1、原文DEVELOPMENTOFAQUANTIFICATIONPROPOSALFORHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSAPPLIEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONSECTORTHENEEDSANDDEMANDSOFPRESENTMARKETS,WHICHAREBECOMINGMOREANDMOREGLOBALANDCOMPETITIVE,HAVECONVERTEDQUALITYMANAGEMENTINTOAPRIORITYFORTHOSEORGANIZATIONSTHATWISHTOCONSOLIDATETHEIRPOSITIONPARTICULARLY,THECHALLENGEFORCO
2、NSTRUCTIONINDUSTRIESISBEINGABLETODEFINE,DEVELOP,ANDIMPLEMENTAMODELFORQUALITYMANAGEMENTTHATFAVORSTHEPRODUCTIONOFGOODSANDSERVICESATTHELOWESTPOSSIBLECOSTANDWHICHISCAPABLEOFSATISFYINGCUSTOMERSMANIETAL2003INFACT,FORMANYYEARSBUSINESSMANAGEMENTHASASSOCIATEDTHECONCEPTOFQUALITYWITHHIGHCOSTSNEVERTHELESS,THETE
3、RMTOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENT,INITSPRESENTMEANING,CANBEDEFINEDAS“ASETOFCONCEPTSWHICHCANBEEXTENDEDTOTHEWHOLEORGANIZATION,WHICHPERMITSPRODUCINGPRODUCTSAND/ORSERVICESWHICHSATISFYCUSTOMERDEMANDSATTHELOWESTCOSTPOSSIBLE,ANDTRYINGTOMAKEALLTHESTAFFWITHINTHECOMPANYFEELSATISFIEDWITHTHEIRWORK”AMAT1992HOWEVER,INORDE
4、RTOATTAINTHISGOAL,ITISNECESSARYTOELIMINATECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHNOTDOINGTHINGSCORRECTLYTHEFIRSTTIME,BUTTHISISONLYPOSSIBLEIFTHESECOSTSAREIDENTIFIEDANDEVALUATED,THATISTOSAY,IFQUALITYCOSTSAREMEASUREDANDANALYZEDSINCEJURAN1951INTRODUCEDTHECONCEPTOFQUALITYCOSTINTHEEARLY1950SITWASNOTUNTILTHE1980STHATTHECONSTR
5、UCTIONSECTORBEGANTOSHOWANINTERESTINTHESUBJECT,MANYAUTHORSHAVEPRESENTEDTHEIROWNDEFINITIONSOFITAMONGTHEMANYDEFINITIONSGIVEN,INOUROPINION,THEONEWHICHSTANDSOUTFORITSCLARITYISTHEEXCELLENTDEFINITIONBYCAMPANELLA1999,WHOCONSIDERSQUALITYCOSTSAS“THOSEWHICHAREINCURREDFROMINVESTINGINPREVENTINGNONCOMPLIANCEWITHR
6、EQUIREMENTS,EVALUATINGCOMPLIANCEWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFAPRODUCTORSERVICEANDFAILURETOMEETREQUIREMENTS”CAMPANELLACOMPLETESHISPREVIOUSDEFINITIONBYEMPHASIZINGTHATANYCOSTTHATWOULDNOTHAVEOCCURREDIFTHEQUALITYWEREPERFECT,CONTRIBUTESTOQUALITYCOSTMANYCOMPANIESDONOTINFORMABOUTTHESECOSTSBECAUSETHEYARENOTCALCULATE
7、DANDASACONSEQUENCETHECOMPANIESAREUNAWAREOFTHEREALHARMTHEYARECAUSINGREGARDINGTHIS,MANYRESTIGIOUSAUTHORS,INCLUDINGCROSBY1979,HARRINGTON1987,CAMPANELLA1999,ANDDALEAMONGOTHERS,INDICATETHATQUALITYCOSTSCANEASILYREACHPERCENTAGESTHATAREHIGHERTHAN20OFSALESINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,SEVERALSTUDIESEMPHASIZETHEQ
8、UANTITATIVEIMPORTANCEOFTHESUBJECTTHEESSENCEOFMEASURINGQUALITYCOSTCANBEFOUNDINTHEFACTTHATEACHIDENTIFIEDQUALITYPROBLEMBRINGSWITHITAVISIBLERECOVERABLECOSTWHICHCANBEASSIGNEDAVALUECAMPANELLA(1999)HOWEVER,WHATHAPPENSWHEN,BECAUSEOFTHENATUREOFTHEPROBLEM,ITISIMPOSSIBLETOCARRYOUTANOBJECTIVEVALUATIONOFTHECOSTT
9、HEAIMOFTHISSTUDYISTOANSWERTHISQUESTIONAMETHODOLOGYBASEDONTHEFOUNDATIONSOFFUZZYLOGICWILLBEDEVELOPED,WHICHWEBELIEVEWILLSUBSTANTIALLYIMPROVETHEQUANTIFICATIONPROCESSOFCERTAINELEMENTSOFQUALITYCOSTINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,WHICHARECALLED“HIDDEN”BECAUSEOFTHEINHERENTDIFFICULTIESFORTHEIRESTIMATIONTHEREARESEV
10、ERALDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIESFORTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTNONEOFTHEM,HOWEVER,CONSIDERTHESUBJECTIVITYANDUNCERTAINTYTHATISPRESENTINANYATTEMPTTOQUANTIFYSUCHCOSTSTHEMAINCONTRIBUTIONOFTHISPAPERISTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAMETHODFORTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSBASEDONFUZZYLOGICANDITSAPPLICATIONTOTHEC
11、ONSTRUCTIONSECTORTHEMAINCONTRIBUTIONOFQUALITYTERMSWASPROPOSEDBYFEIGENBAUM(1961),WHOCLASSIFIEDQUALITYCOSTINTOFOURBROADCATEGORIES(PAF)PREVENTION(COSTSINCURREDFROMAVOIDINGERRORS),APPRAISAL(THEAIMOFWHICHISTODETECTERRORS),ANDINTERNALANDEXTERNALFAILURECOSTS(DEPENDINGWHETHERTHEERRORISFOUNDINTHEHEARTOFTHEOR
12、GANIZATION,WHICHWOULDBEANINTERNALERROR,ORTHROUGHTHECUSTOMER,EXTERNALERROR,WHICHCOULDCAUSECONSIDERABLEHARMTOTHECOMPANYSIMAGE)HOWEVER,WITHINTHECOSTSPROVOKEDBYERRORS,FAILURECOSTS,ITISPOSSIBLETOINTRODUCEANEWSUBDIVISIONACCORDINGTOTHECOMPONENTSOFCOSTTHESEAREBASEDONEITHEROBJECTIVECRITERIAANDASARESULT,QUANT
13、IFICATIONSHOULDBERELATIVELYSIMPLEVISIBLEQUALITYCOSTS,ORITMAYBENECESSARYTORESORTTOESSENTIALLYSUBJECTIVEANDTOTALLYUNCONVENTIONALCRITERIAFORESTIMATIONWHICHCOMPLICATESTHISTASKCONSIDERABLYINVISIBLEORHIDDENQUALITYCOSTS(DAHLGAARDETAL1992AECA1998)INSPITEOFTHEDIFFICULTYINVOLVEDINMEASURINGHIDDENQUALITYCOSTS,I
14、TISNECESSARYTOBEAWARENOTONLYOFTHEIREXISTENCEBUTALSOOFTHEIRIMPORTANCE(GIAKATISETAL2001)INFACT,ASPOINTEDOUTBYLOVEANDIRANI(2003),ONLYSOMEELEMENTSINTEGRATEDINTOTALQUALITYCOSTCANBEESTIMATEDWITHACERTAINDEGREEOFACCURACYANDOBJECTIVENESSITISNECESSARYTOBEAWAREOFTHEFACTTHATBECAUSETHELINEBETWEENVISIBLEQUALITYCO
15、STSANDHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSISNOTALWAYSATALLCLEAR,ITISEACHORGANIZATIONTHATSHOULDDECIDEONTHENATUREOFEACHELEMENTOFCOST,ACCORDINGTOTHEDATAAVAILABLEANDTHEEXISTENCEOFOBJECTIVECALCULATIONPROCEDURESTHECOSTOFCONCRETEREPAIRWORKSCAUSEDBYFORMWORKMOVEMENT,THECOSTOFREWORKDUETOINCORRECTSIZEOFREINFORCEMENT,ORTHEEXTENS
16、IVEREPAIRWORKOFHONEYCOMBSCAUSEDBYINSUFFICIENCOMPACTIONOFFRESHLYPLACEDCONCRETEARETHREEEXAMPLESOFQUALITYCOSTELEMENTS(TANGETAL2004),WHICHACCORDINGTOTHETOOLSAVAILABLETOTHECONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYFORTHEIRQUANTIFICATIONCOULDBEQUANTIFIEDASVISIBLEORHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSNEVERTHELESS,THEREARECERTAINQUALITYCOSTSTHATBE
17、CAUSEOFTHEIRCOMPLICATEDESTIMATIONARECATALOGUEDASHIDDENCOSTSBYANYCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYINTHISRESPECT,THELOSSOFFUTUREBUSINESSASACONSEQUENCEOFDETERIORATIONINTHEIMAGEOFTHECOMPANYSTANDSOUTBECAUSEOFBOTHITSIMPORTANCEANDTHEEXTREMEDIFFICULTYINVOLVEDINITSQUANTIFICATIONHOWEVER,ALTHOUGHITWOULDBEINTERESTINGFORCONST
18、RUCTORSTOTRYANDAPPROXIMATETHECOSTDERIVEDFROMLOSSOFIMAGE(BARBERETAL2000),THISRARELYHAPPENSINSPITEOFTHEIRIMPORTANCE,COSTSBROUGHTABOUTBYTHELOSSOFIMAGEARENOTINTHELEASTTHEONLYHIDDENQUALITYCOSTTOBEFOUNDINACONSTRUCTIONFIRMTHEREFORE,THESPANISHASSOCIATIONOFACCOUNTANCYANDBUSINESSADMINISTRATION(AECA1998)HASPRO
19、POSEDTHATTHOSECOSTSWHICHARENOTNORMALLYTAKENINTOACCOUNT,ORARENOTEXPLICITLYREGISTEREDINTHEACCOUNTS,SHOULDBECATALOGUEDASHIDDENTHEREFORE,THECOSTSCAUSEDBYACOMPANYSLOSSOFIMAGESHOULDALSOINCLUDE,FOREXAMPLE(AECA1998)1INVENTORYEXCESSES2WASTEFROMOVERTIME3NONPRODUCTIVETIMESDUETOPRODUCTIONPROGRAMMINGERRORS4TIMED
20、EDICATEDTOANALYZINGTHECAUSESANDCONSEQUENCESOFERRORSTHOMSON(2006)CITETHEFOLLOWINGASEXAMPLESOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSLOSTSALES,EXTRAINVENTORY,DELAYS,ANDUNIDENTIFIEDSCRAPKRISHNAN(2006)HASDRAWNUPTHEFOLLOWINGLISTOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSPRODUCTFAILUREINTHEFIELD,RUSHDELIVERYCOSTS,INAPPROPRIATEJOBSPECIFICATIONS,TIME
21、LOSTDUETOACCIDENTS,EQUIPMENTFAILURES,COSTOFLOSTSALES,EXTRAOPERATIONS,UNNECESSARYPROCEDURES,COMPLAINTINVESTIGATIONCOST,EXCESSINVENTORY,LACKOFPARTS,REWRITINGOPERATORINSTRUCTIONS,ANDPASTDUERECEIVABLESPARK(2003)MENTIONSTHEFOLLOWINGHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSLOSTMANAGEMENTTIMECOST,LOSTBUSINESSCOST,LOSTCREDIBILITY
22、COST,LOSTOPPORTUNITYCOST,LOSTASSETSCOST,RERUNCOST,LOSTGOODWILLCOST,ANDMAINTENANCECOSTOTHERAUTHORS,INSTUDIESTHATANALYZETHEDIFFERENTASPECTSRELATEDTOHIDDENQUALITYCOSTINTHECONSTRUCTIONBUSINESS,HIGHLIGHTTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLESOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSSCHEDULEDELAYS,LITIGATIONANDCLAIMS,LOSSOFREPUTATIONANDTHESUBSE
23、QUENTIMPACTONFUTUREBUSINESSOPPORTUNITIES,LOSSOFSCHEDULEANDPRODUCTIVITY,LOWOPERATIONALEFFICIENCY,WORKINACTIVITYFROMWAITINGORIDLETIME,ETCANYCOMPANYSHOULDALWAYSBEAWAREOFTHELIKELIHOODOFTHEPRESENCEOFTHESEHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSWHENMAKINGADECISIONTHATAFFECTSQUALITYMANAGEMENTASBROWNANDKANE1987POINTOUT,THESECOST
24、SCANREACHTHREEORFOURTIMESTHECOSTOFREGISTEREDERRORSTRADITIONALLY,AUTHORSHAVEUSEDTHEPROBABILISTICTHEORYASAMATHEMATICALINSTRUMENTFORQUANTIFYINGHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSTHEUSEOFTHEPROBABILISTICTHEORYINTHEVALUATIONOFTHESECOSTSPRESENTSSERIOUSPROBLEMS,PRINCIPALLYBECAUSEOFTHEOBLIGATIONOFASSIGNINGPRECISENUMBERSTOEA
25、CHEVENT,WHEN,INFACT,THEYAREESTIMATIONSTHUS,ITWOULDBEBETTERTODESCRIBETHEMTHROUGHIMPRECISEASSERTIONS,IE,APPROXIMATIONSTHISTYPEOFREPRESENTATIONSOFUNCERTAINTYDOESNOTPERMITONETOINCLUDEALLTHEINTRINSICIMPRECISIONSOFTHEEXPERTSOPINIONSANOTHERPROBLEMTOBECONSIDEREDISTHEPROBABILITYOFTHEOCCURRENCEOFANEVENTTHISIS
26、CALCULATEDAPRIORIACCORDINGTOCIRCUMSTANCESANDCONDITIONSEXISTINGATTHETIME,BUTITDOESNOTGUARANTEETHATITWILLBEMAINTAINEDINANYFUTURECASES,DUETOTHENATUREOFTHEELEMENTTOBEANALYZEDANDTHEEXISTENCEOFACHANGINGENVIRONMENTIFPROBABILITYCHANGESTHROUGHALTERATIONSINTHECONDITIONSWHICHDETERMINEDTHESEDECISIONS,THISSITUAT
27、IONCOULDLEADTODECISIONMAKINGTHATMIGHTNOTHAVEANYEFFECTINTHEFUTURE,ORCOULDEVENBEHARMFULINTHEFACEOFTHESEINCONVENIENCESANDPROBLEMS,THEFUNDAMENTALCONTRIBUTIONOFTHEPRESENTSTUDYISCARRIEDOUTBYINTRODUCINGFUZZYLOGICANDTHECONCEPTOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFQUANTIFICATIONOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSTHESECONCEPTSALLOWFORABETTERAP
28、PROACHTOTHENATURALREASONINGOFUNCERTAINSITUATIONSTHANTHEPROBABILITYCONCEPT,ASTHELATTERINVOLVESVERYRIGIDNORMSFORDEALINGWITHALLTHEASPECTSTHATANUNCERTAINSITUATIONPRESENTSFURTHER,THEVALIDITYANDOPTIMALAGGREGATEOFAMODELDEPENDONTHESPECIFICATIONSRELATIVETOBOTHITSREPRESENTATIONOFDATAANDINTEGRATIONINSTAGESOPTI
29、MIZATIONCANBEDEFINEDASTHEPROPERTYOFANAGGREGATEMODELINORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEFINALCONTENTOFINFORMATION,OREQUIVALENTLY,TOREDUCELOSSOFINFORMATIONTOAMINIMUMINTHISCONTEXT,DIFFERENTOPINIONSCANGETLOSTATTHESTART,BECAUSEWITHAVERAGINGOPERATORS,INFORMATIONISLOSTANDISNOTTRANSFERREDTOTHESUCCESSIVECALCULATIONSTHEAIMOF
30、THISSTUDYISTOAPPLYFUZZYLOGICTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTOTALQUALITYCOSTSYSTEMSTHROUGHTHEFORMULATIONOFAQUANTIFICATIONPROPOSALFORTHOSEELEMENTSWHERECONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESCANNOTUSEOBJECTIVECRITERIAFORESTIMATINGTHEIRCOSTANEWMETHODOLOGICALFOCUSWILLBEPROPOSEDBASEDONFUZZYLOGICTHATWILLSUBSTANTIALLYIMPROVETHEVALUATIONP
31、ROCESSFORHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESTHEPROPOSEDMETHODOLOGYISSUPPORTEDBYASEQUENTIALPROCESSDIVIDEDINTOSEVENSTAGES,THEOBJECTOFWHICH,FROMOURPOINTOFVIEW,ISTOQUANTIFYTHEHIDDENQUALITYCOSTPAREXCELLENCEINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESTHECOSTOFTHELOSSOFIMAGEABDELRAZEK(1998A)EMPHASIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFQUALI
32、TYMEASUREMENTINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYASKAZAZ(2005)POINTOUTTHETECHNIQUESANDMETHODSOFQUALITYMANAGEMENTCANANDSHOULDBETRANSFERREDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYFORTHISREASON,WECONSIDER,ASDOTHESEAUTHORS,THATITISFUNDAMENTALFORCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESTODEVELOPTOOLSWHICHWILLFACILITATEINFORMATIONABOUTTOTALQUALITYCOS
33、TSFROMTHEBIBLIOGRAPHICALANALYSISRELATEDTODETERMININGTHESECOSTSINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIES,ITISAPPARENTTHATTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFSOCALLEDHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSRECEIVESLITTLEATTENTIONFROMAUTHORS,ALTHOUGHITSIMPORTANCEISRECOGNIZEDASACONSEQUENCE,WEHAVEDECIDEDTOTAKEONTHECHALLENGEOFPUTTINGFORWARDAMETHODOLOGICALPROPOS
34、ALFORTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFTHESECOSTSINOUROPINION,ITISONLYPOSSIBLETOCONTEMPLATETHEESTIMATIONPROCESSFORHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSBYADMITTINGTHATTHECONDITIONSOFUNCERTAINTYANDSUBJECTIVITY,FOUNDINTHEVALUATIONSCONDITIONTHERELIABILITYOFTHEINFORMATIONOBTAINEDINADECISIVEWAYFORTHISREASON,ANDDUETOITSNATURE,THETHEORYOFFU
35、ZZYSUBSETSCANBESEENASANADEQUATEREFERENCEFRAMEWORKFORSUSTAININGTHEDESIGNOFMODELSWHICHPERMITTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFTHESEELEMENTSITISDIFFICULTTOIMAGINETHATTHEORIESDEVELOPEDINTHEFIELDOFBUSINESSMANAGEMENTCANBEVERIFIEDIFATRIALISNOTCARRIEDOUTWITHINANORGANIZATIONALCONTEXTFORTHISREASON,ITISIMPORTANTTHATTHEPROPOS
36、EDMANAGEMENTTOOLSHOULDBEEXPERIMENTEDWITHTHROUGHAREALAPPLICATIONINORDERTOENSURETHEPLAUSIBILITYANDUSEFULNESSOFITSPROPOSALSORTOREFORMULATECONDITIONSFORTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHETHEORYHAVINGAPPLIEDTHEPROPOSEDMETHODOLOGYTOTHEVALUATIONOFLOSSOFIMAGEOFADETERMINEDCONSTRUCTIONFIRM,ASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEDELAYINTHECOMPLE
37、TIONOFABUILDING,WECANCONCLUDETHEVALIDITYOFTHEMODELPROPOSEDASHAVINGREACHEDITSGOALTHATISTOSAYFAVORINGTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYSOURCESELLSMANUELESANSALVADOR,RUBIOJOSEACAVERO,MULLOR,JAVIERREIG,2008“DEVELOPMENTOFAQUANTIFICATIONPROPOSALFORHIDDENQUALITYCOSTSAPPLIEDTOTHE
38、CONSTRUCTIONSECTOR”JOURNALOFCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT,VOL134,NO10,OCTOBER,PP749757译文应用于建筑行业隐藏的质量成本量化发展的建议目前越来越多的全球性和竞争力,已转化为一个优先事项的组织,质量管理归皈了这些组织优先考虑的希望,巩固自己的位置。特别是对建筑行业面临的挑战是能定义、发展、实施一个产品和服务的生产以尽可能低的成本并能够满足顾客的质量管理失衡模型。事实上,多年来企业管理有相关的成本高的质量观念。然而,长期全面质量管理及其现实意义,可以被定义为“一种可扩展到整个组织,允许生产的产品或服务,满足
39、最低的成本和客户需求努力使公司内所有的工作人员感到满意。”但为了实现这一目标,就必须消除不正确地成本,对质量成本进行测试和分析,进而正确衡量和评估质量成本。自朱兰在50年代初期介绍了质量成本的概念后,直到80年代,建筑行业才开始对此主题感兴趣,许多作者向人们展示了他们自己的定义。在众多的定义中,坎帕内拉给出了在我们看来,为其突出的优秀的定义,他觉得质量成本是“投资而在预防非符合要求,评估符合要求的产品或服务与未达到要求导致失败而产生的费用。”强调任何费用,有助于质量成本。很多公司都不会告知这些成本,因为他们没有计算。这些公司没有意识到这些成本对他们造成多大的损失。对此,有许多声望很高的作者,其
40、中包括克洛斯(1979年),哈林顿(1987),坎帕内拉(1999),还有戴尔等,表明质量成本可以很容易达到的百分比均高于20的销售额。在建筑行业中,许多研究均强调,这一问题的定量的重要性。坎帕内拉指出,测量质量成本的本质可以发现这样一个事实,即每个确定的质量问题,它带来的明显的可收回成本,可以被分配一个价值。然而,因为这个问题的性质,导致不可能进行客观的成本评价。本研究的目的是回答这个问题。一种基于模糊逻辑基础的方法论的发展,相信这将大大改善对质量成本的某些元素在建筑行业的发展基础,就是所谓的量化过程中“隐藏”,因为这是他们估计的内在困难。关于质量隐患的成本量化有很多不同的方法。但是他们在试
41、图量化这种费用时没有考虑主观性和不确定性。本文的主要贡献是提出一个基于模糊逻辑和其应用到建筑领域的隐藏质量成本量化发展的方法。费根鲍姆在质量方面的主要贡献是提出了将质量成本分为四大类预防成本(避免错误发生的费用),质量评估成本(其目的是为了检测错误),以及内部和外部故障成本(取决于该组织是否存在错误,这可能给公司形象造成相当大的损害)。然而,由错误、失败引起的成本费用,可以根据成本的组成部分引入一个新的细分。这些都基于客观标准之一,因此,量化的成本应该是相对简单的可视质量成本,也可能是有必要诉诸为估计这项工作相当复杂的不可见或隐藏的质量成本。在衡量隐藏的质量成本时是有困难的,因为不只是衡量它们
42、的存在与否,而且还要评估其重要性。事实上,要准确、客观的估算质量成本的某些综合要素是有一定难度的。只有一些元素结合在一起预计的总质量成本才有一定程度的准确性和客观性。由于可见的和隐藏的质量成本线并不总是清楚,这就要求每个组织应根据现有的数据和计算程序确定各成本要素的客观存在及了解各成本要素的性质,并进行对比分析。混泥土的维修工程费用是由模板运动引起的,返工费用是由于不正确的大小加固,或新浇混泥土通过压实不够充足造成的大量修理工作引起的费用,而根据他们的工具可用于建筑公司量化成可见或隐藏的质量成本。不过,也有一些质量成本是由于建筑公司其复杂的估计而引起的费用。在这方面,因为双方立场的重要性和极端
43、困难的量化,作为未来业务的恶化,将会对公司的形象造成损失。然而,虽然那是有用的构造函数用来估算近似成本的损失,但这种函数很少被使用。鉴于其重要性,尽管将在一建筑公司发现成本所带来的形象损失至少不是唯一的质量隐患的成本。因此,西班牙会计及工商管理协会提议,那些没有明确的账目登记的费用正常情况下是不考虑明的,应作为隐藏的费用。因此,公司成本损失也应包括在内,例如(AECA1998)1、库存过剩;2、超时浪费;3、由于非生产性生产编程错误;4、专门分析错误的原因和后果。汤姆森引用作为隐藏质量成本的例子如下销售损失,额外的库存,延迟和身份不明的报废。他制订了质量成本的隐藏列表在外地的产品不合格,快递费
44、成本,不恰当的工作规范,因意外而损失的时间,设备故障,销售损失,额外的操作,不必要的程序,投诉的调查费用成本,库存过剩,缺件,改写操作指令,逾期应收账款。帕克提到的隐藏质量成本包括失去管理的时间成本,失去的经营成本,失去信誉的成本,失去的机会成本,损失的资产的成本,重新运行成本,商誉损失成本和维护成本。其他作者在研究分析有关建筑企业隐藏质量成本的不同方面,突出质量隐患费用的例子如下工期延误,诉讼和索赔,损失的信誉和未来的商业机会,进度和生产力损失,运营效率低,工作不活动或空闲时间的等待等后续影响。任何公司都应该对这些存在永远影响质量管理的质量隐患成本作出可能性认识。正如布朗和凯恩指出的,这些费
45、用可达到三、四次登记错误的成本。传统上,作者们用来作为量化这些质量隐患成本的概率理论,是他们在估计分配给每个事件的确切数字义务的严重问题时,用数学工具的概率理论提出的。因此,通过不精确的估计会更好的来形容他们的理论。种类型的不确定性表示不包括所有专家的意见。另外一个需要考虑的问题是一个事件的发生概率。这是计算的先决条件,但由于对元素的性质进行分析和出现的环境的变化,在现有的时间,它并不能保证它会在未来任何情况下维持。如果通过概率变化的条件来确定这些决策,可能导致决策在将来是有害的,也有可能不会产生任何影响。鉴于这些不变的基本的问题,本研究的贡献时引入模糊逻辑的理念与量化的可能性的隐质量成本。这
46、些概念允许一种更好的途径去自然推理不确定情况,后者需要严格的规范,处理方面呈现出不确定性。此外,一个模型的有效性和最佳聚合取决于双方的规格相对其代表性的数据和整合阶段。优化可以被定义为特性的总合模型属性,以便最大限度地提高信息的最终内容,或等价地,以减少信息的损失降到最低。在此背景下,不同的意见就会丢失在最开始,因为平均经营者、资料遗失、不转移到连续计算。本研究的目的是应用模糊逻辑发展的总质量成本系统通过制定量化这些元素的提案,对在工程公司不能用客观标准估计的成本进行估计。一个新的方法的重点是提出模糊逻辑,这将大大改善公司的质量隐患在施工过程的成本计价。建议的方法是将其中的对象分为七个阶段,从
47、我们的角度来看,是量化隐藏在建筑企业质量成本出类拔萃的一个连续的过程分为对形象的损失成本。阿卜杜勒强调了质量测量在建筑行业的重要性。卡扎指出的技术和质量管理方法可以而且应该被转移到建筑行业。出于这个原因,和这些作者一样,我们认为,这是建筑公司的根本开发工具,将促进有关全面质量成本信息。从与建筑公司确定这些费用的文献计量分析,很明显所谓的隐性质量成本的量化很少受到作家关注,但其重要性是公认的。因此,我们决定提出建议该成本量化的提案。在我们看来,这是唯一可能在隐藏的质量成本估计过程中考虑不确定性和主观性条件,从而获得可靠性信息的一种方式。出于这个原因,并且由于其性质,模糊子集理论可以被看作是对保持该模型允许对这些元素的量化设计充分参考的框架。很难想象,在企业管理领域发展理论可以验证,审判组织内是否进行了断章取义。基于这个原因,应用这一理论重要的是拟定的管理工具应该通过试验与实际应用,以确保其合理性和实用性。我们可以得出结论,作为一个在建筑物竣工延误后,用来估计建筑公司的形象损失的方法,已经达到其目标所提出的模型的有效性,这就是说有利于建筑行业量化隐藏的质量成本。出处曼努埃尔,奥比鲁,何塞答,哈维尔,应用于建筑行业隐藏的质量成本量化发展的建议,建设工程与管理学报,第134卷(10),2008(10)P749757三、指导教师评语建议成绩签字年月日
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