1、高考短文改错设题技巧和备考策略河南 昝亚娟短文改错是高考英语试卷中的传统题型之一。短文改错集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身,具有题型小,综合性强,灵活性大,覆盖面广,测试层次多的特点。短文改错不是单纯地检测考生的语法知识,而是检测考生阅读理解的过程中,根据语篇和上下文运用所学的语言知识去解决实际的问题的能力。具体来说,短文改错主要检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力,以考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性。短文改错试题考查的考点涵盖对基础知识的掌握、运用、分析和综合等诸多方面,考查目标既涉及语言知识的多个方面,包括词法、句法、语篇结构和行文逻辑等,又涵盖理解、分析、运用和整体思维等诸
2、方面能力。从 1991 年至 1995 年, 短文改部分通常错设 15 个小题,赋分 15 分。在 1996年至 2000 年期间,短文改错题型有所变化。短文设计 10 个小题,赋分 10 分。但是,最早开始高考自主命题的上海市,高考英语试卷多年来一直没有选用全国高考英语试卷中的短文改错题型。北京市从 2001 年开始高考自主命题,在 2003年也取消了短文改错题型。从 2005 年起,一些高考自主命题的省份,如湖南、湖北、广东、江苏、山东、天津、安徽和江西等,也相继取消了短文改错题型。目前,在全国 19 套高考试卷中,新课标全国卷、大纲全国卷、大纲全国、重庆卷、陕西卷、辽宁卷、西川卷和浙江卷
3、中仍保留了短文改错题型。高考英语考试大纲(说明) 对短文改错题型的特点作了如下描述:“本题给出一篇约 100 个单词的短文,其中 10 行每行右边标有题号,要求考生判断是否有错,如有错将其改正。错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。 ” 高考试卷中的短文改错题平均每篇短文约 810 个句子,每行约 912 个单词,其中大部分为简单句或并列句,总词汇量约 100120 个单词。分行的短文改错题一般设计一行没有错误,23 个小题句子成分缺词或多词,需要添加或者删掉,67 个小题存在语言错误,需要改正。2011-2014 年高考英语试卷中出现的短文改错题型可分为两大类:第一类为分行的短文改错,即传统的
4、短文改错。第二类为语篇改错,即把原来标出题号的10 行的短文改成了不分行的整篇文章来该错,要求学生判断的不是每行而是每句是否有错误,整篇共有 10 处错误,多于 10 处不算分数。这无疑比原来的题型加大了难度。对考生是一个极大的挑战。短文改错的短文的内容浅显易懂,短文词数为 100 左右,体裁大多为记叙文,偶尔也有说明文和应用文。短文改错设计的错误主要涉及词法、语法、篇章结构和行文逻辑等几个方面。考生需要在整体理解短文的基础上,借助语境进行判断。因此,这就要求考生不仅掌握好一定的词汇和语法知识,而且具有一定的阅读、分析和逻辑推理能力。为了帮助同学们了解短文改错试题特点,提高识别错误的能力,下面
5、结合近三年的高考试题,对短文改错的考点分布情况和设题技巧进行分析:一、动词类错误动词类的错误在短文改错中占 2-4 个,是短文改错试题中占比重较大一个考点,因此需要我们特别关注。动词类的错误通常包括:谓语动词的错误、和非谓语动词的错误。(一)谓语动词谓语动词方面的错误主要包括时态前后不一致、主句和从句的动词时态不一致、句子缺少谓语动词、语态错误、动词与主语的人称和数不一致、不及物动词后缺少介词、情态动词误用等。1、谓语动词时态用错或前后不一致Since then, we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.(201
6、4 新课标全国卷)【分析】句首的短语 Since then“从那以后” 暗示本句的应用现在完成时,因此应把had 改为 have。My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. We didnt need to do so many homework.(2014 全国大纲卷【分析】根据第一句可知,本句陈述的是事实,应用一般现在时。第二句应与第一句的时态保持一致,因此把 didnt 改为 dont。My dream school look like a big garden.(2014 全国大纲卷)【分析】本句为一般现在时,主语
7、为第三人称单数 My dream school,因此谓语动词用 looks。We can lie on the grass for a rest, sat by the lake. ( 2014 年全国大纲卷)【分析】本句含有两个谓语动词第一个是 can lie on the grass for a rest,逗号后为并列谓语,情态动词 can 后应用动词原形,因此把 sat 改为 sit。 For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights?(2012 大纲全国 I 卷)【分析】句子的谓
8、语动词是现在完成时,两个谓语动词都应使用过去分词,因此应把 leave 改为 left。2、从句和主句的谓语动词的时态不一致 I was only four when she passes away.(2013 新课标全国卷)主句为一般过去时,从句也应用一般过去,因此把 passes 改为 passed。When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my father said(2012 新课标全国卷)【分析】短文通篇为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词是 said,因此应把 tear 改为tore。My father and I stayed at t
9、he South Lake Hotel for a week when we visit Beijing last month. (2012 陕西卷)【分析】句中有时间状语 last month,主句为一般过去时,因此从句也应为一般过去时,应把 visit 改为 visited。Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less.(2012 大纲全国 II 卷)【分析】短文通篇是一般现在时。因宾语从句为一般现在时,因此主句也应是一般现在时,把 seemed 改为 seems。 Thank you for the lovely day we have wi
10、th you.(2012 辽宁卷)【分析】根据语意, “谢谢我们与你一起度过的这一天” 。由于事情已经发生,因此定语从句应用一般过去时,因此应把 have 改为 had。you always held me in your arms and told me stories till I fall asleep.(2012 重庆卷)【分析】前句为一般过去时,主句的两个谓语动词(held 和 told)都用了过去式,因此 till 状语从句也应用一般过去时,因此把 fall 改为 fell。I knew that they will be worried about myself because
11、I was(2012 浙江卷)【分析】本文讲述的是两年前作者本人的一段经历。主句 I knew 为一般过去时,因此宾语从句应用过去将来时,应把 will 改为 would。 I hold my lunch-box in my hand when I was going to school.(2011 大纲全国卷)【分析】when 时间状语从句的谓语动词为过去将来时,因此主句谓语动词应用一般过去时,把 hold 改为 held。 By the time I got back, they have finished the scene and actor couldnt be seen(2011
12、陕西卷)【分析】本句含有三个谓语动词:第一个为 got,第三个为 couldnt be,因此可判断第二个谓语动词也应为过去的某种时态。又因 By the time 连接的从句为一般过去时,主句应用过去完成时,因此把 have 改为 had。 We became friends shortly after we meet each other.(2011 重庆卷)【分析】句意为:我们见面不久就成为好朋友。根据前句的谓语动词 became 可判断应把 meet 改为 met。3、谓语动词形式错误I didnt cheat. I was just helping a friend. Why does
13、 she punish me?(2013 年四川卷)【分析】根据前两句可知,第三句也应用一般过去时,因此疑问句应用助动词did。故 does 把改为 did。 Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers.(2013 年四川卷)【分析】本句中谓语动词错误,描述过去发生的事情应用一般过去时,因此把asking 改为 askedTea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles. (2013 年新课标卷) drank 改成 drunk。
14、【分析】根据语意,本句应用被动语态。动词 drink 的过去分词为 drunk,可与前面的 was 构成被动语态。I couldnt believe my luck not only did I had my photo taken with him, but he signed his name on my shirt! (2011全国 II)【分析】第一句和第三句的谓语动词都是一般过去时,破折号后面为倒装句,因not only 放在句首,故助动词 did 放在主语之前,因此谓语动词应用动词原形,把had 改为 have。4、缺少谓语动词So really friendship should
15、 able to stand all sorts of tests.(2014 年新课标全国 2 卷)【分析】本句缺乏谓语动词,句式 be able to do sth.意为“能够做某事” ,因此在 able前加系动词 be。I was happy when the toys worked, but when things did wrong, I got angry(2012新课标全国卷)【分析】在连词 but 后的第二个分句中,谓语动词出现错误。go wrong 意为:出错。应把 did 改为 went。也可在 did 后加 go,构成对谓语动词的强调。The commanding off
16、icer, Wayne Tyler, who directly responsible for the study of all such reports, decided to(2011 辽宁卷)【分析】两个逗号之间的句子,为 Wayne Tyler 带的定语从句,who 后面只有形容词,缺少系动词,应加上 was。 5、谓语动词的人称和数与主语不一致Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky.(2014 陕西卷)【分析】本句的主句是 the arrows,谓语动词应用复数,因此把 was 改为 were。The early
17、morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.(2014 年辽宁卷)【分析】本句的主语为 barking 因此谓语动词应用单数形式,把 have 改为 has。The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas.(2014年新课标全国 2 卷)【分析】根据宾语从句 both of them have similar ideas 可知,本句为一般现在时。本句的主语为 The und
18、erstanding between two friends,因此谓语动词应用单数,故应把 mean 改为 means。 Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught.(2013 年陕西卷)【分析】本句为“there be”结构,谓语动词应与名词 a sudden pull 保持一致,因此应用单数形式,把 were 改为 was。Good night and remember you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only
19、friend.(2013 浙江卷)【分析】分析题干可知,本句的主语是 you,而不是 dear diary,因此谓语动词应用复数。把 is 改为 are。Hard work have made him very ill. (2013 辽宁卷)【分析】句子的主语是 Hard work,不可数名词后谓语动词应用单数形式,因此把have 改为 has。Now my friend Ann, together with me, are going to do field study(2012 重庆卷)【分析】句子的主语是 my friend Ann, together with me 是状语前置,因此谓
20、语动词应用单数,应把 are 改为 is。What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room.(2012 陕西卷)【分析】主语从句 What I liked best 后谓语动词应用单数,因此 把 were 改为 was。 but the only clothes I had was those I had on.(2011 全国新课标卷)【分析】本句的主语为 the only clothes,其后跟定语从句 I had,谓语动词应用复数,因此把 was 改为 were。Katia, like m
21、any other Russian girls, are nice and lively.【分析】本句的主语为 Katia,其后的介词短语 like many other Russian girls 作状语,插在谓语动词之前,对考生造成干扰,谓语动词应用单数,因此把 are 改为 is。In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports were steady.(2011 辽宁卷)11【分析】本句的主语为 the rate,谓语动词应用单数,因此把 were 改为 was。6、语态错误they were looked like rain!(2
22、014 年陕西卷)【分析】短语 look like“看起来像”,后接名词,构成主系表结构,因此去掉were。(二)非谓语动词非谓语动词方面的错误仅次于谓语动词。包括动词不定式类错误、现在分词、过去分词和动名词类错误。1、与动词不定式有关的错误It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute shes outside.(2014 年辽宁卷)【分析】本句的题干为:“It is +形容词 to do sth.”句式。it 为形式主语,指代动词不定式 to understand ,因此把 understanding 改为 under
23、stand。He wanted teach me about animals, insects and trees.(2014 陕西卷)【分析】动词 want 后接动词, want to do sth. “想做某事” 。因此在 wanted 后加 to。She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs.(2013 新课标全国卷)【分析】used to do sth.意为 “过去常常做某事”,因此应把 holding 改为 hold。make my toys to last(2012 全国新课标卷)【分析】句中含有 make sb do
24、 sth“让某人做某事”结构,因此,去掉 last 前的动词不定式符号 to。2、与现在分词相关的错误One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.(2014 陕西卷)【分析】分析题干可知,句子的主干为 we sat by the fire。逗号后非谓语动词,因have our barbecue 是主语发出的动作,应用现在分词短语作状语。故 have 把改为having。Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.(2013 陕西卷)【
25、分析】分析题干可知,逗号后为句子的主干,句首为非谓语动词。由于“感觉饿了”是主语发出的动作,因此应用现在分词短语作状语。把 Felt 改为 Feeling。Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film(2011 陕西卷)【分析】主句中谓语动词为 came across,宾语 a crew 后面为分词作定语,表示主动的、正在进行的动作,应用写作分词作定语,把 make 改为 making。Follow this explana
26、tion, there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings.(2011 辽宁卷)【分析】逗号后面的部分为句子的主干,逗号之前为现在分词作状语,因此应把Follow 改为 Following。3、与过去分词相关的错误I am awfully tiring, but I know(2013 年浙江卷)【分析】tiring 意为“累人的;麻烦的;无聊的 ”,通常描述事物,本句描述“我非常疲惫”,因此把 tiring 改为 tired“劳累的;厌倦的”。Third, we should find ways to reuse the
27、water using in washing.(2012 大纲全国 II卷)【分析】本句意为:我们应找到方法,循环使用洗衣用过的水。过去分词短语used in washing 修饰名词 the water, ,表示完成和被动。因此应把 using 改为 used,表示“洗衣时被用的水” 。I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing.(2012 陕西卷)【分析】句中的非谓语动词 taking 用错。应把 taking 改为 taken, 过去分词表示被动的意味,photos taking in Beijing “在北京拍
28、摄的照片”。4、动名词类错误After think for some time, I let her copy my answers. (2013 年四川卷)【分析】介词 After 后应用动名词,因此把 think 改为 thinking。He isnt good at talk but he gets on well with other people. (2013 新课标全国大纲卷)【分析】短语 be good at doing sth.“擅长做某事”把 talk 改为 talking。Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge be
29、tween lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 oclock at night. (2013 年新课标 卷)【分析】分析题干可知,句子的主语为“Have tea in the late afternoon”。由于动词原形不能作主语,应把 Have 改成 Having。Thank you so much by not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person. (2012 四川卷)【分析】句中的介词 by 后有连词 not only but als
30、o 连接两个动词,这两个动词都应用动名词形式,因此把 teach 改为 teaching。I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy. (2011 浙江卷)【分析】动词 enjoy 后接动名词,enjoy doing “喜欢做某事”,因此把 enjoy 后面的 to 去掉。 Ive soon got used to live without my parents around.(2011 重庆卷)【分析】句意为“不久,我就习惯了独立生活” 。习惯用语 be/get use
31、d to 表示“对习惯 ”,to 为介词,后接动名词形式,因此把 live 改为 living。 (三)情态动词误用Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys (2012 全国新课标卷)【分析】句意为:我发现,如果我更有耐心些,我可以使玩具更长久。句中的情态动词 must 用错,应改为 could 或 might。She said, “I have been practicing for three weeks now, but I still couldnt get used to it.(2010 四
32、川卷)【分析】根据前句可知,下句陈述的是现在的情况,情态动词 couldnt 误用,应改为 cant。(四)易混动词的误用Hope you good health and much happiness every day!(2012 四川卷)【分析】动词 hope 后不能接复合宾语。英语中表示祝愿通常用 wish,而不用 hope。因此把 hope 改为 wish。二、名词类错误与名词相关的错误主要包括名词单数和复数形式的误用、在不可数名词后加-s、名词词形错误等。(一)该用复数的名词使用了单数 Nearly five years before since then-for all these
33、 year-we(2014 年新课标)【分析】前句有 Nearly five years before,因此,本句中的“这些年”these years,应用复数形式。we can do reading for one and a half hour.(2014 年新课标大纲卷)【分析】本句意为“我们可以读书一个半小时” 。one and a half hours “一个半小时”。把 hour 改为 hours。Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking. 【分析】句中的 several 意为“几个的”,后面应跟名词的复数形式。因此把 time 改为 times。Hello, boys and girlsStay close to your teacher and classmate.【分析】根据前句中的 boys and girls可知,说话人是对同学们讲话的,因此应把classmate 改为 classmates。He was tall, with broad shoulder(2013 新课标全国卷)【分析】句意为:他身材高大,肩宽背阔。因此 shoulder 应用复数形式。
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