zhongguo在宗教上的新法规：一小步,而不是一个巨大的飞跃前进【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文翻译CHINASNEWREGULATIONSONRELIGIONASMALLSTEP,NOTAGREATLEAP,FORWARDIINTRODUCTIONTHEINTERACTIONOFGOVERNMENTANDRELIGIONINCHINAHASLONGBEENAVOLATILESITUATIONASTHENUMBEROFRELIGIOUSBELIEVERSGROWS,THESITUATIONDOESNOTAPPEARTOBEIMPROVINGWHILETHECHINESECONSTITUTIONGUARANTEESFREEDOMOFRELIGIOUSBELIEF,THEGOVERNME

2、NTOFCHINAMAINTAINSCLOSESUPERVISIONOVERRELIGIONANDRELIGIOUSACTIVITIESWITHACOMPLEXSYSTEMOFLEGALMECHANISMSANDENFORCEMENTACTIONSASPARTOFITSLARGERPROGRAMFORSOCIALCONTROL,THEGOVERNMENTPERMITSSOMERELIGIOUSLIBERTIESFORAUTHORIZEDANDSUPERVISEDRELIGIONS,ANDGENERALLYPROHIBITS,REPRESSES,ANDPROSECUTESUNAUTHORIZED

3、GROUPSSIMULTANEOUSLY,CHINAISMAKINGTHETRANSITIONFROMA“RULEBYLAW”SOCIETY,WHERETHEGOVERNMENTUSESTHELAWTORULEANDISITSELFABOVETHELAW,TOA“RULEOFLAW”SOCIETY,WHERELAWBINDSALLACTORSGOVERNMENTALANDINDIVIDUALTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTRECENTLYISSUEDNEWREGULATIONSGOVERNINGRELIGIONSANDRELIGIOUSACTIVITIESTHEGOVERNMENTAS

4、SERTEDTHATTHESENEWREGULATIONS,WHICHBECAMEEFFECTIVEMARCH1,2005,AREA“PARADIGMSHIFT”ANDA“TURNINGPOINT”INRELIGIOUSAFFAIRSANDWILLSTANDARDIZEDISPARATEREGIONALPRACTICE,PROVIDEMORELEGALRECOURSEFORCITIZENSWHOSERIGHTSHAVEBEENVIOLATED,ANDGENERALLY“SAFEGUARD”RELIGIOUSFREEDOMINCHINATHISCOMMENTANALYZESTHESENEWREG

5、ULATIONSANDARGUESTHATTHENEWREGULATIONSAREASTEPINTHERIGHTDIRECTIONTOWARDTHERULEOFLAWINCHINAINTHATTHEYPROVIDEMOREUNIFORMITYINTHEADMINISTRATIONOFRELIGIOUSREGULATIONS,CLARIFYTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENRELIGIOUSBODIESANDGOVERNMENTORGANS,GIVERECOURSETOCITIZENSWHOSERELIGIOUSLIBERTIESHAVEBEENVIOLATED,HARNESSTHEVA

6、GUENESSOFTHEREGULATIONSTOACHIEVEFLEXIBILITYINACCOMMODATINGRELIGION,OMITSOMERESTRICTIVEPROVISIONSFOUNDINPREVIOUSREGULATIONS,ANDGIVEADDITIONALLEGALPROTECTIONSINAFEWAREASDESPITETHESEIMPROVEMENTS,THEREGULATIONSAREONLYASMALLSTEPTOWARDSTRUERELIGIOUSFREEDOMBECAUSETHEYREPRESENTCONTINUINGSTRONGSTATESUPERVISI

7、ONOFRELIGION,DONOTPROTECTNONSANCTIONEDGROUPS,PROVIDEPUNITIVEANDPOSSIBLYARBITRARYPENALTIESFORNONCOMPLIANCE,LEAVEINTERPRETATIONOFIMPORTANTYETVAGUEPROVISIONSTOBUREAUCRATICDISCRETION,ANDLEAVEUNANSWEREDHOSTSOFQUESTIONSREGARDINGOTHERRELIGIOUSREGULATIONSANDIMPLEMENTATIONISSUESUNFORTUNATELY,WHETHERTHENEWREG

8、ULATIONSENSURERELIGIOUSFREEDOMHINGESONHOWGOVERNMENTOFFICIALSIMPLEMENTANDINTERPRETTHEREGULATIONSATTHENATIONAL,PROVINCIAL,ANDLOCALLEVELSINALL,THEREGULATIONSREFLECTASMALLSTEPTOWARDTRUERELIGIOUSFREEDOMINCHINABUTNOMOREPARTIIOFTHISCOMMENTGIVESABRIEFOVERVIEWOFLAWANDPOLICYINCHINAANDTHESTRUCTURESTHATAFFECTRE

9、LIGIOUSADMINISTRATIONPARTIIIANALYZESTHEIMPROVEMENTSANDSHORTCOMINGSOFTHENEWREGULATIONSANDINCLUDESADISCUSSIONOFQUESTIONSTHEREGULATIONSFAILTOANSWERPARTIVOFFERSABRIEFCONCLUSIONANDALOOKTOWARDTHEFUTURETHEAPPENDIXCONTAINSANENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFTHENEWREGULATIONSIIABRIEFOVERVIEWOFLAW,POLICY,ANDRELIGIOUSADMINI

10、STRATIONINCHINALAWDOESNOTEXISTINAVACUUM,ANDTHESTRUCTURESANDHISTORYOFRELIGIOUSADMINISTRATIONINCHINAGIVECONTEXTANDBACKGROUNDTOTHENEWREGULATIONSINCHINA,THECOMMUNISTPARTYHEAVILYINFLUENCESSTATEDECISIONMAKINGTHESTATE,INTURN,WIELDSFORMALEXECUTIVE,LEGISLATIVE,ANDJUDICIALPOWER,ASWELLASSUPERVISINGTHEQUASIPUBL

11、ICRELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONSVARIOUSSTATEORGANSCLOSELYMONITORANDSUPERVISERELIGIOUSAFFAIRSWHILETHEPARTY,GOVERNMENT,ANDGOVERNMENTASSOCIATEDORGANIZATIONSATALLLEVELSAREGENERALLYTREATEDASAMONOLITH,SOMETIMESEACHBODYANDDIFFERENTLEVELSOFTHESAMEBODYHASDIFFERENTINTERESTSANDMOTIVATIONSATHECOMMUNISTPARTYTHECOMMUNISTP

12、ARTYOFCHINACPCOR“PARTY”ISTHE“PARTYINPOWER”INCHINAANDHASBEENSINCEMAOZEDONGCONSOLIDATEDPOWERIN1949THECPCPROVIDESTHELEADERSHIPINESTABLISHINGPOLICY,INTERPRETINGLAW,ANDENFORCINGREGULATIONSUSINGSTATEORGANSTHEOFFICIALPARTYDOCTRINEREGARDSCONTROLOVERRELIGIONASASHORTTERMSOLUTIONWHILEAWAITINGRELIGIONSEVENTUALD

13、EMISETHEPARTYPREFERSTOCOOPTANDHARNESSRELIGIONRATHERTHANTOFIGHTITPARTYMEMBERSWHOAREREQUIREDTOESPOUSEATHEISMFILLALLMAJORSTATEOFFICESBSTATESTRUCTURES1CONSTITUTIONWHILETHECPCISTHEPARTYINPOWER,THESTATECONSTITUTIONISATLEASTTHEORETICALLYTHESUPREMELAWOFTHELANDARTICLE36OFCHINASLATESTCONSTITUTION,ENACTEDIN198

14、2,PROVIDESFOR“FREEDOMOFRELIGIOUSBELIEF”ANDPROTECTS“NORMALRELIGIOUSACTIVITIES,”ALTHOUGHNEITHERPHRASEISDEFINEDARTICLE36ALSOPROHIBITSINDIVIDUALS,ORGANIZATIONS,ANDSTATEORGANIZATIONSFROMCOMPELLINGCITIZENSTOBELIEVEORTONOTBELIEVEINRELIGIONANDFROMDISCRIMINATINGAGAINSTCITIZENSBASEDONRELIGIOUSBELIEFRELIGIOUSG

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16、IGIOUSAFFAIRSBENEATHTHESTATECOUNCILAREVARIOUSADMINISTRATIVEORGANS,INCLUDINGTHERELIGIOUSAFFAIRSBUREAURABANDTHEPUBLICSECURITYBUREAUTHERABISRESPONSIBLEFORMONITORINGTHEFIVERECOGNIZEDRELIGIONS,SUPERVISINGTHEPATRIOTICRELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONS,CRAFTINGNATIONALRELIGIOUSREGULATIONS,OVERSEEINGREGIONALRABS,FIGHTIN

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18、EVELS,RABSARESOMETIMESMERGEDWITHTHEBUREAUOVERSEEINGETHNICAFFAIRS,ANDSOMEBUREAUCRATSARELESSEDUCATEDANDSOPHISTICATEDPROVINCIALRABOFFICIALSUNDERGOPERIODICTRAININGTOENSURESOMEMEASUREOFSTANDARDIZATIONINADMINISTRATION,BUTDECENTRALIZATIONANDLOCALCONTROLHAVELEDTOAFAIRDEGREEOFDISPARITYINIMPLEMENTINGNATIONALP

19、OLICIESONRELIGIONATTHELOCALLEVELSINADDITION,CORRUPTIONISWIDESPREADATNEARLYEVERYLEVELANOTHERORGANUNDERTHESTATECOUNCILISTHEPUBLICSECURITYBUREAUPSB,WHICHISCHARGEDWITHLAWENFORCEMENTONALLADMINISTRATIVELEVELS,THEPSBSAREUSUALLYTHEORGANIZATIONSTASKEDWITH“CRACKINGDOWN”ONUNREGISTEREDANDILLEGALGROUPSPSBSAREPAR

20、TOFLOCALGOVERNMENTSANDARETHEREFORESUBJECTTOLOCALPRESSURESANDPREJUDICESPSBSDONOTNECESSARILYCONSULTWITHRABSWHENTHEYARRESTMEMBERSOF“UNREGISTERED”RELIGIOUSGROUPS3LEGISLATUREANDJUDICIARYTHENATIONALPEOPLESCONGRESSNPCISNOMINALLYTHESTATESLEGISLATIVEARM,BUTBECAUSEITMEETSONLYONCEAYEARUNDERTHECLOSESUPERVISIONO

21、FTHEPARTY,ITFUNCTIONSMOREASARUBBERSTAMPTHANASATRUEDELIBERATIVEBODYMOREOVER,SINCETHENPCVOTESONLYONTHEMOSTIMPORTANTANDFARREACHINGMATTERS,THESTATECOUNCILISLEFTTOISSUEREGULATIONSTHATMAKEUPTHEBULKOFLAWINCHINAARTICLE126OFTHECONSTITUTIONASSERTSTHEPRINCIPLEOFJUDICIALINDEPENDENCE,YETJUDICIALINDEPENDENCEINCHI

22、NAISMOREAFUTUREIDEALTHANAFACTPEOPLESCOURTSATNATIONALANDLOWERLEVELSREPORTTOTHEIRCORRESPONDINGPEOPLESCONGRESSES,ANDTHENATIONALPEOPLESCONGRESSISTHEFINALARBITEROFSTATUTORYINTERPRETATIONCHINASACCESSIONTOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOHASPROMPTEDDEBATEASTOHOWTOMOVEFROM“RULEBYLAW”TO“RULEOFLAW”ANDMAKECHINASLAW

23、SCONSISTENTWITHINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSOFJUDICIALINDEPENDENCE,JUDICIALREVIEW,TRANSPARENCY,ANDHUMANRIGHTSINCHINA,LEGALSCHOLARSANDTHEJUDICIARYHAVEBECOMEINCREASINGLYRECEPTIVETOTHECONCEPTOFJUDICIALIZATIONOFTHECONSTITUTION,WHICHWOULDALLOWCITIZENSTOSUEBASEDONVIOLATIONSOFCONSTITUTIONALLYENSHRINEDRIGHTSHERETO

24、FORE,THECOURTSHAVENOTPLAYEDASIGNIFICANTROLEINPROTECTINGRELIGIOUSLIBERTIESINCHINA,ANDUNTILTHECONSTITUTIONISJUDICIALIZED,RELIGIOUSBELIEVERSTHEORETICALLYHAVEACONSTITUTIONALRIGHTTO“FREEDOMOFRELIGIOUSBELIEF”BUTNOJUDICIALMEANSTOENFORCETHATRIGHTCRELIGIONSANDRELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONSTHEGOVERNMENTHASDIFFERENTIAT

25、EDFOURCATEGORIESOFRELIGIOUSGROUPSOFFICIALLYSANCTIONEDRELIGIONS,UNREGISTEREDGROUPS,“CULTS,”AND“FEUDALSUPERSTITIONS”CHINAOFFICIALLYRECOGNIZESFIVERELIGIONSBUDDHISM,CATHOLICISM,DAOISM,ISLAM,ANDPROTESTANTISMTHEGOVERNMENTHASESTABLISHEDONEORMOREGOVERNMENTCONTROLLED“PATRIOTIC”RELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONTOOVERSEEAN

26、DSUPERVISEEACHSANCTIONEDRELIGIONANDTOENSURECOMPLIANCEWITHGOVERNMENTSETPARAMETERSTHESEASSOCIATIONSCARRYOUTTHEIRWORKINCLOSECOOPERATIONWITHTHEGOVERNMENT,ANDTHEIRLEADERSPUBLICLYECHOTHEPARTYLINEUNSURPRISINGLY,LEADERSOFTHEPATRIOTICRELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONSWEREGUSHINGINTHEIRPRAISEFORTHENEWREGULATIONSGROUPSBELO

27、NGINGTOTHEGOVERNMENTCONTROLLEDPATRIOTICRELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONSARESANCTIONEDASLONGASTHEGROUPSSTAYWITHINGOVERNMENTSETPARAMETERSSOMEUNREGISTEREDORNONSANCTIONEDRELIGIOUSORGANIZATIONSMAYHAVETHETACITCONSENTOFLOCALGOVERNMENTOFFICIALSTOHOLDMEETINGSOTHERSMAYBEBANNEDANDPROSECUTEDBYTHEPUBLICSECURITYBUREAUINSOMEC

28、ASES,THEGOVERNMENTDEEMSANUNREGISTEREDGROUPESPECIALLYDANGEROUSANDLABELSITAN“EVILCULT,”WHICHCOULDSUBJECTTHEGROUPTOINTENSEPERSECUTION,REPRESSION,ANDULTIMATELYEXTINCTIONFINALLY,FOLKRELIGIONSAND“FEUDALSUPERSTITIONS”AREOFFICIALLYFROWNEDUPONBUTARERARELYPROSECUTEDUNLESSTHEBELIEFSINTERFEREWITHPUBLICORDERORSA

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30、IGIOUSASSOCIATIONSANDTHENMOVEDTOEXTINGUISHRELIGIONDURINGTHECULTURALREVOLUTION19661976AFTERDENGXIAOPINGCONSOLIDATEDPOWERINTHELATE1970S,THESTATEWASLESSHOSTILETOWARDSRELIGIONTHANITHADPREVIOUSLYBEEN,BUTSTILLMAINTAINEDCLOSESUPERVISIONOVERRELIGIONTHE1982CONSTITUTIONANDDOCUMENT19BOTHREFLECTEDADESIRETOCOOPT

31、RELIGIONANDOTHERSOCIALFORCESFORTHEGOODOFTHEPARTYANDTHESTATEWRITTENASANINTERNALPARTYDOCUMENT,DOCUMENT19REFLECTEDTHEBELIEFTHATRELIGIONCOULDEXISTWITHINPARTYANDSTATESETPARAMETERSRATHERTHANBEINGEXTINGUISHEDIMMEDIATELYANDTHAT“PATRIOTIC”RELIGIOUSASSOCIATIONSCOULDHARNESSANDCONTROLRELIGIONAFTERTHETIANANMENSQ

32、UAREUPRISINGIN1989ANDTHEFALLOFCOMMUNISMINEASTERNEUROPE,CHINESELEADERSBECAMEINCREASINGLYFEARFULOF“FOREIGNINFILTRATION,”WHICHFEARWASREFLECTEDBOTHINTHEGOVERNMENTSTREATMENTOFRELIGIONSANDINDOCUMENT6,INWHICHTHEGOVERNMENTINSISTEDONREGISTERINGEVERYRELIGIOUSBODYANDSITEFORRELIGIOUSACTIVITYIN1994,THESTATECOUNC

33、ILISSUEDDECREES144AND145,WHICHCREATEDCLOSERSUPERVISION,MANAGEMENT,ANDREGISTRATIONREQUIREMENTSFORSITESOFRELIGIOUSACTIVITIESANDFORRELIGIOUSFOREIGNERSINCHINATHESEDECREESCLARIFIEDWHATACTIVITIESWOULDBECONSIDEREDACCEPTABLEBUTDIDNOTREFLECTADRAMATICSHIFTINGOVERNMENTPOLICYTHESEDECREESWEREFOLLOWEDBY“ANNUALINS

34、PECTIONPROCEDURES”IN1996AND“IMPLEMENTINGRULES”IN2000,BOTHOFWHICHAMPLIFIEDSTATESUPERVISIONOVERRELIGIONANDMORECLEARLYDELINEATEDRELIGIOUSADMINISTRATIONIN1999,THERISEOFFALUNGONGANDMASSDEMONSTRATIONSCAUSEDTHEGOVERNMENTTOCRACKDOWNONMANYUNRECOGNIZEDRELIGIONS,DECLARINGTHEM“CULTS”BYLEGISLATIVEFIATANDARRESTIN

35、GORGANIZERSPROVINCIALANDLOCALLEVELGOVERNMENTSHAVEALSOISSUEDREGULATIONSGOVERNINGRELIGIOUSAFFAIRSSINCETHELATE1980SREGIONALEFFORTSPARALLELEDNATIONALEFFORTSTOGIVESOMEPROTECTIONSFORRELIGIONWHILESTILLRETAININGTIGHTCONTROLANDSUPERVISIONOVERRELIGIOUSGROUPSANDINDIVIDUALSRELIGIOUSAFFAIRSOFFICIALSHAVEINDICATED

36、THEIRDESIRESINCETHELATE1990STOHAVEANATIONALLAWONRELIGIONTHATWOULDSTANDARDIZEPROVINCIALREGULATIONSANDPRACTICESDESPITETHECHECKEREDHISTORYOFTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTSACTIONVISVISRELIGION,RECENTSOCIALDEVELOPMENTSANDPOLICYSHIFTSINDICATETHEGOVERNMENTMAYBEWILLINGTOEXERCISEMOREFLEXIBILITYINRECOGNIZINGNEWRELIGION

37、SINDECEMBER2001,THENPRESIDENTJIANGZEMINGAVEASPEECHATTHEANNUALRELIGIOUSWORKCONFERENCEINDICATINGTHATGROWTHINRELIGIOUSBELIEVERSSHOULDBEEXPECTEDFOLLOWINGCHINASENTRYINTOTHEWTORECENTINTRAPARTYDEBATESREVEALADIVISIONOFOPINIONONTHEFUTUREOFCHINASRELIGIOUSPOLICYSOMEARGUETHATCHINASHOULDRELAXMOSTOFITSCONTROLSOVE

38、RRELIGIONASITHASOVERMANYPORTIONSOFTHEECONOMYTOALLOWCHINATOBETTERINTEGRATEINTOTHEWORLDORDEROTHERSARGUETHATTHEGOVERNMENTSHOULDCONTINUETOSUPPRESSRELIGIONWITHTHEGOALOFEVENTUALERADICATIONINACCORDANCEWITHTHECOMMUNISTTHEORYOFSOCIALPROGRESSASEVIDENCEDBYTHEEMPHASESON“LONGTERMNATURE,”“MASSNATURE,”AND“COMPLEXN

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40、NUMBEROFRELIGIOUSADHERENTSINCHINAMAKESDEALINGWITHRELIGIONASENSITIVEANDPOLITICALLYPOTENTISSUEFINALLY,THECOMPLEXNATUREOFRELIGIONREQUIRESTHEPARTYTOEMPHASIZETHELEGALANDADMINISTRATIVEUNDERPINNINGSOFRELIGIOUSPOLICYTHEINDEPENDENTIE,FREEFROMFOREIGNINFLUENCESNATUREOFRELIGIONMUSTBEEMPHASIZED,WHILENONSANCTIONE

41、DRELIGIONSMUSTBESUPPRESSEDBYTHESAMELEGALANDADMINISTRATIVEMEANS翻译文章中国在宗教上的新法规一小步,而不是一个巨大的飞跃,前进1、介绍政府和宗教之间的互动在中国处于一直不稳定的局面。宗教信徒的数量在增长,目前的情况并没有出现好转。而中国宪法保证宗教信仰自由,中国政府保持密切的监管,宗教和宗教活动的复杂系统法律机制和执法行动。作为其较大程序为社会控制,政府允许一些宗教自由。中国政府最近发布了新的法规的宗教信仰及宗教活动。政府宣称这些新的规定,这就成了自己的有效的2005年3月1日,是一个“范式转换”和“转折点”宗教事务和规范截然不同的区

42、域实践,为公民提供更多的法律援助的权利受到了侵害,一般来说,“在中国保护宗教自由。这篇评论分析,认为这些新法规的新制度是一个中国法治的正确的方向,他们提供更多的统一管理,宗教规范明确宗教团体之间的相互作用和机关、公民的宗教自由受到了侵害有了依靠,利用的模糊性法规,达到灵活的相容的宗教、省略一些限制性规定发现在以前的法规,在另一些领域提供额外的法律保护。尽管这些改进只是一小步骤，真正的宗教自由持续因为他们代表国家监督的强大宗教、保护不了宗教组织,提供惩罚性并可能造成任意处罚,请留下解释医嘱规定的重要，然而模糊官僚谋略,离开悬而未决的主机问题，关于其他宗教规章及实施问题。不幸的是,无论是新规定确保

43、宗教自由都还取决于政府官员实施和解释制度国家、省、和当地的水平。总之,反映了在中国真正的宗教自由的一小步。这番评论的第二部分作了简要的概述,在中国法律和政策的结构,它会影响宗教管理。第三部分对进步和不足进行了分析,并包括了一个新规章规定讨论无法回答的问题。第四部分提供了一个简短的结论、低头看向未来。附录中包含一个英文翻译新规定。2、简要介绍在中国的法律、政策和宗教管理法律不存在于真空中,法律给中国新规定的结构和宗教历史管理语境及背景。在中国,共产党严重影响国家决策。国家,反过来,挥舞着正式的行政、立法、司法权力,以及准监督宗教的联系。不同的国家机关密切监视和管理宗教事务。而党、政、政府相关部门

44、和各级组织通常视为塑胶制品,有时每个部分不同层次的相同的机关有不同的利益和动机。A、中国共产党在中国共产党或“党”成为执政党，“中国”在毛泽东以来的于1949年掌权之后。中国共产党领导建立政策,解释律法,恪守章程使用国家机关。官方的学说作为控制宗教中作为一种宗教等待最终死亡暂时的解决办法。人代会更喜欢运用和利用宗教而不是为它奋斗。一方要求所有主要的地区的公职人员成为信奉无神论。B国家结构1、宪法当中国共产党是执政党,国家宪法至少是从理论上分析了最高的法律的地位。中国最新的宪法第三十六条,保护制定在1982年,为“信教自由”的“保护正常的宗教活动”。第三十六条也禁止个人、组织、国家组织从引人注目

45、的公民相信或不信仰宗教的公民和歧视基于宗教的信仰公民。宗教组织和活动必须不受外国势力的支配,“虽然”这个术语也离开了正常的定义。2、国务院、宗教事务局、公安部门备案最突出的国家机关政府，国务院行政权力，通过颁布法规规章、如新规定在宗教事务的规定。在国务院各部门的行政机关,包括宗教事务局所和公安部门备案。参与的负责监管、监督得公认的宗教，爱国主义宗教的联系制定民族宗教法规、监管区域RABS的传播,而“做礼拜,”,以防止“外国势力支配”的宗教。由于几乎所有官员也是党员,官员很少有宗教信徒然而,在国家一级,官员经常是有相当的知识和复杂的有关宗教信仰和实践的。在省,尤其是自治的地方,有时RABS局合并

46、了民族事务,和一些监督部门的官员受教育水平较低的和复杂。省级官员进行定期培训,以确保某种程度的规范化管理,但分权和本地控制已经导致了一个公平的程度的差异在宗教上的政策执行全国在当地的水平。此外，国务院公安部门音译其他组织的在每个水平腐败几乎都非常普遍,这是指控法律的实施。在所有层次,PSBS通常是组织,其主要使命是“镇压”未注册或非法组织。PSBS是地方政府的一部分,因此受到很多当地的压力和偏见。PSBS不一定谘询RABS可成为“未登记注册”的宗教团体。3、立法机关和司法机关全国人民代表大会名义上是国家立法的胳膊,但因为它符合一年才有一次的适度监督,其功能像晚会上橡皮图章，更能做为一个真实的协

47、商的部分。此外,由于全国人民代表大会的选票只有用在最重要的作用和深远的事项上,在中国国务院发布法规,构成了大量的法律。宪法第一百二十六条司法独立原则,但中国司法独立的未来理想比事实更真切。在全国人民法院及下级向相应的人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会所做的是最后的裁决的法律解释。中国加入世界贸易组织WTO使得争论如何区别“法治”到“法治”,使中国的法律符合国际标准的司法独立、司法审查、透明、人权。在中国,法律学者和司法变得越来越接受宪法司法化的概念,这将允许公民基于违反宪法明文规定而获得权利。迄今,法院没有在中国在保护宗教自由起了很重要的作用,直到宪法在司法理论上给宗教信徒的正确地“宗教信仰自由”

48、但宪法不能执行司法手段这一权利。C宗教和宗教的联系政府已分化四类宗教团体官方认可的宗教,未注册的群体、“做礼拜,”和“封建迷信。“中国正式承认五个宗教主要有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教。政府已成立一个或多个政府控制的“爱国”宗教协会,以监察和监督每个认可的宗教、确保符合政府制定的指导价、政府定价的参数。再这种联合开展工作中很紧密的配合政府及其领导人公开呼应党的路线。一点也不令人惊讶,爱国领导人对宗教的关系也在对他们的赞誉中出了新规定。集团所属的政府控制的爱国主义宗教的联系的制裁只要团体在制定政府指导价、政府定价的参数。一些未注册的或未登记的宗教团体有正是默认的地方政府官员举行会议另外一

49、些人可能被禁止到公安部门起诉备案。在某些情况下,政府认为未注册的组织是极度危险的甚至是邪教,”,它们很可能遭到学科集团强烈的迫害,镇压,并最终灭绝。最后,民间宗教和“封建迷信”正式被鄙夷受到起诉,但少有信仰非注册宗教组织影响公众秩序及安全。D简短的宗教历史的一个宗教和之前的管理规定中国有悠久历史的国家监督，宗教通过帝国时代，甚至在共产党员1949年掌权之后。自从1949年,国家宗教动态稳定。毛泽东首次尝试使用运用宗教爱国主义与宗教的联系,然后去扑灭宗教在文革期间19661976的影响。在20世纪70年代末邓小平以后合并力量,国家不如以前敌视宗,但仍保持着对宗教密切的监督。1982年的宪法和文件都反映了，党和国家19号文件中指出渴望运用宗教和其他社会力量。写成一个内部机关会议的文件,文件反映了可能存在的19号文件中的宗教信仰,宗教信仰成立党内国家设置的参数,而不是立即熄灭,“爱国”与宗教的联系可以利用和控制的宗教。在1989年天安门广场的起义到共产主义在东欧、中国领导人日益担心外国渗入,”,既在政府的治疗宗教和在文档中反映害怕，政府坚持登记每个宗教的主体和宗教的网站活动。1994年,国务院颁布了144法令共145个,至此取得了更紧密的监督、管理和注册要求的名胜宗教活动与外国人在中国的宗教活动。这些律例澄清了什么样的活动将被认为是可以接受的,但并没有反映