司法构造：超越民事诉讼【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文翻译原文CONSTRUCTSOFJUSTICEBEYONDCIVILLITIGATIONOFALANJTOMKINSANDKIMBERLYAPPLEQUISTPROMINENTJUSTICETHEORIES,THATIS,DISTRIBUTIVE,PROCEDURAL,RESTORATIVE,ANDRETRIBUTIVEJUSTICEBRIEFLY,DISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEISCONCERNEDPRIMARILYWITHTHEPERCEIVEDFAIRNESSOFTHEOUTCOMEOFAGIVENPROCEEDING,WHETHERTHATPROCEEDINGISJUDIC

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3、RYSTATEANDHELPINGTHEINJURINGPARTYRECOGNIZEANDREDRESSTHEINJURIOUSNATUREOFHISORHERACTSFINALLY,RETRIBUTIVEJUSTICELOOKSATTHEPSYCHOLOGYOFRESPONDINGTOHARMSTHATHAVEBEENINFLICTEDRECENTRESEARCHINDICATESTHATRETRIBUTIVEANDRESTORATIVEJUSTICEPRINCIPLESARE,ASWITHTHEDISTRIBUTIVEANDPROCEDURALJUSTICECONTEXTS,APPLICA

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5、DISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCESAMONGCOMPETINGPARTIES,WHILEANEEDBASEDALLOCATIONMIGHTRESULTINAPREVIOUSLYDISADVANTAGEDPARTYRECEIVINGALARGERSHAREOFTHERESOURCES,ANDANEFFICIENCYBASEDALLOCATIONMIGHTCALLFORDISTRIBUTINGALARGERSHARETOTHOSEPARTIESTHATPRODUCETHEMOSTINAGIVENSITUATION,THEN,HOWMIGHTONEDECIDEWHICHPRINCIPLE

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19、OFTHEMHADGONETOSOMELENGTHSTOPREPARETHEIRCASETAKINGPICTURESOFTHESCENEORARRANGINGWITNESSESONLYTOHAVEALLCHARGESDROPPEDBEFORETHEYCOULDTELLTHEIRSIDEOFTHESTORYDESPITETHEPOSITIVEDISTRIBUTIVEOUTCOME,THEYWEREDISTURBEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHEIRVOICEWASNOTHEARDRELATEDBUTNOTIDENTICALTOTHENEUTRALITYOFTHEDECISIONMAKERISH

20、IS,HER,ORTHEIRTRUSTWORTHINESSABIASEDDECISIONMAKERBYDEFINITIONWILLNOTBEDEEMEDTRUSTWORTHYBYALLPARTIESTOADISPUTE,BUTNEUTRALITYDOESNOTGUARANTEEINDEED,THISCOMMONSENTIMENTISTHEINSPIRATIONBEHINDATSHIRTTHATISPOPULARAMONGLITIGATORS,WHICHREADS,AGOODLAWYERKNOWSTHELAWAGREATLAWYERKNOWSTHEJUDGECONSTRUCTSOFJUSTICE

21、BEYONDCIVILLITIGATION261TRUSTWORTHINESSRATHER,THEDECISIONMAKERMUSTBEANINDIVIDUALORGROUPWHOMTHEPARTIESBELIEVEWILLAPPLYANYRELEVANTLAWS,RULES,OROTHERDECISIONMAKINGPRINCIPLESINANAPPROPRIATEANDCONSISTENTMANNERTOOVERSEETHEPROCEEDINGSANDARRIVEATHIS,HER,ORTHEIRDECISIONSTRUSTWORTHINESSALSOHASIMPLICATIONSFORL

22、EGITIMACYINGOVERNMENTALACTIONSASPARTOFTHEIRINDEPTHANALYSISOFARESTORATIVEJUSTICEDIALOGUETHATAROSEFROMTHEROBBINGOFANISRAELIWOMANBYTWOPALESTINIANBOYS,UMBREITANDRITTERARTICULATESIXELEMENTSTOARESTORATIVEJUSTICEDIALOGUEFIRST,EVERYONEWHOWASDIRECTLYAFFECTEDBYTHECRIMESHOULDBEENCOURAGEDTOPARTICIPATEINTHEDIALO

23、GUESECOND,THEVICTIMANDTHEOFFENDERSHOULDBEABLETOCHOOSEFAMILYMEMBERSANDORSUPPORTPERSONSTOBEPRESENT,IFTHEYDESIRECONSTRUCTSOFJUSTICEBEYONDCIVILLITIGATION263THIRD,CRITICALLY,PARTICIPATIONINTHEDIALOGUEMUSTBEVOLUNTARYBYALLPARTIESFOURTH,THEPROCESSOFTHEDIALOGUESHOULDBEADAPTEDTOTHENEEDSOFBOTHTHEVICTIMANDTHEOF

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25、SIMILARPRINCIPLESCANBEFOUNDINMANYTRADITIONALORHISTORICALSOCIETIESGRAYKANATIIOSHANDLAUDERDALEDISCUSSTHEUSEOFRESTORATIVEPRINCIPLESINNATIVEAMERICANSOCIETIESASAWAYOFMAINTAININGBALANCEWITHINTHESOCIETYTHEYARGUETHAT,RATHERTHANEXERTINGCONTROLTHROUGHSTRICTERLAWS,MORELAWENFORCEMENTOFFICERS,ANDINCREASEDFUNDING

26、ASAWAYTODECREASECRIMEINNATIVEAMERICANCOMMUNITIES,THEMONEYWOULDBEBETTERSPENTRESTORINGAMULTIDIMENSIONALWEBOFJUSTICEBYIDENTIFYING,UNDERSTANDINGAND,WHEREPOSSIBLE,RECREATINGTRADITIONALCULTURALSOCIALPRACTICESANDSTRUCTURESTOMAINTAINSOCIALBALANCE,DIVERSITY,ANDHARMONYWITHINTHEIRSOCIETIESTHEWEBOFJUSTICETHEYDE

27、SCRIBEINCLUDESPREVENTATIVEASWELLASRESTORATIVEMECHANISMSTHATTOGETHERFUNCTIONTOMAINTAINJUSTICE,ATLEASTJUSTICEASFAIRNESSMORERECENTRESEARCHINTHEAREAOFRESTORATIVEJUSTICEHASEXPANDEDFROMTHECRIMINALLAWCONTEXTTOAPPLYINGTHEPRINCIPLESOFRESTORATIVEJUSTICEINOTHERAREASONESUCHAREAISTHATOFCIVILLITIGATIONCIVILLITIGA

28、TION,ANDMOREPARTICULARLYTORTLITIGATION,ISGENERALLYINTENDEDTOREDRESSSOMEINJURYTHATRESULTSFROMTHEINTENTIONALORNEGLIGENTACTSOROMISSIONSOFANOTHERSUCHCASESCANRANGEFROMTHEDELIBERATEINJURYOFONEPERSONBYANOTHER,TOMEDICALMALPRACTICE,TOTHENOTORIOUSSLIPANDFALLCASESIMILARLY,INBREACHOFCONTRACTLITIGATION,APARTYGEN

29、ERALLYALLEGESTHATITHASBEENINJUREDDUETOTHEOTHERPARTYSFAILURETOPERFORMUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECONTRACT,ENTITLINGTHENONBREACHINGPARTYTODAMAGESOROTHEREQUITABLERELIEFINBOTHTYPESOFLAWSUIT,THEINJUREDPARTYSUESINORDERTOBEMADEWHOLEFORHISORHERINJURYYET,ISTHECIVILLITIGATIONPROCESS,WITHITSMONETARYVERDICTS,THEBESTRECOM

30、PENSEFORANINJURYGREENESCHAPTERINTHISVOLUMEISANEXAMPLEOFTHEAPPLICATIONOFRESTORATIVEJUSTICEINTHECIVILJUSTICEARENAASGREENEPOINTSOUT,THECIVILLITIGATIONEXPERIENCECANBEVERYUNPLEASANTFORALLTHEPARTICIPANTS,ANDCANULTIMATELYLEAVEEVENSUCCESSFULLITIGANTSFEELINGUNSATISFIEDTHISLACKOFSATISFACTIONMAYSTEMFROMANUMBER

31、OFFACTORS,INCLUDINGTHELENGTHOFTIMEREQUIREDFORTHEPROCESS,ITSCOSTSWHICHINCLUDETIMEAWAYFROMWORKORLOVEDONESANDEMOTIONALTOLLINADDITIONTOLEGALFEESANDCOURTCOSTSANDVARIOUSOTHERFRUSTRATIONSGREENEEXPLORESTHETHERAPEUTICANDESPECIALLYTHECOUNTERTHERAPEUTICEFFECTSOFLITIGATIONDRAWINGONPROCEDURALJUSTICETHEORY,SHEARG

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33、YRESULTSATMOSTINTHEEXCHANGEOFMONETARYCOMPENSATION,OFTENWITHOUTTHEACTUALDISPUTEBEINGHEARDBYTHECOURT,MAYACTUALLYHAVEACOUNTERTHERAPEUTICEFFECTINTERMSOFPROLONGINGTHESUFFERINGOFBOTHPARTIESANDWORSENINGTHEPHYSICALANDMENTALHEALTHANDWELLBEINGOFTHEINJUREDPARTYITISFORTHESEREASONSTHATGREENEARGUESFORADOPTIONOFAR

34、ESTORATIVEJUSTICEAPPROACHTOTORTLITIGATION,ASITSEMPHASISISUPONSPEEDYRESOLUTIONTODISPUTESANDPROVIDINGTHEPARTIESANOPPORTUNITYTOTALKTHROUGHTHEINJURYANDITSIMPACTSANDEXPLAINTHEIRRESPECTIVESIDESOFTHESTORYTHEHOPEISTHATBYENCOURAGINGOUTOFCOURTRESOLUTION,THEPARTIESWILLFINDITMORESATISFYINGANDALLOWTHEMTOMOVEPAST

35、THEDISPUTEORINCIDENTTHATLEDTOTHEINITIALCONFLICT翻译司法构造超越民事诉讼作者ALANJTOMKINS/KIMBERLYAPPLEQUIST突出的正义理论，即，分配，程序，恢复性和报复性的正义。简单地说，分配正义主要关注的一个给定程序的结果是否公平，是否该诉讼是司法，准司法或完全非司法性质。程序公正，相反，是关于是否在给定的过程中使用的程序，被认为是由参与者公平，也同样是不局限于司法设置。对恢复性司法而言，顾名思义，与受害方恢复到他或她受伤前的状态，并帮助加害者承认并纠正他或她的行为伤害的性质。最后，惩罚性司法着眼于应对已造成心理伤害。最近的研究表明

36、，惩罚性和恢复性司法原则，与程序正义的分配和背景，在司法以外的范围内适用。构建司法罗尔斯认为，自己的原则适用于一些有序的层次分类，但其他人认为，人们使用大部分或所有原则，在一定程度上可能依给定的情况而定。在分配正义方面的研究还表明，不同的人口群体的人可能存在这差异。性别，种族，文化背景等都会给予优先考并影响分配。那么，我们不难看到，在本领域的研究可以告诉我们很多关于在法庭上设置民事司法规定，立法决策，规范法庭的秩序或直接分配资源规定。公平分配的原则将是特别有价值的检查法院与行政机关的决策，其中规定了这么多的社会活动，美国社会中的管理机构决策特别是对分配或资源分配的决策决定市民满意。也许有些人惊

37、讶于程序正义，分配正义的原则往往比其他同样重要的因素更有争议，当一个人被要求评价与一些纠纷或他们的整体资源分配的决议的满意时。在许多情况下，程序公正的原则往往被忽略，大多数人认为争端各方的对结果的满意度是评价平等的标准。换句话说，个人在解决纠纷的过程中，往往更愿意接受的结果是那么平等或公平客观，并不看重程序的公正。但在早期法律教授劳伦斯沃克认为现在进入程序正义，程序正义观念的作用已经并将继续成为研究人员的主要焦点。事实上，研究程序正义以成为研究人员的研究重点。欧塞尔汤姆金斯，研究得出一个程序正义感通常比一个分配正义感重要的结果，并分配正义很大程度上决定分配是否有可能被各方接受的重点。程序正义，

38、顾名思义，不仅限于在诉讼程序中实现正义，更重要的是凡是涉及程序的方面都要求实现程序正义，泰勒明确了四个关键因素，决定是否提起诉讼在程序上公平，决策者地位中立地位，各方相同的待遇，机会展示机会相同。在程序正义的四个组成部分中也许令人惊讶的是决策者作为中立的要求。虽然它可能似乎是合理的，法官审理的争端是站在在索赔人的位置将有可能产生偏袒，没有人会希望由一个对该申索人有偏见的决策者来解决了申索人与他人的争议。因此，重要的是，决策者在所有争端各方中应是保持中立的，以防止由于决策者的偏见使任何一方感到不正义。作为中立的决策者重要的是让争端双方都有机会在决策者面前表达观点。研究表明，有机会表达自己的立场是

39、至关重要的程序正义的总体感觉。事实上，有许多情况下，即使当事人已收到申请解决争端的报告，但由于他或她的诉讼报告可能被拒绝，使充分告诉他或她的争议搜到阻碍。泰勒报告，法官推断如果被告曾花时间来打击这件事的法院工作，他们可能被控受到足够惩罚。虽然结果显然青睐那些有争议的交通票，被告经常报告他们感到沮丧的结果，因为他们未获陈述其之前在裁决的机会。他们中许多人去了一些方法来准备他们的案件，采取现场或安排证人图片，只有把所有费用下降，才可以告诉他们的故事。尽管积极的分配结果，他们不安的是，他们的声音是听不到的事实。相关但不完全相同的中立的决策者是他的，她，或者他们的可信度。按定义偏见决策者将不被视为值得

40、信赖的各方争议，但并不保证中立。事实上，这种共同的情感背后的灵感是深受诉讼适用的。一个好的律师都知道的法律，一个伟大的律师知道法官。构建司法超越民事诉讼261可信度。相反，决策者必须为个人或团体的人相信各方将适用于以适当的和一致的方式，监督程序和适用他，她，或者他们的决定任何有关的法律，法规或其他决策的原则。诚信也为政府行动的合法性问题。正如他们在深入恢复性司法的对话，里特阐明六要素恢复性司法的对话。首先，每个直接受影响的犯罪嫌疑人，应鼓励参加对话。二，受害人和罪犯嫌疑人应该能够选择家庭成员或支持的人到场，如果他们的愿望。第三，关键的是，所有各方在对话中的参与必须是自愿的。第四，对话过程中应适

41、应受害者和罪犯的需要。第五，应显示额外的尊重受害者，但罪犯嫌疑人仍然应该受到尊重。第六，向对话的主要当事方在对话会议之前都应该事先通过与一些中介准备。尽管恢复性司法的概念在美国法院是比较新的，但类似的原则，可以发现在许多传统或历史学会。劳德代尔讨论在美国本土社会的恢复性原则，是维护社会平衡的方式。他们争辩说，应加强教育而不是通过施加更严格的法律，提高执法人员水平，并增加拨款，以此来减少犯罪。美洲土著社区，应了解识别多维的正义网，并在可能情况下重新建立传统文化的社会习俗和结构，以维持社会平衡，多样性，社会和谐。在追求公正中包括预防以及恢复功能，维护正义的机制。较近期的恢复性司法领域的研究已经从刑

42、事法中以运用在其他领域的恢复性司法的原则。这样的一个领域是民事诉讼。民事诉讼，更尤其是侵权诉讼，一般是为了纠正一些伤害，从故意或过失行为或其他不作为的结果。这些案件的范围可以从一个人的另一故意伤害，医疗事故，以臭名昭著的坠落情况。同样，在违反合同的诉讼，当事人一般说，它已受伤，由于对方未能履行合同的条款，赋予受害一方损害赔偿或其他救济。在这两种类型的诉讼中，受害方起诉，以便赔偿他或她的损失。然而，是民事的诉讼过程，其货币判决，是对损失的最佳补偿格林在本卷第二章是对恢复性司法在民事司法领域的应用实例。正如格林指出，民间诉讼的经验，所有的参与者可能非常不愉快，甚至给当事人的感觉不满意。这种满意度不足，可能源于许多因素，包括时间长度工艺要求，其成本包括时间、工作、亲人和律师费和诉讼费收费的情感，以及其他各种挫折。关于程序正义理论，她认为侵权诉讼中原告和被告能够表达他们的心声。另一方面，诉讼过程冗长，常常激烈，这可能伸出了一段相当长的时间，通常的结果在货币补偿交换的，往往没有实际的纠纷被法院聆讯，实际上可能在延长双方的痛苦和日益恶化的身体和精神健康和幸福的受害方的条件是反的治疗效果。正是由于这些原因，格林的恢复性司法侵权诉讼的方法来通过论证，因为它的重点应迅速解决纠纷的各方提供一个机会，通过交谈损伤及其影响，并解释各自一方的原因。