCHATTELSARECONCERNEDBUTWHENTHEDISCUSSIONREFERSTOLANDSPECIFICALLY,THETERM“LEASE”ISCHO
13、SENTODIFFERENTIATEITFROMTHEHIREOFGOODSFINANCELEASINGISVERYMUCHTAXDRIVENITSVOLUMEOFUSAGESTARTEDTORISERAPIDLYINTHE1970SBECAUSEOFTHE100FIRSTYEARALLOWANCESATTHETIMESINCETHEBENEFITWASREMOVEDINTHE1980S,THEDEVELOPMENTOFFINANCELEASINGSLOWEDDOWNBYTHETIMEWHENTHEFINANCEACT2006CAMEINTOFORCE,TAXATIONBENEFITSAVAI
14、LABLETOTHELESSEEOFAFINANCELEASEBECAMERATHERLIMITEDRESEARCHSHOWSTHATTHECHOICEOFFINANCELEASINGISMADEFORREASONSOTHERTHANLOWCOSTINFACT,THELESSEEPAYSMORETHANTHEINTERESTHEWOULDPAYUNDERANORDINARYBANKLOANBYINSTALMENTSINSIMILARCIRCUMSTANCESTHERELATIVELYHIGHERINTERESTRATEATTRACTSTHEFINANCECOMPANIESTOACCEPTAPP
15、LICATIONSFORFINANCELEASINGBUT,ITISCOMMONTHATTHELESSEEISNOTREQUIREDTOPAYDOWNPAYMENTORDEPOSITANDHECOULDOBTAIN100FINANCEFORTHEENTIRECOSTOFTHEEQUIPMENT,UNLIKEALOANTOPURCHASETHEEQUIPMENT,WHEREADOWNPAYMENTASHIGHAS20PERCENTORMOREISGENERALLYREQUIREDANDTHEBANKONLYOFFERSASMUCHAS80PERCENTFINANCINGINADDITIONTOT
16、HEMAXIMUMFINANCING,FINANCELEASINGPROVIDESGOODCASHFLOWBYSPREADINGPAYMENTSOVERMONTHSORYEARSTHEPAYMENTSCANBESTRUCTUREDTOMATCHTHELESSEESCREDITQUALITY,TIMEINBUSINESSANDPATTERNOFINCOMEFOREXAMPLE,THELESSORMAYAGREETHATTHELESSEECANPAYSMALLAMOUNTOFRENTALSATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHELEASEPERIODBUTA“BALLOONRENTAL”ATTHEE
17、NDOFITORHECANPAYRENTALSACCORDINGTOTHESEASONSOFHISBUSINESSANDSKIPPAYMENTINTHEMONTHSWHENHISBUSINESSISSLOWORHECANDEFERPAYMENTBYWHICHHEMAKESMONEYWITHTHELEASEDASSETPRIORTOMAKINGHISFIRSTPAYMENTORHECANSTARTWITHASMALLINITIALPAYMENTSWHICHGROWASTHECASHFLOWFROMTHELEASEDASSETGROWSHOWEVER,ONCETHEPAYMENTPLANISSET
18、,THELESSORWOULDRARELYAGREETOCHANGEITTHELESSEEMAYBEFORCEDTOPAYHEFTYEARLYTERMINATIONFEESFORBREAKINGTHECONTRACT,IFHEFAILSTOFULFILHISDUTYOFPAYMENTTHELESSEESCOMMITMENTTOREGULARPAYMENTSISTHECERTAINTYEXPECTEDBYTHELESSORFROMTHETRANSACTIONTHISISUNDERSTANDABLEBECAUSETHELESSEESHOULDHAVEBEENABLETOCOMPARETHEPAYM
19、ENTSOFRENTALSWITHTHEEXPECTEDREVENUEANDPROFITSGENERATEDBYTHEUSEOFTHEASSETTHEPAYMENTSOFRENTALSATAUSUALLYFIXEDAMOUNTAVOIDINFLATIONINCOMPARISONTOLENDING,THELESSOROFFINANCELEASINGRECEIVESMOREPROFITABLERATEOFINVESTMENTRETURNHEHASTHESECURITYOFHISINTERESTINTHERESERVATIONOFTHEOWNERSHIPOFTHEASSETDURINGTHELEAS
20、INGPERIOD,THELESSORISTHELEGALOWNERANDISABLETOREPOSSESSTHEEQUIPMENTUNCOMPLICATEDLYWHENTHELESSEECANNOTPERFORMHISOBLIGATIONOFRENTALPAYMENTSWHENALESSEEGOESINSOLVENT,THELESSORUSUALLYCANREPOSSESSTHEASSETANDRECEIVETHEPROCEEDSOFDISPOSITIONOFITTORECOVERHISLOSSOFTHERENTALSUNPAIDUNDERTHELEASETHEREHASBEENAPROPO
21、SALTOREGARDTHEFINANCELESSORSINTERESTINTHEASSETASASECURITYINTERESTANDTOREQUIREITTOBEREGISTEREDIFTHEPROPOSALISADOPTED,THELESSORSPRIORITYOVEROTHERSECUREDCREDITORSOFTHELESSEEWOULDDEPENDONWHETHERHEREGISTERSHISSECURITYINTERESTWITHTHEREGISTERBEFORETHEMFINANCELEASINGENABLESTHESUPPLIERTOSELLHISEQUIPMENTOUTRI
22、GHTTOTHELESSORANDTHEREFOREENLARGETHEIRMARKETPORTIONINACERTAINAREATHEREISNOOBVIOUSDISADVANTAGETOTHESUPPLIERFINANCELEASINGHUGELYIMPROVESSALESOFEQUIPMENTUNSURPRISINGLYTHESUPPLIEROFTENTAKESTHEINITIATIVETOINTRODUCEFINANCELEASINGTOHISPOTENTIALCUSTOMERSWHOSEEMTONEEDSOMEKINDOFFINANCINGFORTHEPURCHASEOFTHEASS
23、ETFINANCELEASINGISANEFFECTIVEFINANCINGMECHANISMFOREQUIPMENTACQUISITIONITOFFERSANALTERNATIVETOBORROWINGMONEYANDPROVIDESBENEFITSTOALLPARTIESINVOLVEDITISDESIGNEDTOMEETTHENEEDSOFTHETHREEPARTIESTHELESSEEWHONEEDSTHEEQUIPMENTTOUSE,THELESSORWHOHASMONEYANDTHESUPPLIERWHOHASTHEEQUIPMENTFORSALEFORTHELESSEE,ASAR
24、ESULTOFFINANCELEASING,HISFINANCIALRESOURCESAREEXPANDEDWHILEHEGETS100FINANCINGFORTHEASSETHEALSOENJOYSTHEFLEXIBILITYINPAYMENTSANDISCERTAINABOUTTHEAMOUNTTOPAYHEMAYALSOAVOIDRESTRICTIONSSETBYLAWTOLENDINGANDHAVELESSRESTRICTIVECOVENANTTHANLOANSINSOMECASES,HEMAYALSOHAVEBENEFITSINTHETAXATIONREGIMEHOWEVER,THE
25、REAREDISADVANTAGESOFFINANCELEASINGTOTHELESSEEFOREXAMPLE,HEISCOMMITTEDTOPAYMENTOFALLTHERENTALSHEMAYBERESTRICTEDWITHTHEUSEORDISPOSALOFTHEASSETTHEREMAYBECOMPLICATIONINTHEACCOUNTINGANDTAXATIONOFTHETRANSACTIONFORTHELESSOR,HEWOULDBENEFITFROMTHERELATIVELYPROFITABLERATEOFINVESTMENTRETURNANDCONSIDERABLYCERTA
26、INSECURITY,BEINGTHELEGALOWNEROFTHEASSETFORTHESUPPLIER,FINANCELEASINGMEANSOUTRIGHTSALEOFTHEASSETANDHASNORISKOFFAILUREOFCONSIDERATIONATALLTHESTRENGTHOFFINANCELEASINGEXISTSINITSDISTINCTIVEWAYOFFUNDINGITTAKESADIFFERENTREWARDANDRISKSTRUCTUREFROMTHETRADITIONALSECUREDLOANTHELESSEEOBTAINSALLTHEBENEFITSOFTHE
27、OWNERSHIPOFTHEASSETEXCEPTFORTHETITLETOTHEASSETANDALSOTAKESALLTHERISKSOFTHEOWNERSHIPEXCEPTFOROBSOLESCETHELESSORGETSREWARDSINTHEPAYMENTSOFRENTALSANDSPARESTHERISKBYPRESERVINGTHEOWNERSHIPASAMEANSOFPROTECTIONAGAINSTDEFAULTOFTHELESSEEFINANCELEASINGISACOMMERCIALINNOVATIONITHASBEENREGULATEDINACCOUNTINGANDTA
28、XATIONANDISGAININGRECOGNITIONINTHEPROPOSEDCOMPANYSECURITYREGISTRATIONSCHEMETHISSECTIONWILLDISCUSSTHECONCEPTOFFINANCELEASINGUSEDINTHESEAREAS,INORDERTOUNDERSTANDHOWFINANCELEASINGISEMPLOYEDBYTHEBUSINESSMENBEFORETHENEXTSECTIONEXPLAINSWHYITTAKESTHECURRENTFORMATLAWAFINANCELEASEISDEFINEDASATRANSACTIONINWHI
29、CHSUBSTANTIALLYALLTHERISKSANDREWARDSOFANASSETEXCEPTOWNERSHIPARETRANSFERREDFROMTHELESSORTOTHELESSEEITISCOMMONLYUNDERSTOODINSUBSTANCEASEQUIVALENTTOASECUREDLOANINTHESENSETHATTHELESSORISINSULATEDFROMTHECOMMERCIALRISKSANDREWARDSOFTHEOWNERSHIPOFTHELEASEDASSETSTHELESSEEISREGARDEDASTHEECONOMICOWNEROFTHEASSE
30、TANDREQUIREDTOCAPITALISEMATERIALFINANCELEASESINHISACCOUNTS,VIZTHELESSEESHOULDRECORDONHISBALANCESHEETTHEASSETANDTHELIABILITYARISENFROMAFINANCELEASEINCONTRAST,ANOPERATINGLEASEISREGARDEDTOBEMORECLOSELYAKINTOTHEHIREOFANASSETANDTHELESSEEISNOTREQUIREDTOCAPITALISEITITISADMITTEDTHAT,GENERALLYSPEAKING,FINANC
31、ELEASESOFANASSETOFTENARELONGERTHANOPERATINGLEASESOFTHESAMEASSETFOREXAMPLE,HIRINGABOUNCINGCASTLEFORTHEUSEOFITFORADAYISANOPERATINGLEASEBUTHIRINGTHESAMEEQUIPMENTFORONEORTWOYEARSISLIKELYTOBEREGARDEDASAFINANCELEASEHOWEVER,OTHERFACTORSALSOAFFECTTHELENGTHOFTHELEASELEASINGABIGTICKETITEMUSUALLYISLONGERTHANLE
32、ASINGASMALLTICKETITEMBECAUSEITTAKESLONGERTOPAYOFFABIGGERCAPITALFOREXAMPLE,AFINANCELEASEOFANAEROPLANECANBEATALENGTHOFDECADESBUTAFINANCELEASEOFAMOTORVEHICLECANBEATALENGTHOFACOUPLEOFYEARSTHELENGTHOFTHELEASECANALSODEPENDONTHELESSEESOPPORTUNITYFORFINANCEFOREXAMPLE,ALESSEEWHOHASGOODFINANCIALRESOURCESCANMA
33、KEATERMOFFINANCELEASELESSTHANTHETERMOFFINANCELEASEBYSOMEONEWHODOESNOTHAVETHEREFORE,THELENGTHOFTHELEASECANNOTACCURATELY,INDICATEWHETHERTHEPURPOSEOFITISFORSECURITYTOADEGREE,ALLLEASESHAVEAFINANCIALELEMENT,BEINGALTERNATIVESTOSALESOURCEGUOJINLIU,2010“FINANCELEASINGININTERNATIONALTRAD”THEUNIVERSITYOFBIRMI
34、NGHAMMAYPP425译文融资租赁在国际贸易中的应用融资租赁是租赁形式的一种融资手段,它已被用来作为一种有效的替代设备的采购。融资租赁交易通常有以下方式运作。在承租人的要求与规范的选择资产和供应商的情况下,出租人与供应商订立供货协议。出租人从供应商那收购了资产,这些资产是出租人直接支付的。然后,出租人将资产租赁给承租人,期约期间通常是承租人支付大部分的资产使用寿命的租金,已作为资产的回报。租金的计算包括出租人支付的资本支出和一定的利润空间。在租赁期间,承租人享有资产的占有权和使用资产的益处。同时,承租人要保持资产良好的状态,并为丢失或者损坏负责。在租赁期结束时,无论是承租人继续租赁这项资产
35、并支付租赁,或是将资产出售,通常由承租人给出租人的作定论,承租人将享有一个的很大比例的销售收入。为鼓励国际和国内利用融资租赁的方式,国际研究所(“国际统一私法协会”)对私法学统一编写了1988年国际金融租赁法(以下简称“公约“)和2008年的租赁示范法(以下简称“示范法“)。但英国既没有批准该公约,也没有通过的示范法。本论文将研究有关在英格兰和威尔士租赁的金融的法律,旨在评估一项设备是否能达到促进贸易的目的。现在有几个概念的解释和讨论将重点突出显示。“融资租赁”在整个交易中涉及三方,主要涉及出租人和承租人。融资租赁交易在这篇论文中的讨论涉及三方面供应商,出租人和承租人。供应商可以是生产商,批发
36、商,代理商,或任何由承租人选择为他提供使用特定资产的人。出租人通常是一个金融公司,或一家金融机构,或任何能够提供资金的人,并提供其所取得的承租人指定使用的资产。承租人是选择供应商和资产的实际的用户,并提供各种资金要求下的资产的规格。承租人是负责对租金的支付和资产的正确使用。随着技术发展到目前的程度,使许多消费者都可能参与国际贸易,他们可以选择参与融资租赁来获得自己的权利,同时获得特别保护。本文将着重研究在交易处理过程中的三方,而不是作为一个消费者的角度来研究。一个金融家的参与为三方提供了实际利益,本论文旨在探讨金融出租人在三方交易中参与融资租赁的金融机制的具体细节。融资安排由供应商直接提供给用
37、户,包括其租赁方式,而不是作为研究的对象。动产的性质是融资租赁交易的重点,虽然一些商业租赁的土地有融资功能,但它们是具有不动产的性质,并受到土地法的限制。因此,土地被排除在本论文的范围,但也有一些土地法则,特别是关于抵押贷款,可以在一定程度上类推出融资租赁。在一般情况下,对于动产而言,术语“租赁”和“雇用”会互换使用。但是,当具体是指土地时,则选择“租赁”,以区别于它的商品租用。融资租赁主要是由税驱动的。它在20世纪70年代的使用量开始迅速的上升,因为第一年100的免税政策。由于20世纪80年代的益处减少,金融租赁业的发展开始放缓。等到2006年财政法案生效以来,税收的利益提供给承租人融资租赁
38、变得相当有限。研究表明,选择金融租赁是其他原因而不是因为其低成本。事实上,承租人支付的利息,会比在一个普通的银行贷款所支付的分期付款额要多相对较高的利率吸引了财务公司申请融资租赁。但是,一般下,承租人不须支付定金或押金,他可以得到设备的100的全部使用,不像贷款,购置设备时要首付百分之二十或更多的款项,而银行一般只提供融资额大概百分之八十。除了最大的融资,融资租赁提供了几个月或几年良好的现金流支付。该款项可以由符合承租人的信用质量、时间、业务与收入模式构成。例如,出租人可以同意承租人能够支付少量租金在租赁期限开始阶段,而在租赁期限结束时完全支付;或者他可以根据他的业务季节性来支付租金,当生意处
39、于缓慢阶段,可以跳过这几个月再支付;或者他可以推迟付款,在他使用租赁资产之前,先首付一部分款项;或者他可以从成长初期逐渐增加租赁资产支付的金额。但是,一旦付款计划设置好,出租人很少会去改变。如果承租人不履行付款义务,可能被迫支付高额的提前毁约终止费。承租人的定期付款承诺,从交易开始出租人就认为其实确定的。这是可以理解的,因为承租人应当已经能够比较明确其收入,并由使用该资产产生的利润支付租金。通常是在一个固定的租金支付金额,以避免通货膨胀。相对于贷款,融资租赁方式下,出租人获得更为有利的投资回报率。他具有在资产的所有权保留权利的安全性。在租赁期间,出租人是合法拥有者,当承租人不履行其支付租金的义
40、务时并能收回设备。当承租人破产时,出租人通常可以收回资产和获得的处置收益来弥补租赁未付租金的损失。有议员曾建议把出租人在该资产的权益作为担保性质,并要求其进行登记。如果该建议获得通过,出租人就有承租人其他有担保债权人之上的优先权,当然这将取决于他是否登记注册前就保证他们的权利。融资租赁可以使供应商直接出售其设备给出租人,因此在一定区域内扩大了融资租赁的市场的。对于供应商而言,这没有坏处。融资租赁极大地提高了设备的销售令人惊讶的是供应商往往需要主动提出融资租赁的方式,他们似乎用融资方式吸引一些潜在的客户购买其设备。融资租赁是一种设备购置的有效的融资机制。它提供了一个替代借钱的方式,并使所有相关方
41、有利可图。它的目的是满足三方需求承租人(谁需要使用的设备),出租人(谁有钱)和供应商(谁出售设备)。对于承租人,融资租赁的结果是使他的财政资源得到扩大,而他的资产也可以得到100的融资。融资租赁还具备付款的灵活性。融资租赁也可能避免借贷法律的限制,比起贷款合约限制要少些。在某些情况下,融资租赁也可能在税收制度上得到好处。不过,融资租赁对于承租人也有一些缺陷。例如,承租人主要承担所有的租金支付。他可能被限制在只能使用或出售资产,在会计上和交易中的税款也可能会有情况。对于出租人,他将受益于相对有利可图的投资回报率,作为该资产的合法拥有人具有大大的收益安全性。对于供应商,融资租赁是指资产的直接出售,
42、并没有考虑失败的风险。融资租赁的强大在于它独特的筹资方式。它从传统的抵押贷款和风险结构上采用了不同的报酬方式,承租人取得了除资产的所有权和所有制风险的所有优点。出租人在获取租金支付报酬和零部件时,通过对承租人的违约时的保护而引起的生产资料所有制的风险。融资租赁是一个商业创新的方式,在会计及税务上已经规范,并且正在拟设公司的安全注册计划。接下来将讨论在一些地区使用融资租赁的相关概念,以了解融资租赁方式下资产是怎样被商人租赁的。融资租赁是指实质上转移与资产所有权有关的全部或绝大部分风险和报酬的租赁。它通常被理解为等同于安全贷款,出租人免受商业风险并获得租赁资产所有权的报酬。承租人被视为资产的所有者
43、,并要求其记录在帐目中,即记为材料的融资租赁。承租人应当在他的资产负债表的资产项目记录,并承担融资租赁产生的法律责任。与此相反,经营租赁被视为应更接近于资产项目,而承租人不需要充分使用资产。确实,一般来说,金融租赁资产的时间经常超过经营租赁相同的资产的时间。例如,雇用一项资产使用一天一般被视为经营租赁,而雇用该项资产一年或两年,一般会被视为融资租赁。然而,其他因素也会影响租赁合约的期限。租赁大件通常长于租赁小件项目,因为它需要更长的时间才能还清大件的费用。例如,一架飞机的融资租赁的长度可以是20年的融资租赁长度,而机动车辆可以在是好几年的融资租赁时间。在租赁的长度方面,也可以依赖于承租人的相关融资的机会。例如,承租人较好的财务资源可以使融资租赁期限相对短些。因此,租赁的长度不能准确的被确定,而长度确定的目的是为了安全。一定程度上,所有租赁的方式都有其经济因素,使它替代销售。出处刘国津,融资租赁在国际贸易中的应用,伯明翰大学,2010(5)419
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