2012年职称英语考试综合类A级真题及答案.DOC

1、教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn12012 年职称英语考试综合类 A 级真题及答案本试题来源于教育联展网，更多职称英语资料与考试试题：http:/ 1 部分：词汇选项(第 115 题，每题 1 分，共 15 分) 下面每个句子中均有 1 个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定 1 个意义最为接近的选项。1. He shifted his position a little in order to (alleviate) the pain in his leg.control B. easy C. experience D. suffer2. Our aim w

2、as to (update) the health service, and we succeeded.offer B. provide C. modernize D. fund3. She moves from one (exotic) location to another.unusual B. familiar C. similar D. proper4. Nothing would (induce) me to vote for him again.teach B. help C. discourage D. attract5. The photographs (evoked) str

3、ong memories of our holiday in France.refreshed B. stored C. blocked D. erased6. The weather was (crisp) and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away.hot B. heavy C. fresh D. windy7. Every week the magazine presents the (profile) of a well-known sports personality.success B. descriptio

4、n C. evidence D. plan8. Her comments about men are (utterly) ridiculous completely.slightly B. completely C. partly D. faintly9. The walls are made of (hollow) concrete blocks.A . big B. empty C. long D. now教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn210. We almost (ran into) a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in fr

5、ont of us without signaling.A. overtook B. hit C. passed D. found11. When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldnt resist having a (peep) look.chance B. visit C. look D. try12. He has been granted (asylum) in France.A. power B. relief C. protection D. license13. He was (weary) of the constant b

6、attle between them.A. fond B. tired C. proud D. afraid14. Newborn babies can (discriminate) between a mans and a womans voice.A. treat B. distinguish C. express D. analyzes15. All the flats in the building had the same (layout) arrangement.A. color B. size C. function D. arrangement答案：alleviateeaseu

7、pdatemodernizeexoticunusualinduceattractevokedrefreshedcrispfreshprofiledescriptionutterly completelyhollowemptyran intohitpeeplook教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn3asylumprotectionweary tireddiscriminatedistinguishlayout arrangementNextPage第 2 部分：阅读判断(第 1622 题，每题 1 分，共 7 分)下面的短文后列出了 7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每

8、个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。In Sports, Red is the Winning ColorWhen opponents of a game are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study.British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durha

9、m reached that conclusion by studying the outcomes of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman-wresting, and freestyle-wrestling matches at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.In each event Olympic staff randomly assigned red or blue clothing or body protection to competitors. When otherwi

10、se equally matched with their opponent in fitness and skill, athletes wearing red were more likely to win the bout.“Where there was a large point differencepresumably because one contestant was far superior to the othercolor had no effect on the outcome,“ Barton said. “Where there was a small point

11、difference, the effect of color was sufficient to tip the balance.“In equally matched bouts, the preponderance of red wins was great enough that it could not be attributed to chance, the anthropologists say. Hill and Barton found similar results in a review of the colors worn at the Euro 2004 intern

12、ational soccer tournament. Their report will be published in tomorrows issue of the journal Nature.Joanna Setchell, a primate researcher at the University of Cambridge in England, has found similar results in nature. Her work with the large African monkeys known as mandrills shows that red coloratio

13、n gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.The finding that red also has an advantage in human sporting events does not surprise her, addding that “the idea of the study is very clever.“教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn4Hill and Barton got the idea for their study out of a mutual interest in

14、the evolution of sexual signals in primates“red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male dominance and testosterone levels,“ Barton said.For example, studies by Setchell, the Cambridge primate researcher, show that dominant male mandrills have increased red coloration in their faces

15、and rumps. Another study by other scientists shows that red plastic rings experimentally placed on the legs of male zebra finches increase the birds dominance.Barton said he and Hill speculated some speculated that “there might be a similar effect in humans. And if so, it could be apparent in sporti

16、ng contests.“The pair say their results indicate that sexual selection may have influenced the evolution of humans response to color.Setchell, the primatologist, agrees. “As Hill and Barton say, humans redden when we are angry and pale when were scared. These are very important signals to other indi

17、viduals,“ she said.The advantage of red may be intuitively known, judging from the prevalence of red uniforms in sports“though it is clearly not very widely appreciated, on a conscious level at least,“ Barton said.He adds that the finding of reds advantage might have implications for regulations tha

18、t govern sporting attire. In the Olympic matches he surveyed for the new study, for example, it is possible some medal winners may have reached the pedestal with an unintended advantage.“That is the implication, though we cannot say that it made the difference in any one specific case,“ Barton said.

19、Meanwhile, Setchell notedtongue-in-cheekthat a red advantage may not be limited to sports. “Going by the recent U.S. election results, red is indeed quite successful,“ she said.16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcome of sports matched.17. Hill and Barton are both int

20、erested in primates.18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.19. Red is not an advantage for zebra finches.20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn521. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.22. Many ath

21、letes oppose the new regulations on sports uniforms.答案：16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcomes of sports matches.答案为 A(right).相关句：They (Hill and Barton) reached the conclusion by studying the outcomes of boxingThe outcomes 回应上文中提到的“the team dressed in red is more li

22、kely to win”17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates(灵长目).答案为 A(right).相关句：Hill and Barton got the idea for the study from a mutual interest in primates.18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.答案为 B(wrong).相关句：Red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mat

23、ing.19. Red is not an advantage for Zebra finches(斑胸草雀).答案为 B(wrong).相关句：Scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male Zebra females, which increased the birds success in finding a mate.20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.答案为 C(not mentioned).21. Hill and Barton bel

24、ieve athletes in red are more likely to win.答案为 A(right).相关句：Across a range of sports, we find that wearing red is consistently associated with a higher probability of winning.22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sport uniforms.教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn6答案为 C(not mentioned)相关句：the

25、discovery of reds advantage might lead to new regulations on sports uniforms.NextPage第 3 部分：概括大意和完成句子( 第 2330 题，每题 1 分，共 8 分)下面的短文后有 2 项测试任务：(1)第 2326 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中为指定段落每段选择 1 个小标题;(2)第 2730 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。How technology pushes down priceThe Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 after a war

26、between the English and Dutch in which the English were worsted, gave the Dutch the big prize: Run, a small island in the Indonesian archipelago which was the worlds principal source of nutmeg. The margin on nutmeg at the time was around 3,200%. The English, as a consolation prize, got Manhattan. As

27、 an illustration of the long-term fall in food prices compared with other goods, that is a sharp one. But deflation has characterized the food business for centuries, because of continual advances in food production and distribution technology.Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. Ma

28、lthusians, whose descendants until quite recently predicted that the world would run out of food, have thereby been confounded. More and more food is being produced by fewer and fewer people with less and less capital; it is therefore ever more plentiful and cheaper. Since demand is to some extent l

29、imited by the size of peoples stomachs, spending on food compared with other goods has been falling for many years, and continues to drop (see chart 4).Genetically modified (GM) seeds are the latest manifestation of a production revolution that started with Charles “Turnip” Townsend, who in the 18th

30、 century laid the basis for crop rotation. Organic fertilisers were replaced by chemical ones in the 19th century. The railway opened up the American mid-west. The horse replaced the cow, the combine harvester the horse. After the second world war, dwarf varieties of wheat and rice (which overcame t

31、he problem that heavily fertilised crops in hot countries grew too tall and fell over) boosted developing-country output. The “green revolution” helped trigger a more recent “livestock revolution”, documented by Chris Delgado, who works jointly for the International Food Policy Research Institute an

32、d the International Livestock Research Institute. Higher incomes and urbanisation, combined with falling food prices, have boosted meat and milk consumption in developing countries. By 1997, real beef prices were a third their level in 1971. Over that period, meat consumption in developing countries

33、 rose five-fold, three times as fast as in developed countries. Milk consumption rose three-fold.By the 1980s, advances in conventional plant breeding had tailed off, but GM made it possible to do things with DNA that conventional breeding could not do. Despite scaremongering in Europe, GM technolog

34、y is spreading elsewhere: most of the 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn7worlds soya is now GM.Producing lots of food is not much good unless you can distribute it, so advances in distribution technology have been as important as those in production technology. Salt, used to preserve food, which meant

35、 that it could be stored and traded, was an early aid to distribution. Canning arrived in the early 19th century, when a Frenchman discovered that food could be stored longer if it was heated before it was bottled, and a Briton worked out that tin cans were easier to transport than bottles; and both

36、 the British and the French armies used the technology to feed their troops in the Napoleonic wars.Francis Bacon, a British scientist and essayist, was an early victim of the struggle to develop refrigeration technology: he died in 1626 after eating some chicken that he had stuffed with snow as part

37、 of an experiment. In 1877 the first shipload of frozen beef was carried from Argentina to France. The impact on the food industry of the spread of the domestic refrigerator in the 20th century was rivalled only by that of the car, which changed the face of retailing by allowing supermarkets to deve

38、lop. Supermarkets have helped push down prices principally because of their scale. Big businesses can invest in IT systems that make them efficient. And their size allows them to buy in bulk. The more concentrated the retail business becomes, the bigger supermarkets get, the further prices get pushe

39、d down until, of course, there is so much concentration that there is not enough competition. Britains Competition Commission indicated earlier this year that the supermarket industry was moving towards that point: it refused to let any of the top three supermarket chains buy one of the smaller play

40、ers. In America, however, where the size of the country means a more fragmented retail business, there is still scope for further concentration: the “black death”, as Wal-Mart is known in the trade, is expected to claim more victims. Wal-Marts scale, the efficiency of its IT systems and the cheapnes

41、s of its non-unionised labour force ($8-10 an hour compared with $17-18 for mid-sized players such as Albertsons, A hold, Safeway and Kroger), give it a massive advantage. It sells Colgate toothpaste for an average of 63% of its competitors price, Tropicana orange juice for 58% and Kelloggs Corn Fla

42、kes for 56%. Analysts expect at least one of the mid-sized firms to disappear.The concentration of power among retailers has led to another stage in the shift in power down the food chain. Once upon a time, power lay with landlords. In the 20th century, as processing and distribution became more imp

43、ortant, so did the food producers. Lord Haskins, Tony Blairs adviser on farming, recalls going to food industry conferences in the 1970s, when there would be a line of Rolls-Royces outside, all belonging to producers.Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chainN

44、o longer. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chain. But the retailers are not the type to swank around in flash cars. They are ostentatiously parsimonious, advertising their determination to keep prices down. Wal-Marts headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas,

45、is in a converted warehouse. Tesco, Britains biggest private-sector employer, has its headquarters in a Stalinist bunker in a nasty bit of north-east London. Beside the main reception its share price is proudly displayed on one of those blackboards with white plastic letters stuck on to it that you

46、see in the cheapest sandwich bars. One of the manifestations of retailers power (which also reinforces it) is the growth of private-label (ie, supermarket- not producer-branded) goods. 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训门户网站 www.theA.cn8In 2002, according to the Boston Consulting Group, own-label made up 39% of grocer

47、y sales in Britain, 21% in France and only 16% in the United States, but everybody thinks that, as retailing becomes more concentrated, America is going the way of Britain. Retailers can sell private-label only if the price cuts they offer mean more to consumers than a producers brand. As own-label

48、has expanded, so supermarkets have been taking all but the most successful brands off their shelves. “If you are a must-have brand its fine,” says Dido Harding, Tescos commercial director. “If youre a sub-global brand, lifes much harder.”The shift in power to retailers has put pressure on producers

49、margins, hence huge programmes of cuts. Since 2000, Uni-lever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to 245,000 and dropped lots of minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury is the latest to announce big cuts: in October it said that it will be shutting 20% of its 133 factories and cutting 10% of its 55,000 global workforce. These cuts should help keep costs, and thus the price of food, low.Does cheap food make people unhealthy? In some ways. Hydrogenated vegetabl