改变符号：莫斯科的地名改建工程【外文翻译】.doc

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2、COMPLEXEVENTSTOMORESIMPLISTICANDUNDERSTANDABLECAMEOSANDTHEREBYTOESTABLISHMEANING,TOPROVOKEPASSIONSOFFERVENTCOMMITMENTAND,AMONGSOME,VIOLENTOPPOSITION,ANDMOREGENERALLYTHEIRABILITYSIMPLYTOREPRESENTCOMPLEXIDEASANDEVENTSANDEMBEDTHEMWITHINTHEPOPULARCONSCIOUSNESSANDCULTURE,SYMBOLSCANFACILITATEANACCEPTANCEO

3、FTHENEWREGIMEANDWHATITSTANDSFORSYMBOLSCANLEGITIMATEACTIONANDBELIEFAND,BYHELPINGTODEFINEMANYOFTHECOLLECTIVEVALUESTHATUNDERPINTHECOMMUNITY,HELPTOIDENTIFYTHEBOUNDSOFTHESOCIETYANDTHEPRINCIPLESBYWHICHITISGOVERNEDOVERWHELMINGLY,POLITICALSYMBOLISMLEGITIMATESTHEREGIMESPOWERSTRUCTUREACCORDINGLY,WHENAREGIMEFA

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5、THELANGUAGETHROUGHTHEINJECTIONOFNEWWORDS,THECHANGINGOFTHEMEANINGOFEXISTINGTERMS,ANDTHEELIMINATIONOFSOMEWORDSINORDERTOINVESTITWITHANEWETHOSHAVEALLBEENIMPORTANTTOTHECREATIONOFANEWREGIMESSYMBOLICCULTUREACENTRALCOMPONENTOFTHECREATIONOFANEWSYMBOLICCULTUREISTHERENAMINGOFSTREETANDPLACENAMESTHESEAREIMPORTAN

6、TBECAUSETHEYCOMBINEAGEOGRAPHICALSENSEOFDIRECTIONANDPLACEWITHANINTELLECTUAL,PERHAPSEVENIDEOLOGICAL,SENSEOFDIRECTIONANDPLACEFUNCTIONALLY,PLACENAMESENABLEPEOPLETOLOCATETHEMSELVESWITHINALANDSCAPEANDAVOIDGETTINGLOSTINTELLECTUALLY,PLACENAMESTHATARELINKEDTOTHESYMBOLICUNIVERSEOFTHECOMMUNITYHELPTOLOCATEPEOPL

7、ESPIRITUALLYBYLINKINGGEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONANDSPACEWITHTHELEGITIMATINGSTRUCTURESOFTHATCOMMUNITYANDITSREGIMELOCATIONISTHEREBYDEFINEDINTERMSOFTHEREGIMEITSELFLOCATIONANDDIRECTIONOBTAINFROMREGIMESYMBOLISMINTHISWAY,COMMEMORATIVEPLACENAMESHELPTOLEGITIMATEEXISTINGPOWERSTRUCTURESBYLINKINGTHEREGIMESVIEWOFITSEL

8、F,ITSPAST,ANDTHEWORLD,WITHTHESEEMINGLYMUNDANESETTINGSOFEVERYDAYLIFETHEREGIMESLEGITIMATINGSYMBOLSAREINTERWOVENWITHDAILYLIFEINAROUTINIZED,ALMOSTUNNOTICED,FASHIONTHROUGHPLACENAMESPUBLICSPACEISGIVENPARTICULARMEANINGBYTHENAMESATTACHEDTOITTHEYTURNTHELANDSCAPEINTOAWORLDSTRUCTUREDBYTHELEGITIMATINGMYTHSANDSY

9、MBOLSOFTHEREGIME,PROJECTINGAPARTICULARVIEWOFTHEPASTANDPRESENTONTOTHATLANDSCAPECOLLECTIVEMEMORYISMOLDEDANDCONTEMPORARYLOCATIONDEFINEDBYTHESYMBOLISMOFTHEREGIMEREFLECTEDINCOMMEMORATIVEPLACENAMESTHISMEANSTHATTHESYMBOLISMOFPLACENAMESMAYBEEVENMOREIMPORTANTTHANTHEOTHER,ANDMORECOMMONLYRECOGNIZED,TYPESOFSYMB

10、OLSPEOPLECOMEINTODIRECTCONTACTWITHPLACENAMESEVERYDAYANDTHEYGAINTHEIRORIENTATIONFROMTHOSEPLACENAMES,WHICHMEANSTHATTHESYMBOLSHAVEANIMMEDIATEPRACTICALREALITYFORTHEPOPULACEINTHEWAYTHAT,FOREXAMPLE,FLAGSANDANTHEMSDONOTPEOPLESGEOGRAPHICSPACEISDEFINEDANDSTRUCTUREDINTERMSOFTHECATEGORIESTHATTHEREGIMECONSIDERS

11、IMPORTANTANDTHATHELPTOLEGITIMATETHEREGIMEITSELFINTHISSENSE,THESYMBOLISMINVOLVEDINPLACENAMESISFUNDAMENTALTOTHESUCCESSFULRESTRUCTURINGOFSOCIETYTHEBOLSHEVIKSCLEARLYWEREAWAREOFTHEIMPORTANCEOFSYMBOLISM,ANDALTHOUGHTHEREWASSOMEAMBIGUITYINTHEIREARLYAPPROACH,THEYACTIVELYCREATEDANEWSETOFSYMBOLSANDEMBLEMSFORTH

12、ESOVIETSTATEFLAG,ANTHEM,THEHAMMERANDSICKLE,THEREDSTAR,THEICONOGRAPHYOFWORKERSANDPEASANTS,ANDLATERTHECULTOFTHELEADERTHEYDEVELOPEDASETOFRITUALS,MANYOFWHICHLINKEDWITHTHEREVOLUTIONOROTHERSIGNIFICANTEVENTSINTHEREGIMESHISTORYTHEANNIVERSARYOFTHEREVOLUTIONON7NOVEMBER,ANDLATERVICTORYDAYON9MAYANDCONSTITUTIOND

13、AYON7OCTOBER,ANDMAYDAYARTANDARCHITECTUREGAINEDSYMBOLICMEANINGASTHEALLUNIONCREATIVECONFERENCEOFARCHITECTSIN1934DECLARED,OURTASKISTHESTRUGGLETOEMBODYINTHELANGUAGEOFARCHITECTURETHEGREATSLOGANSOFOUREPOCHTHELANGUAGEWASALSORESHAPED,WITHTHEDOMINANCEOFITBYARANGEOFTERMSASSOCIATEDWITHPARTICULARASPECTSOFTHEREG

14、IMETHEGREETINGCOMRADEISTHEBESTEXAMPLE,ANDBYTHEPROPENSITYTOCREATENEWWORDSBYABBREVIATINGANDRUNNINGTOGETHERTHEDIFFERENTWORDSINPROPERNAMESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWPERSONALNAMESLINKEDTOREGIMEICONOGRAPHYWASALSOCOMMONTHEREWASALSOTHEREWORKINGOFPLACENAMESTHERENAMINGOFSTREETSWASACOMMONPRACTICEDURINGTHESOVIETPERIODI

15、NITIALLYITWASDESIGNEDTOELIMINATEREFERENCESTOTHETSARISTPERIODANDTOSYMBOLIZETHENEWDAWNTHAT1917WASHELDTOHERALDASTIMEPASSED,ITALSOBECAMEAWAYOFGLORIFYINGTHELEADINGFIGURESINTHEREVOLUTIONARYMOVEMENTANDTHEREGIME,INCLUDINGCURRENTLEADERSREMOVALOFTHEIRNAMESFROMTHESTREETSWAS,PERCONTRA,AWAYOFDENIGRATINGTHOSEWHOH

16、ADLOSTOUTINTHEPOLITICALSTRUGGLEANDCONTRIBUTEDTOTHEREMOVALOFTHEMFROMTHEPAGESOFSOVIETHISTORYJOSEPHSTALINWASTHEMOSTPROMINENTCASUALTYINTHISREGARD,PRINCIPALLYBECAUSESOMUCHRIGHTACROSSTHECOUNTRYWASNAMEDAFTERHIM,BUTHEWASCLEARLYNOTALONEINSUFFERINGINTHISWAYFOREXAMPLE,THELEADINGMEMBERSOFTHEANTIPARTYGROUPIN1957

17、,GEORGIIMALENKOV,VIACHESLAVMOLOTOV,ANDLAZARKAGANOVICHWEREALSOEXPUNGEDTIMOTHYCOLTONHASCITEDSOMEFIGURESFORSOMEYEARSOFTHENUMBEROFMOSCOWSTREETSRENAMED19182114PERANNUMPA192220219293512PA1936525PA19536328PA1964156196513419683319692AND1970S5PATHISMEANSTHATBYTHEENDOFTHE1980S,THESTOCKOFSTREETNAMESPOTENTIALLY

18、SUBJECTTOREVISIONDIDNOTREFLECTTHESOVIETPASTINITSCOMPLETENESSTHENAMESDIRECTLYASSOCIATEDWITHSTALININCLUDINGMOSTOFTHOSEWHOWEREHISVICTIMSANDNIKITAKHRUSHCHEVHADALREADYBEENSUBSTANTIALLYOVERHAULEDITISFORTHISREASONTHATAMONGTHENAMESCHANGEDFROM1990,SOMANYHAVEREVOLUTIONARY1917ASSOCIATIONSORARELINKEDWITHTHENONP

19、OLITICALSECTORSOFLIFETHEPOSTSOVIETRULERSOFRUSSIADIDNOTGENERALLYUSETHETERMREVOLUTIONTODESCRIBETHEREPLACEMENTOFTHESOVIETREGIME,BUTITISCLEARTHATTHESCALEOFTHECHANGESTHEYHADINMINDCONSTITUTEDAREVOLUTIONINTHECOMMONSENSEOFTHEWORDALTHOUGHTHEAIMSOFTHEDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEPOLITICALMOVEMENTWEREDIVERSE,THEREWASCOM

20、MONAGREEMENTONTHENEEDFORPOWERTOBESHIFTEDAWAYFROMTHECOMMUNISTPARTYANDTHENOMENKLATURAANDINTOTHEIROWNHANDS,FORADEMOCRATICPOLITICALSYSTEMANDFORAMARKETBASEDECONOMICSYSTEMUNDERPINNINGTHECONCEPTIONSOFCHANGEENUNCIATEDBYSOME,LIKEGAIDAR,WASTHEVIEWOFANEWSOCIETYINHABITEDBYANEWTYPEOFPERSON,INTHISCASEAREPLACEMENT

21、OFHOMOSOVIETICUSBYHOMOECONOMICUSALTHOUGHSUCHVIEWSWERENOTFREQUENTLYADUMBRATEDBYTHEEMERGENTPOLITICALLEADERSHIP,THEYWERECONSISTENTWITHTHEDRIVEFOREXPANSIVECHANGEFUELLEDBYTHESYMBOLICLEADER,BORISYELTSIN,IN1991WITHHISSUPPORTTHEREWASAWIDEEXPECTATIONTHATTHENEWREGIMEWOULDGOASFARASITCOULDTOMAKETHOSECHANGESAREA

22、LITYMASSIVEEFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOTRANSFORMTHEECONOMYANDRESTRUCTURETHEPOLITYESTABLISHEDINSTITUTIONSWEREABOLISHEDANDNEWONESROSEINTHEIRSTEADASTHEELITEAROUNDYELTSINDROVECHANGEFORWARDWITHLITTLECONCERNFORTHEIMMEDIATECONSEQUENCESPARTOFTHESECHANGESHASBEENCHANGETOTHESYMBOLISMOFTHEPOLITYACHANGEINTHENAMEOFTHECO

23、UNTRYANDANEWFLAGHAVEBEENTHEMOSTVISIBLESIGNSOFTHISIMPORTANTTOOHAVEBEENCHANGESINTHENAMESOFVARIOUSCITIESANDTOWNS,WITHLENINGRADSUCCUMBINGTOSTPETERSBURGBUTNOTASIMILARCHANGETOTHEOBLASTSURROUNDINGTHECITYBEINGTHEMOSTOBVIOUSANOTHERSIGNOFTHISHASBEENCHANGESINTHEREGIONALANDSTREETNAMESOFTHECAPITALANDELSEWHEREINP

24、RINCIPLE,SUCHCHANGESINNOMENCLATUREWOULDAPPEARTOBEQUITESIMPLETHEREPLACEMENTOFANAMEONAMAPANDONTHERELEVANTSTREETSIGNSSEEMSTOBEAMUCHSIMPLERUNDERTAKINGTHAN,FOREXAMPLE,THERESTRUCTURINGOFACOMMANDECONOMYALONGMARKETLINESITMAYALSOHAVESEEMEDTOBEACHEAPEXERCISE,ALTHOUGHINPRACTICETHECOSTWASALWAYSAPROBLEMNEVERTHEL

25、ESS,ITISHERETHATWEWOULDEXPECTMOSTPROGRESSINTHEACHIEVEMENTOFSYMBOLICCHANGETOHAVEBEENGAINEDCHANGEOFTHESYMBOLSEMBEDDEDINMOSCOWSPLACENAMESWASANEARLYTASKOFTHENEWAUTHORITIES,BEGINNINGBEFORETHEFORMALENDOFTHEUSSRAWIDESPREADWAVEOFNAMECHANGESCAMEFOLLOWINGADECISIONBYTHEMOSCOWCITYSOVIETSCOMMISSIONONCULTURE,ART,

26、ANDPROTECTIONOFTHEHISTORICALLEGACYINLATE1990,ATATIMEWHENMUNICIPALGOVERNMENTHEADEDBYGAVRIILPOPOVWASINHANDSMORERADICALEVENTHANTHOSEGUIDINGTHENATIONALMOVEMENTTHECOMMISSIONANNOUNCEDTHATINITIALLYSIXSQUARES,TWENTYSTREETS,ANDTENMETROSTATIONSWERETOHAVETHEORIGINAL,PRESOVIET,NAMESRESTORED,WITHFURTHERCHANGESTO

27、OCCURGRADUALLY,ININTERVALSOFSIXTOTWELVEMONTHSBYTHEENDOF1993,152STREETSHADHADTHEIRNAMESCHANGEDSOME98PERCENTOFTHECHANGESTOSTREETNAMESTHATWERETOTAKEPLACEINTHEFIRSTTENYEARSOFTHEPOSTSOVIETERAHADTHEREBYBEENACCOMPLISHEDWITHINITSFIRSTTHREEYEARSOFTHOSE152STREETS,102HADNAMESWITHACLEARLINKTOTHESOVIETPASTINLOOK

28、INGATMOSCOWSCHANGINGPLACENAMES,THREEDIFFERENTCATEGORIESWILLBEEXAMINEDTHEADMINISTRATIVESUBDIVISIONSINTOWHICHTHECITYISDIVIDED,STREETNAMES,ANDTHEMOSCOWMETROCITYADMINISTRATIVESTRUCTUREINMID1991THERADICALMAYORGAVRIILPOPOVDROVETHROUGHAREORGANIZATIONOFTHECITYSADMINISTRATIVESTRUCTUREWHILETHEMAININTENTOFTHIS

29、CHANGEWASTOSIDELINETHEMOSCOWCITYSOVIETANDSHIFTPREDOMINANTPOWERINTOTHEMAYORSHANDS,ITALSOINVOLVEDTHERESTRUCTURINGOFTHECITYSADMINISTRATIVEREGIONSPRIORTOTHISREORGANIZATION,THECITYCOMPRISEDTHIRTYTWODISTRICTSRAIONYAFTERTHEREORGANIZATION,THECITYCOMPRISEDTENADMINISTRATIVEREGIONSORCIRCUITSOKRUGA,ANDWITHINTHO

30、SEREGIONSWERE125DISTRICTSANUMBEROFTHEPRE1991DISTRICTSHADCARRIEDTHENAMESOFSOVIETLEADERSDZERZHINSKII,BAUMANN,KALININ,SVERDLOV,KIROV,KUIBYSHEV,ZHDANOV,LENIN,VOROSHILOV,ANDFRUNZEANUMBEROFOTHERSCARRIEDNAMESTHATHADCLEARSOVIETCONNOTATIONSFIRSTOFMAY,PROLETARIAN,REDGUARD,SOVIET,ANDOCTOBERFOLLOWINGTHEREORGANI

31、ZATION,NINEOFTHETENREGIONSCARRIEDGEOGRAPHICALNAMESFOREXAMPLE,CENTRAL,NORTH,SOUTHWESTTHEEXCEPTIONWASZELENOGRAD,WHICHISTHEPRESOVIETPLACENAMEFORTHESETTLEMENTOUTSIDETHEOUTERRINGROADTOTHENORTHOF,BUTADMINISTRATIVELYPARTOF,THECITYINTHE125NEWDISTRICTS,ALLOFTHENAMESNOTEDABOVEWITHSOVIETCONNECTIONSDISAPPEARED,

32、BEINGREPLACEDBYTHEHISTORICNAMESOFTHEAREAS,INCLUDINGTHENAMESOFVILLAGES,HAMLETS,ANDREGIONSTHATHADEXISTEDBEFORETHESEAREASWEREINCORPORATEDINTOMOSCOWTHEONLYPRE1991SOVIETDISTRICTNAMESTOSURVIVEWERETIMIRIAZEVSKII,BABUSHKINSKII,LIUBLINSKIINOWINTHEFORMLIUBLINO,MOSKVORETSKIINOWMOSKVORECHESABUROVO,GAGARINSKII,C

33、HEREMUSHKINSKIINOWCHEREMUSHKI,PEROVSKIINOWPEROVO,KUNTSEVSKIINOWKUNTSEVO,TUSHINSKIINOWTUSHINO,ANDZELENOGRADONLYGAGARINSKIICARRIESTHENAMEOFASOVIETERAFIGURE,THEOTHERSBEINGPRESOVIETPLACENAMESITISCLEARTHATINTHERENAMINGOFTHEDISTRICTS,ALLDIRECTASSOCIATIONSWITHTHESOVIETREGIMEWEREELIMINATEDONGAGARINSKII,SEEB

34、ELOWTHESITUATIONIS,HOWEVER,MUCHMORECOMPLICATEDWHENITCOMESTOTHESTREETSSTREETSANANALYSISOFTHECHANGESTHATOCCURREDINMOSCOWFROMTHEENDOFTHE1980SSHOWSAVERYMIXEDRESULTTHELEGACYOFTHESOVIETPASTHASNOTBEENELIMINATEDFROMTHERUSSIANCAPITALTHEPICTUREREMAINSMUCHMORECOMPLEXTHANTHEWHOLESALEREPLACEMENTOFSOVIETNAMESBYOT

35、HERSWITHOUTASOVIETCONNOTATIONGIVENTHEPOLITICALORIENTATIONSANDDECLAREDAIMSOFTHENEWRULERSOFRUSSIAATBOTHTHENATIONALANDMOSCOWMUNICIPALLEVELS,INSURVEYINGTHELANDSCAPEOFMOSCOWSTREETNAMESTENYEARSAFTERTHEFALLOFTHESOVIETUNIONITISASSUMEDTHATTHEAIMOFRENAMINGWASTOGETRIDOFTHESOVIETCONNOTATIONSINTHEOLDNAMESACCORDI

36、NGLY,THEYWEREREPLACEDEITHERWITHTHENAMESTHEYHADPRIORTO1917ORWEREGIVENNEWNAMESLACKINGASOVIETLINKGIVENTHEGROWTHOFMOSCOWSINCE1917,MANYSTREETSHADNOPRE1917PROVENANCEANDTHEREFOREHADTOBEGIVENANENTIRELYNEWNAMEBUTINLOOKINGATTHEPATTERNOFNEWANDOLDSTREETNAMES,ANUMBEROFDISTINCTIONSNEEDTOBEBORNEINMINDFIRST,NOTEVER

37、YSTREETNAMEINTRODUCEDDURINGTHESOVIETPERIODHADDIRECTANDOBVIOUSSYMBOLICCONNECTIONSONLYWITHTHEREGIMEFOREXAMPLE,STREETSNAMEDAFTERGREATPATRIOTICWARMILITARYLEADERSLIKEGEORGIIZHUKOV,THESCIENTISTSWHODEVELOPEDTHEATOMICBOMBLIKEPETRKAPITSA,IGORKURCHATOV,ANDVLADIMIRVERNADSKII,WRITERSLIKESERGEIESENIN,ORTHESPACEP

38、IONEERSYURIGAGARINANDGERMANTITOV,CARRYTHENAMESOFFIGURESASSOCIATEDWITHGREATNATIONALACHIEVEMENTSTHAT,WHILETHEYMAYHAVEOCCURREDUNDERTHESOVIETREGIME,COULDBEDISCONNECTEDFROMTHEIRSOVIETCONTEXTTHESEPEOPLECOULDBECLAIMEDASRUSSIANHEROESASWELLASSOVIETHEROES,ANDTHEREFOREAREINAVERYDIFFERENTCATEGORYTOMANYOFTHOSETH

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40、TANOSTROVSKII,ULANOSTROVSKOGOANDPERANOSTROVSKOGO,BECAME,RESPECTIVELY,ULMALAIAORDYNKAANDPRECHISTENSKIIPERINTHESECASES,THEPERSONALNAMESTHATADORNEDTHESESTREETSWEREREPLACEDBYTHEPRESOVIET,USUALLYLOCALGEOGRAPHIC,NAMESTHATTHEYHADBORNEBEFORE1917THESECASESOFNAMECHANGEARENOTCONSIDEREDFURTHERINTHISPAPERTHIRD,I

41、NSOMECASESTHEREMAYBEAMBIGUITYABOUTWHOORWHATASTREETWASNAMEDAFTERACASEINPOINTRELATESTOFORMERHEADOFTHECOMINTERNGEORGIIDMITROV,ANDISDISCUSSEDBELOWSOURCEGRAEMEGILL,RUSSIANREVIEWJUL2005,VOL64ISSUE3,P480503,24P,12CHARTS译文改变符号莫斯科的地名改建工程一个新政权所面临的最重要的问题是产生一种它的合法性，这是至关重要的，是其生存和长期稳定一个的重点。这是通过对符号的操纵能力,可以捕捉瞬间，以减少

42、复杂事件，更简单易懂的客串，从而建立现实意义,惹火热切的承诺而且其中一些强烈反对激情,而更广泛的能力仅仅是为了表达复杂的思想和活动，嵌入他们在群众中的意识和文化。符号能促进对新政权的接受,它代表什么符号可以合法行动和信仰,并通过帮助确定许多集体价值观作为社会或社区，,帮助统治（支配）边界社会范围和原则。不可抵抗的，政治符号意义上的政权合法化的权力结构。因此,当一个政权下降了,它的后继者迫切地用一个更适合的新政权的符号文化来取代旧政权。新一代的符号在例如旗帜、武器的服装、国歌、摧毁旧的建筑物。新的纪念碑的建设，创造新的仪式或新的内容注入到现有的仪式，,甚至是通过注入新词的语言改造,旨在改变现有术

43、语的意义,并消除有些字,以及新的精神都很重要,创造一个新的政权的符号文化。一种新的符号文化创造的核心组件是重命名街道和地名。这些非常重要，因为它们结合起来是地理意义上的方向和知识上的地点，甚至思想，方向感和地点。功能地，地名让人们在一个景观中找到自己，避免迷失。地名有关的象徵性共同体的社区帮助寻找与该共同体及其政权的合法性的地理位置和空间结构的人的心灵。地点是从而界定，制度本身的条件位置和方向取得政权符号。用这种方式，纪念地名帮助现有的权力结构合法政权联系起来的观点本身，它的过去，与世界，与看似日常生活中的平凡的设置；该政权合法性符号是交织在日常生活中,几乎被人遗忘了,时尚与生活，通过公共场所

44、是给予它特别意义上的名字他们以特殊的角度把景观变成一个世界的神话和生理结构体制的符号,突出的过去与现在到此景观，集体记忆塑造和当代位置的象征意义,定义体现在纪念地方政权名，这意味着地名的象征意义,可能更重要,更普遍的认可,类型符号人们每一天都直接接触地名,他们从这些地名获得了定位,得到他们的方向。这意味着符号有即时的方式为民众提供实际情况。例如国旗和国歌就不是。人们的地理空间定义和类别结构方面认为重要的制度,并帮助合法政权内，从这个意义上说,在涉及地名的象征意义是十分重要的社会的成功转型。苏联布尔什维克清楚地意识到象征的重要,尽管有一些在其早期方式含糊不清,他们积极创造了一套新的符号和象征的国

45、家苏联国旗、国歌,锤子和镰刀,红星,工农肖像,以及后来的领导。他们开发了一套仪式,其中许多仪式与革命或其他重大的事件历史政权的周年纪念日11月7日的一次革命,后来胜利5月9日宪法日和10月7日劳动节。艺术和建筑获得了象徵意义,作为全联盟会议于1934年创作的建筑师宣称“我们的任务所进行的斗争,体现在语言结构的大的口号我们的时代。”这种语言也被改造,它的优势相关条款的一个范围政权的特定部分问候语“同志”就是一个最好的例子,并创造出新的单词的倾向和运行缩写结合不同的话专有名词开发新的个人名字与政权是创造也很普遍还有返工的地名。重命名的街道是在苏联时期普遍的作法。最初,它的目的是要消除由于沙皇时期和

46、新的黎明象征1917年被裁定为报信者、先驱。随着时间的流逝,它也成为一种荣耀的领导人,整个政权这场革命运动,包括现任领导人从街头清除他们的名字,每禁忌，一个诋毁那些失去了在政治中的斗争,并促成了以去除他们从页的苏联的历史。约瑟夫斯大林是最突出方式的伤亡,在这方面,主要因为这么多国家的对面就以他的名字命名的,但他显然不是一个人在这样的痛苦。例如,反党集团的主要成员,1957年,马林科夫，莫洛托夫维亚切，卡冈诺维奇和拉撒尔领导成员也被消除。提摩太寇尔腾列举了一些数字，其中有的年更名为19182114莫斯科街道每年PA1922202PA193652519293512PA19536328PA19641

47、561965134196833196921970S5PA这就意味着在20世纪80年代的末期,街道名称可能会作出修订股票没有反映出苏联历史在它的完整性；其完备性的名字包括斯大林直接相关的大部分受害者的人和赫鲁晓夫已大大修整正是因为这一原因,在名称改变自20世纪90年代以来,很多具有革命1917协会或与非政治性的行业的生活。俄罗斯后苏联统治者一般不使用革命来形容了苏维埃政权更换，但很显然的是，改变他们脑子里具有规模的构成这个词的普通意义上的革命。虽然政治运动的不同部分的目的是多种多样的，有必要对权力转移，并掌握在自己手中，离开民主的政治制度的共同协议，并以市场为基于对一些经济体制支撑这一概念的改变

48、，如盖达尔，是由一个新的类型的人居住的新的社会观在这种情况下，由一个苏维埃人更换这种观点是不经常勾画在紧急的政治领导，他们对由象征性领袖，叶利钦。1991他的支持带动膨胀更改驱动器有一个广泛的一致预期，新的制度将尽可能为了我们这些变化，已作出大量的努力，改造和重组经济的政体；设立的机构被取消，新的上涨代替他们精英在叶利钦开车提出的改变，这些变化的一部分已经改变了政治体制的象征意义。改变一个国家的名称和一个新的旗帜是最明显的症状。同样重要的是各种城市和城镇的名字已经有变化了,而列宁格勒屈服于圣彼得堡但不是一个类似的变化对城市周围的州）最为突出。另一个迹象是变化的街道名称和地区首都和其他地方原则上

49、,这样的变化看上去似乎是很简单的。更换的名字写在一张地图,在相关的路牌似乎是一种更简单的事。例如,一个命令经济结构的调整在市场线它也可能是一种经济的运动,尽管在实践中成本一直是个问题。然而,就是在这里,我们希望在象征性的变化方面能取得进展。在莫斯科的地名中嵌入符号是早期的新部门的任务,开始之前,前苏联的正式结束一种普遍的波的名字变化也发生在由莫斯科城市文化、艺术、和保护历史文化遗产委员会决定在九十年代末,市政府GAVRIIL波波夫为首的手更为激进的甚至是比那些指导了全国性的运动。选举委员会宣布了最初六个广场、20条街道,10个原始的地铁车站的名字恢复,与进一步发生变化,逐渐每六个到十二个月街道1993,152年底有他们的名字不得不改变有98的街道名称的改变,这些东西都是在街道名称发生在的前10年里有了前苏联时代从而在它的头三年152的街道,102个有姓名和连结到苏联的过去。看看莫斯科改变的地名,三种不同的类别将审议行政分支机构到其中的城市划分,街道名称和莫斯科地铁。城市管理结构在1991年年中，激进市长GAVRIIL波波夫通过对全市行政城市的行政管理体制的重组，这种变化最主要的意图是苏联莫斯科城市主要的能力和副业转移到市长的手中,它也涉及到结构调整的城市行政区域。这个先前的重组，全市包括32个区，重组之后,这个城市包括十