外来人口在赫尔辛基居住政策方针【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文POLICYAPPROACHESTORESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONOFIMMIGRANTSINHELSINKIMIXINGPOLICIESHAVECONSTITUTEDANIMPORTANTPARTOFURBANPLANNINGINHELSINKISINCETHE1970SPLANNERSANDHOUSINGOFFICIALSHAVESTRIVEDTOCREATEANDSUSTAINSPATIALLYBALANCEDURBANDEVELOPMENTTHROUGHPOLICIESOFTENUREANDSOCIALMIXINGTHERATIONALEF

2、ORMIXINGPOLICIESISROOTEDINTHENATIONALETHOSOFEGALITARIANWELFAREPOLITICSASOCIALLYANDSPATIALLYBALANCEDCITYSTRUCTUREHASBEENPERCEIVEDASABASISFORAJUSTANDEQUALSOCIETY,ANDHOUSINGPOLICIES,INCLUDINGHOUSINGALLOWANCESASWELLASTHEPRODUCTIONANDALLOCATIONOFAFFORDABLE,DECENTSTANDARDDWELLINGS,AREPERCEIVEDASONEOFTHEME

3、ANSTOPURSUEITTENUREMIX,INPARTICULAR,ISTHOUGHTTOHAVEPOSITIVESOCIALANDECONOMICOUTCOMESFORTHEENTIRECITYTHEMAINGOALOFMIXINGHASBEENTOPREVENTTHEACCUMULATIONOFSOCIALPROBLEMSINANYGIVENDISTRICTINHELSINKI,TENUREMIXHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDBYENFORCINGAREABASEDTENUREQUOTASFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFNEWDWELLINGSMIXINGOFTENURETY

4、PESHASTAKENPLACEMAINLYATTHENEIGHLEVEL,BUTALSOWITHINBLOCKSANDHOUSINGESTATESURBANRENEWALPROGRAMHAVEALSOBEENUSEDTODIVERSIFYAHOMOGENEOUSHOUSINGSTOCKINSOMEOLDERRESIDENTIALDISTRICTSINADDITION,MIXINGPOLICIESHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDTHROUGHPRACTICESOFSOCIALMIXINGINCOUNCILHOUSINGALLOCATIONLOWINCOMEHOUSEHOLDSAREDIS

5、PERSEDAMONGTHEBETTEROFFWHENCOUNCILDWELLINGSAREALLOCATEDTHOSEWITHTHEMOSTURGENTNEEDFORHOUSINGAREGIVENFIRSTPRIORITYHOWEVER,THEPRINCIPLEISSOMETIMESBREACHEDINORDERTOPREVENTRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONFORINSTANCE,ACCORDINGTOTHEHOUSINGPOLICYMEMORANDUMFORTHEYEARS20042008ONTHEOTHERHAND,ATTEMPTSTOGENERATESOCIALMIXI

6、NGDONOTOVERRIDEPEOPLESOWNFREEDOMTOCHOOSEWHERETHEYWANTTOLIVESINCETHEMID1990S,COUNCILHOUSINGAPPLICANTSHAVEBEENABLETOSPECIFYTHEAREASINWHICHTHEYWISHTOLIVE,WHICHMEANSTHATCOUNCILDWELLINGSINOTHERDISTRICTSARENOTOFFEREDTOTHEMINADDITION,APPLICANTSREQUESTSFORCERTAINFACILITIESIMMIGRANTSHOUSINGISSUESWEREINCORPOR

7、ATEDINTOEXISTINGMIXINGPOLICIESINHELSINKIATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHE1990SRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONOFIMMIGRANTSWASIDENTIFIEDASAMATTEROFCONCERNBYAWORKINGGROUPTHATWASSETUPTODRAFTANIMMIGRANTPOLICYPROPOSALFORTHECITYCOUNCILIN1991MEMBERSOFTHEWORKINGGROUPLISTEDHOUSINGASONEOFTHEBASICCOMMUNALSERVICESANDSUGGESTEDTHATPREVE

8、NTINGETHNICRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONWASTOBEINCLUDEDASONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESOFTHEIMMIGRANTPOLICYACCORDINGTOTHEIRPROPOSALHELSINKIHOUSINGPRICESRELATIVETOTHEINCOMEOFLOCALPEOPLEISVERYCHEAPTHEGENERALURBANAPARTMENTPRICESPERSQUAREMETERIN2000TO3000SPECIFICALLYSTATED,PEOPLEUSEDTOCALCULATETHETOTALPRICEOFTHEHOUSINGARE

9、AISTHEUSABLEAREAOFREALHAND,THEREISNO“FLOORAREA“CONCEPT,NORWILLTHECORRIDOR,ELEVATOR,ALLSHARINGSPACEINSIDETHEPROPERTYBUYERSAREUSUALLYYOUNGPEOPLETHETOTALAREAOFTHEHOUSENATURALLYNOTLARGE,SMALL,MORETHANFORTYSQUAREMETERS,LARGEEIGHTYORNINETYMETERS,MANYDONOTHAVEBALCONYFORTHEOUTSIDER,THISISNOTONETOPAYMONEYTHE

10、YCANNOTALTHOUGHNOTEXPRESSEDEXPLICITLY,ITAPPEARSTHATRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONISTHOUGHTTOHINDERIMMIGRANTSINTEGRATIONINTOFINNISHSOCIETYANDINCREASETHEIRRISKOFWEALTHPOTENTIALSEGREGATIONWOULDALSOPOSEACHALLENGETOTHEPREVAILINGEGALITARIANETHOSOFASOCIALLYANDSPATIALLYJUSTSOCIETYPOSITIVEIMPACTSOFETHNICCLUSTERING,S

11、UCHASMUTUALSUPPORTGENERATEDBYLIVINGCLOSETOEACHOTHER,ARENOTCONSIDEREDINTHE1991POLICYPROPOSALHOWEVER,ITMAYWELLBETHATTHESEKINDSOFPOSITIVEASPECTSHAVEINFLUENCEDTHEWORKINGGROUPSREASONINGANDRAISEDASSUMPTIONSABOUTTHEIMMIGRANTSTENDENCYTOSELFSEGREGATEASHIEBERTHAVENOTED,SUCHBENEFITSOFCLUSTERINGAREOFTENUSEDTOGI

12、VEREASONSFORTHEPURPORTEDVOLUNTARYSEGREGATIONOFETHNICMINORITIESHIGHWAYAROUND,MOSTARE“BLOCKS“IFTHEIRRELATIVELYLARGEMOBILITYANDINCOMEISNOTHIGHASRENTINTHESUBURBSAREMOREABLETOTAKEFINLANDISAHIGHWELFARESTATE,BUTALSOSPARSELYPOPULATED,EVENIFTHEINCOMEISNOTHIGH,GETHOLDOFDECENTHOUSINGISALSONOTDIFFICULTTHEFACTIS

13、PEOPLELIVEOUTSIDETHEDISTRICTFORTHELIVINGCONDITIONSAREVERYGOOD,ANDTASTEALLTHEMUNICIPALFACILITIES,THEGOVERNMENTHASREGULARLYSENTTOCLEANUPTHEHOUSETOSOMEPEOPLE,TAKINGABATHFOREXAMPLE,DRINKINGALCOHOLINTOTHESEMIDISABLEDPEOPLEBUTROOMABITSMALLER,THEDENSITYTOOBIG,SOMEGEOGRAPHICALDIFFERENCESACCORDINGTOTHEMEMORA

14、NDUM,IMMIGRANTSCULTURALBACKGROUNDANDTHEIRWISHESTOLIVECLOSETORELATIVESORMEMBERSOFTHEIROWNETHNICGROUPARERESPECTEDWHENCOUNCILDWELLINGSGROWTHISCHANGEOFTONEISINLINEWITHTHEGENERALCHANGESINCOUNCILHOUSINGALLOCATIONATTHETIMESINCETHEMID1990SALLCOUNCILHOUSINGAPPLICANTSHAVEBEENABLETOSPECIFYWHICHTHEYWISHTOLIVEIN

15、THEHOUSINGMEMORANDUMSOFHELSINKIOVERLOOKIMMIGRANTSHOUSINGISSUESALMOSTCOMPLETELYHOUSINGQUOTAS,EARMARKEDFORREFUGEESANDFINNS,AREACCOUNTEDFORBUTTHECAUSESANDCONSEQUENCESOFETHNICRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONARENOTEXPLICITLYDISCUSSEDTHETWOHOUSINGPOLICYMEMORANDUMSFORTHEYEARS19982002AND20012005FORMTHEONLYEXCEPTIONHE

16、REIN,SPATIALDISPERSALOFIMMIGRANTSISTOBEPROMOTED,ASITISFEAREDTHATSEGREGATIONCOULDTRIGGERLOCALCONFLICTS,INCREASERACISMANDHINDERIMMIGRANTSINTEGRATIONINTOTHEHOSTSOCIETYNEVERTHELESS,POSITIVENOTIONSOFCLUSTERINGAREALSOBROUGHTUPSPATIALCONCENTRATIONSAREACKNOWLEDGEDTOSTRENGTHENIMMIGRANTSFEELINGSOFBELONGING,SU

17、PPORTCOMMUNITYFORMATIONANDTHEREBYPROVIDEABASISFORASUCCESSFULINTEGRATIONMANAGEMENTCENTREOFFINLAND,SAIDTHEFINANCIALCRISIS,HOUSINGPRICESBEGANTODECLINEINFINLAND,FINLAND,PRESIDENTMALILAREALESTATEBROKERAGEFIRM,SAIDINHELSINKI,FINLANDHASBECOMETHEBIGGESTHOUSINGPRICEDECLINEINTHEAREAHELSINKIINSEPTEMBER2008PRIC

18、ESDECREASEDANAVERAGEREDUCTIONOF510,ANDTHEDUPLEXSTRUCTUREANDTHELARGEROFWHICHHOUSINGPRICESDECREASEDSIGNIFICANTLY,DOWN18,SINCEMARCHHASBEENTHEAVERAGEPRICEPERSQUAREMETERFELLABOUT900REDUCEDPRICESFORMOSTOFTHESEMIGRANTSISALSOAGOODOPPORTUNITYTOBUYAHOUSEACCORDINGTOPHILLIPSRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONISNOTSOCIALLYPR

19、OBLEMATICPERSE,BUTITHASNEGATIVECONSEQUENCESWHENLINKEDWITHDEPRIVATIONONTHEBASISOFOURANALYSIS,ITSEEMSTHATITISPRECISELYTHESEKINDSOFCONSEQUENCES,WEALTHOFVULNERABLEETHNICMINORITIES,THATHELSINKIOFFICIALSHAVEBEENMOSTAFRAIDOFCOMBATINGRESIDENTIALSEGREGATIONOFIMMIGRANTS,NAMELYREFUGEESANDOTHERLOWINCOMEIMMIGRAN

20、TS,HASTHEREFOREBEENHIGHLYEMPHASIZED,EVENIFPOSITIVEASPECTSOFCLUSTERINGAREALSOACKNOWLEDGEDALTHOUGH,HELSINKISMIXINGPOLICIESHAVEBEENFAIRLYEXPLICITINTHEIRGOAL,THEYHAVENOTSPECIFIEDWHATLEVELOFCONCENTRATIONISTOOMUCH,ORHOWTHEAMBITIOUSGOALSOFSPATIALDISPERSALSHOULDBECARRIEDOUTONAGRASSROOTLEVELWHENPOLICIESLACKC

21、LEARINSTRUCTIONSONPRACTICALIMPLEMENTATION,MUCHROOMISLEFTFORINDIVIDUALDECISIONSANDINTERPRETATIONOFHOUSINGINSUCHSITUATIONSASSUMPTIONSANDREASONINGBEHINDTHEPRACTICESOFCOUNCILHOUSINGALLOCATIONBECOMEPARTICULARLYCRUCIALINHELSINKI,DECISIONSONCOUNCILHOUSINGALLOCATIONAREBASEDONACASESPECIFICREASONINGWHENVACANC

22、IESAPPEAR,HOUSINGOFFICIALSCHOOSENEWRESIDENTSONTHEBASISOFHOUSINGAPPLICANTSOWNREQUESTSANDTHERESIDENTCOMPOSITIONOFABUILDINGIFTHEBUILDINGINQUESTIONHOUSESMANYIMMIGRANTSALREADY,ANDESPECIALLYIFTHEREARESEVERALLARGEFAMILIES,OFFICIALSTRYTODIRECTPROSPECTIVEIMMIGRANTHOUSEHOLDSINTOOTHERBUILDINGSANDCHOOSEANOTHERA

23、PPLICANTINSTEADTHELOGICBEHINDTHEDECISIONSISDESCRIBEDWELLBYTWOINTERVIEWEESWHOREFERTOANOTIONOFCOMMONSENSETHEGOVERNMENTSECTORPARTICULARLYOFTEACHERS,POLICEANDNURSESINTHESELOWINCOMEMIDDLECLASSFAMILIESANDSOMEHAVEAPPLIEDFORGOVERNMENTSUBSIDIESOFFOREIGNWORKERSTHEINCOMEOFTHESEFAMILIESISOFTENHIGHERTHANTHESTAND

24、ARDAPPLICATIONFORRENTALSUBSIDIES,BUTALSOONTHEFREEMARKETECONOMYCANNOTAFFORDTHEFAMILYTYPEHOUSINGMOSTREPRESENTATIVEOFTHETAKASURREY,NEARLYONETHIRDOFHOUSINGISSOCIALHOUSING,THEAFFORDABLERENTALHOUSINGBYTHECITYGOVERNMENTANDALLOTHERNONPROFITORGANIZATIONSANOTHERONETHIRDOFTHOSEAFFECTEDBYPRICEREGULATION,THEHOUS

25、INGCANBEFREELYTRADEDORONLYRESIDENCEHOUSINGTHEREMAININGONETHIRDOFPRIVATECAPITALINVESTMENTINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFHOUSING,PRICESFULLYLIBERALIZED“THREEONETHIRD“MODEL,INGENERAL,ABITLIKECHINASLOWRENTHOUSING,AFFORDABLEHOUSING,ANDHOUSING,BUTTHEPROPORTIONOFTHEDIVISIONTODETERMINE,ESPECIALLYINREALESTATEONLYONETHIR

26、DOFCHINA,ITISWORTHCONSIDERINGSOURCEJHOUSANDTHEBUILTENVIRON200924423439译文外来人口在赫尔辛基居住政策方针20世纪70年代以来在赫尔辛基，混合政策已成为对城市规划的重要组成部分。规划师和住房官员一直努力创造和维持着通过混合使用权和社会政策的空间均衡来发展城市。对于混合政策的理由是源自于外来人员的政治平等的福利。一个平衡的社会城市空间结构应该是被理解为是一个基础的，公正的，平等的社会，而住房政策，包括住房津贴，以及生产和负担得起住房费用，以及体面的住房分配标准，是我们一直所追求的。任期混合，尤其是被认为是积极的社会和经济发展下的

27、整个城市的成果。混合政策的主要目标是防止社会问题的积累（即问题逐渐扩大）。在过去十年中，赫尔辛基市里已经建造了许多针对外来人员的新的住房和建筑质量高、居住密度高、交通易达和绿地充足的住宅社区。当然，大多数人会想知道赫尔辛基如何能够实现高质量的多住户单元住房。赫尔辛基市副市长PENTTIL负责城市规划和房地产，对他来讲，答案很简单。由于赫尔辛基市拥有百分之七十的土地，所以赫尔辛基对开发其拥有土地的方式有高度的可控性。加上来自房产税的收入不到城市预算的百分之八（相比之下，典型的加拿大自治城市约为百分之四十），因此，赫尔辛基继续建立非隔离的市场和经济上补贴住房的长期政策是可行的，使以市场为导向的美学

28、和补贴单元之间几乎没有明显的差异。赫尔辛基拥有43,000个租住单位，20094个价格和质量受控（HITAS）单位和2480个居住权公寓房，为城市570,000居民提供近百分之二十五的住房。而对于外来人口则可以提供百分之十八的住房。为了支持高品质的房屋单位总数，30年前城市建立了HITAS部，负责管理通过私营部门建造的住房开发项目，从而监测开发商的建设成本，保证了很高的住房质量。这也是一个城市的惯常做法，在任何项目推出投标之前举行设计比赛，鼓励房屋设计的持续创新。为了帮助促进赫尔辛基新区的改造重建规划，外来人员的住房问题早在20世纪90年代开始就已经纳入现有的在赫尔辛基混合政策之中了。外来人员

29、的居住隔离被认为是一个令人关注的问题。所以就成立了一个工作组，并且成立了一个草案，而市议会在1991年的移民政策会议上也通过建议。赫尔辛基的房价相对于当地人的收入来说非常便宜。市区的一般公寓每平方米售价在2000到3000欧元。特别声明，人家计算总价用的住房面积是实实在在到手的实用面积，根本没有“建筑面积”的概念，也不会把楼道、电梯、物业用房都算进去。这类公寓算是比较便宜的住宅，所以购买者通常是年轻人。房子的总面积自然也不大，小的有四十多平方米，大的八九十平方米，很多都没有阳台。对于外来人员来说，这并不是一比他们不能支付的资金。而对于高速公路周围，多数是一些“街区”。而这些街区多数是针对外来人

30、口的。由于他们流动性比较大。并且收入不是很高。像在郊区的房租是比较能够承担。芬兰是高福利国家，又地广人稀，即使收入不高，弄个像样的住房也并不困难。而事实上是针对外来人口居住的街区的居住条件也挺不错的，一切市政设施俱全，政府还定期派人来给某些人收拾屋子、洗澡（例如喝酒喝成半残疾的人）只不过屋子小了些、密度大了些、地理位置差了些。这也是外来人口住房不可避免的缺点。芬兰首都赫尔辛基住房备忘录经常几乎完全忽视移民的居住问题。住房配额,对于接受救助芬兰外来人口来说，是相对一种供小于求的状况。但是这两种住房政策备忘录的时间交易日的形式作为唯一的例外,在此,空间传播移民被提升,因为人们担心会引发的种族隔离的

31、局部冲突,增加种族主义和妨碍移民的融入主流社会。然而,一些积极的概念也在逐渐出现，并且慢慢成熟。并且，必须要强调的是空间浓度可以被认为可以增加外来人口的住房归属感。芬兰管理中心称，由于受金融危机影响，芬兰房价开始走低，芬房地产经纪公司总裁马利拉称，赫尔辛基目前已成为芬兰房市价格降幅最大的区域。赫尔辛基市2008年9月房价明显下降，平均降幅在510之间，其中复式结构和面积较大住房价格明显下降，同比下降18，自3月份以来，每平米价格已平均下降了约900欧元。这些降低的价格对于大多数外来人口来说又是一个很好的买房机会。而政府的部门特别关注教师、警察和护士这些中产阶层中收入较低的家庭和一些申请了政府补

32、助的外来人员。这些家庭的收入往往高于申请租房补贴的标准,但是同时又承担不起自由经济市场上的家庭型住房。最具代表的是塔卡萨里,针对越来越多的外来人口，他们提供近三分之一的住房是社会性住房,这些住房租金价格适中,由市政府和其他一些非营利机构所有。另外三分之一是一些受价格调控、可以自由买卖的住房或只有居住权的住房。剩下的三分之一是私有资金投资建造的住房,价格完全放开。雅塔卡萨里“三个三分之一”的模式,大体上有点像中国的廉租房、经济适用房以及商品房,但其比例的划分确定,尤其是商品房只占到三分之一,对中国来说很值得思考。出处美DHALMANNVILKAMA,赫尔辛基外来移民住房政策，HOUSANDTHEBUILTENVIRON,第24卷，2009423439