户籍制度简介【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文GUESTEDITORSINTRODUCTIONZHANGTINGTINGTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONSYSTEMHUKOUWASAPIVOTALINSTITUTIONOFPOLITICALANDSOCIALCONTROLINMAOISTCHINAFORMORETHANTWENTYYEARS,PEOPLEUNDERTHISSYSTEMHADNOFREEDOMTORELOCATERURALURBANMIGRATIONWASPARTICULARLYSANCTIONEDTHOUGHUNINTENDED,THEINCURSIONOFECONOMICR

2、EFORMINTHELATE1970SSETINMOTIONACHAINOFCONSEQUENCESTHATBEGANTHEEROSIONOFTHEHUKOUSYSTEMTHISISSUEOFCHINESELAWANDGOVERNMENTPRESENTSTRANSLATIONSOFHESELECTEDGOVERNMENTREGULATIONS,DIRECTIVES,ANDCIRCULARSREGARDINGTHEADMINISTRATIONOFTHEHUKOUSYSTEMBEFOREANDAFTERTHEREFORMPARTICONTAINSTHEOFFICIALDEFINITIONSOFTH

3、EHUKOURELATEDCONCEPTSASWELLASANOFFICIALEXPLANATIONOFTHEREGISTRATIONPROCEDURESPARTIIINCLUDESTWOREGULATIONSTHATPRESENTAMACROPICTUREOFTHEFRAMEWORKOFHUKOUREGISTRATIONBEFORETHEREFORM“REGISTRATIONOFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINAONRESIDENCEREGISTRATION”OF1958ANDTHE“CIRCULARCONCERNINGTHEINSTITUTIONSOFRESIDENCERE

4、GISTRATIONTRANSFERPROCEDURESFORTRANSFEREDCADRESANDWORKERS”PARTIIIINTRODUCESNEWREGULATIONSCREATEDTOCOPEWITHTHEINCREASINGPOPULATIONMOBILITYSINCETHEREFORM,INCLUDING“REGULATIONSONRESIDENCEIDENTITYCARDSOFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINA,”“REGULATIONSONAPPLICATIONSFORTEMPORARYRESIDENCECARDS,”“REGULATIONSONPUBLIC

5、SECURITYMANAGEMENTOVERRENTEDANDLEASEDHOUSING,”TONAMEAFEWTHESEREGULATIONSSHEDLIGHTONTHECHANGESTHATHAVEOCCURREDINTHEHUKOUSYSTEMANDITSFUTURETOUSHERINTHEMAINBODYOFTHISISSUE,ISHALLBRIEFLYEXAMINE,INTHISINTRODUCTION,THEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSHOWDIDTHEHUKOUSYSTEMCOMEINTOBEINGHOWWASITENFORCEDDURINGTHEMAOISTERAWHA

6、TPOLITICAL,SOCIAL,ANDECONOMICFORCESBROUGHTABOUTTHECHANGESINTHEHUKOUSYSTEMANDWHATISTHEFUTUREOFTHEHUKOUSYSTEMTHEORIGINANDSIGNIFICANCEOFTHEHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONSYSTEMAFTER1949,CHINAADOPTEDACENTRALIZEDCOMMANDPLANNINGSYSTEMANDASTALINISTTYPEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYMAXIMIZINGTHEINDUSTRIALOUTPUTWASTHEMAJ

7、ORCONCERNOFTHEECONOMICPLANNERSGIVENITSLIMITEDFINANCIALANDECONOMICRESOURCES,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTELECTEDTODEVELOPINDUSTRYATTHEEXPENSEOFAGRICULTUREINORDERTOINDUCEUNEQUALEXCHANGESBETWEENINDUSTRIALANDAGRICULTURALSECTORS,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTHADTOCREATE,FIRSTANDFOREMOST,APOLITICALMECHANISMTHATNOTONLYARTIFI

8、CIALLYSEPARATEDINDUSTRYFROMAGRICULTURE,ANDTHECITIESFROMTHECOUNTRYSIDE,BUTALSOBLOCKEDTHEFREEFLOWOFRESOURCES,INCLUDINGLABORTHECHINESESOLUTIONWASTHEHUKOUSYSTEMONJANUARY9,1958,THESTANDINGCOMMITTEEOFTHEFIRSTNATIONALPEOPLESCONGRESSPASSED“REGULATIONSOFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINAONRESIDENCEREGISTRATION”THESER

9、EGULATIONSFORMALLYINITIATEDAFULLBLOWNNATIONWIDEHUKOUSYSTEMITREQUIREDEACHFAMILYINURBANAREASTOREGISTERATTHEPUBLICSECURITYDEPARTMENTANDTOHOLDAVALIDREGISTRATIONBOOKLETINTHEBOOKLET,THENAME,BIRTHDATE,OCCUPATIONOFEACHFAMILYMEMBER,RESIDENCEOFTHEAMILY,ANDFAMILYSTATUSAGRICULTURALORNONAGRICULTURALWERERECORDED1

10、CHINACLASSIFIEDNEARLY90PERCENTOFTHEPOPULATIONLIVINGINTHECOUNTRYSIDEASAGRICULTURALTHISSEGMENTOFTHEPOPULATIONWASNOTALLOWEDTOCHANGETHEIRHUKOUSTATUSORTOMIGRATETOURBANAREASANYONESEEKINGOFFICIALLYSANCTIONEDRURALURBANMIGRATIONWASREQUIREDTOCOMPLETEADUALAPPROVALPROCESSCHANGINGTHEPLACEOFREGULARHUKOUREGISTRATI

11、ONANDCONVERTINGHUKOUSTATUSFROMAGRICULTURALTONONAGRICULTURALNONGZHUANFEITOCHANGETHEPLACEOFAHUKOUREGISTRATIONANDTOOBTAINAMIGRATIONPERMIT,ANAPPLICANTWASREQUIREDTOPRESENTAPPROPRIATEDOCUMENTSTOPUBLICSECURITYAUTHORITIESCONVERTINGAHUKOUTATUSFROMAGRICULTURALTONONAGRICULTURALWASSUBJECTTOSIMULTANEOUS“POLICY”Z

12、HENGCEAND“QUOTA”ZHIBIAOCONTROLSANAPPLICANTWASREQUIREDTOSATISFYTHECONDITIONSSETFORTHINTHEPOLICYCONTROLCRITERIA,WHILEATTHESAMETIMEOBTAININGASPACEUNDERTHEQUOTACONTROL2THEPROCESSWASUSUALLYEXTREMELYDIFFICULTENFORCINGTHEHUKOUSYSTEMFROMITSINCEPTION,ITWASAPPARENTTHATTHEHUKOUSYSTEMCOULDNOTFUNCTIONONITSOWNTOA

13、SSISTTHEHUKOUSYSTEMINCONTROLLINGPOPULATIONMOBILITY,COLLECTIVEFARMSWEREESTABLISHEDTHROUGHOUTCHINATHESEFARMSWEREBESTOWEDWITHGOVERNMENTADMINISTRATIVEFUNCTIONSWHILETHEUNITOFTHEHUKOUREGISTRATIONWASTHEHOUSEHOLDINCITIESANDTOWNS,ITWASTHEVILLAGEINTHECOUNTRYSIDEVILLAGECOLLECTIVESMAINTAINEDASINGLEREGISTERWITHT

14、HENAMESOFALLHOUSEHOLDSANDINDIVIDUALSPEASANTSWEREREQUIREDTOREPORTTOTHECOLLECTIVESFORDAILYWORKIFAPEASANTNEEDEDTOTRAVEL,HEWASREQUIREDTOSEEKPERMISSIONFROMHISVILLAGETOLEAVEIFGRANTED,HEWOULDRECEIVEALETTEROFINTRODUCTIONFROMTHEVILLAGE,WHICHWOULDSERVEASANIDENTIFICATIONCARDDURINGHISTRIP3COLLECTIVIZATIONOFTHEF

15、ARMSECTORWASCOMPLETEDIN1956COUPLEDWITHTHEHUKOUSYSTEM,THISASSUREDAHIGHDEGREEOFSTATECONTROLOVERTHERURALPOPULACEMEANWHILE,AFORMALURBANRATIONINGSYSTEMWASINSTITUTEDIN1953STATERATIONEDPRODUCTSCOVEREDALMOSTALLFOODSTUFFSANDOTHERCONSUMERGOODSFROMCLOTHTOBICYCLESTOPURCHASETHESTATEOWNEDPRODUCTS,PEOPLEWEREREQUIR

16、EDTOPRESENTRATIONCOUPONSINADDITIONTOTHEREQUIREDPAYMENTTHEALLOCATIONOFFOODRATIONSANDOTHERCONSUMERGOODS,ASWELLASSOCIALSERVICES,WEREDIRECTLYLINKEDTOHOUSEHOLDREGISTRATIONRATIONCOUPONSWEREGIVENOUTONLYTOREGISTEREDURBANRESIDENTSSTATEOWNEDWORKUNITSDANWEIWEREINCHARGEOFDISTRIBUTINGRATIONCOUPONSINADDITION,ADAN

17、WEIALSOPROVIDEDHOUSING,CHILDRENSEDUCATION,HEALTHCARE,TRANSPORTATION,MOVIETHEATERS,ANDEVENRESTAURANTSTOITSEMPLOYEESFEWFROMTHECOUNTRYSIDEWEREABLETOEARNALIVINGINURBANCENTERSWITHOUTANOFFICIALJOBASSIGNMENTTHANKSTORATIONINGANDTHEDANWEISYSTEM,URBANRESIDENTS,ONAVERAGE,ENJOYEDAFARBETTERSTANDARDOFLIVINGTHANRU

18、RALRESIDENTSCOULDPEASANTSLIVEINCITIESWITHOUTURBANREGISTRATIONBEFORETHEECONOMICREFORMALTHOUGHTRAVELWASOCCASIONALLYRESTRICTED,ITWASNOTTHEMAINOBSTACLEPROHIBITINGSPONTANEOUSMIGRATIONTHEMAINOBSTACLEWASTHEREQUIREMENTOFURBANREGISTRATIONFOREMPLOYMENTANDTHESUPPLYOFBASICNECESSITIESWITHOUTALOCALHUKOU,AMIGRANTC

19、OULDNOTQUALIFYFORAJOBASSIGNMENTFROMTHEGOVERNMENTSTATEEMPLOYMENTWASTHEONLYMEANSOFGAININGEMPLOYMENTBEFORETHEREFORMS,BECAUSEPRIVATEEMPLOYMENTDIDNOTEXISTWITHOUTAWORKUNIT,ITWASIMPOSSIBLETOOBTAINHOUSINGEVENIFEMPLOYMENTANDHOUSINGWEREAVAILABLE,ITWASDIFFICULTTOOBTAINSUCHNECESSITIESASGRAIN,MEAT,ANDVEGETABLESB

20、ECAUSETHESEWERERATIONEDTOURBANRESIDENTSEVENRESTAURANTSDEMANDEDRATIONCOUPONSFROMTHEIRCUSTOMERS4INADDITION,POLICINGORGANIZATIONS,SUCHASTHELOCALSECURITYBUREAUANDNEIGHBORHOODCOMMITTEES,OFTENCONDUCTEDUNANNOUNCEDHOUSEVISITSONFAMILIESSUSPECTEDOFHOUSINGILLEGALINMIGRANTSHUKOU,RATIONING,ANDDANWEIFORMEDANEFFEC

21、TIVEWEBINPROHIBITINGUNAUTHORIZEDRURALURBANMIGRATIONINTHEMAOISTERACHANGESANDDEVELOPMENTSINTHEHUKOUSYSTEMSINCETHEREFORMFORMORETHANTWENTYYEARS,THEHUKOUSYSTEMEFFECTIVELYCONTAINEDTHERURALPOPULATIONTOWHERETHEYWEREBORN,RAISED,ANDASSIGNEDBYTHETIMEOFMAOSDEATHIN1976,THENATIONSTRAUMATICEXPERIENCEINTHECULTURALR

22、EVOLUTIONHADDAMAGEDPOPULARTRUSTINTHECOMPETENCEANDPOLITICALVIRTUEOFTHECHINESECOMMUNISTPARTYCCPSERIOUSECONOMICANDPOLITICALCRISESWEREEVIDENTACCORDINGTOTHECCP,THEONLYWAYTOSURVIVETHECRISESWASTOTAKESTRONGACTIONONTHEECONOMICFRONT5ACHANGECAMEABOUTIN1979WHENTHEGOVERNMENTBEGANLIMITEDREFORMSINTHEAGRICULTURALSE

23、CTOREACHFAMILYINTHESECTORWASASSIGNEDAPLOTOFCOLLECTIVELANDANDSIGNEDCONTRACTSWITHTHEPRODUCTIONTEAM,INWHICHTHEYPROMISEDTOPROVIDEAQUANTITYOFCROPSORSERVICESWHILERETAININGORSELLINGTHEREMAINDERONTHEIROWNTHEOPENINGOFRURALFREEMARKETSSUPPORTEDTHEREORGANIZATIONOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTHEREFORMATTHETIMEWASMEREL

24、YINTENDEDTOSTIMULATEFARMERSPRODUCTIONINCENTIVESHOWEVER,THEOPENINGOFTHEPRODUCEFREEMARKETCREATEDMUCHRESENTMENTAMONGURBANDWELLERSTOWARDTHERATIONINGSYSTEMUNDERTHERATIONINGSYSTEM,DELAYINTHEDELIVERYOFGOODSWASCOMMONPLACEANDSUPPLIESWEREOFTENOFLOWQUALITYANDLIMITEDVARIETYTHERATIONINGSYSTEMBECAMEEVENMOREUNPOPU

25、LARAFTERREFORMSAFFORDEDPEOPLETHEAVAILABILITYOFFREEMARKETSANDSUFFICIENTSUPPLIESOFMEATANDNONSTAPLEFOODSTHEFIRSTSIGNOFCHANGEAPPEAREDINTHEEARLY1980S,WHENSUFFICIENTSUPPLIESOFMEATANDNONSTAPLEFOODSINFREEMARKETSUNDERMINEDTHEVALUEOFTHEOFFICIALRATIONINGCOUPONSINTHEMID1980S,RATIONINGTICKETSFORCLOTHWEREOFFICIAL

26、LYSTOPPEDTOWARDTHELATE1980S,TICKETSFORMEAT,STAPLEFOODS,ANDOTHERCONSUMERGOODSWEREGRADUALLYABOLISHED7THEABOLITIONOFTHERATIONINGSYSTEMSHOOKTHEROOTSOFTHEDANWEISYSTEMURBANPEOPLENOLONGERDEPENDEDONTHEIRWORKUNITSFORRATIONCOUPONSPEOPLEFELTFREETOMOVEFROMONEPLACETOANOTHERASLONGASTHEYCOULDEARNMONEYTOBUYTHEIRSUB

27、SISTENCENEEDSONTHEMARKETMEANWHILE,THEEMERGENCEOFTHECOLLECTIVEANDPRIVATESECTORPROVIDEDTHEURBANLABORFORCEGREATERFREEDOMTOCHOOSEANDCHANGEJOBSONCETHEFIRSTSTEPWASTAKENTOWARDLIBERALIZATION,REFORMINONEAREAQUICKLYCALLEDFORREFORMINANOTHERINLESSTHANADECADE,THERATIONINGSYSTEMWASABOLISHEDFURTHER,SINCETHEREFORM,

28、THEWORKUNITSYSTEMHASALSOBEENSEVERELYWEAKENEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEHUKOUSYSTEMINCONTROLLINGMIGRATIONDEPENDEDPRIMARILYONTHEPROPERFUNCTIONINGOFTHEABOVEMENTIONEDSUPPORTINGINSTITUTIONSTHEWEAKENINGOFTHERATIONINGANDWORKUNITSYSTEMHADERODEDTHEPREVIOUSMULTILAYEREDCONTROLSTRUCTUREONWHICHTHEHUKOUSYSTEMRELIEDFORI

29、TSFUNCTIONAFTERTHEECONOMICREFORMS,THECONTROLOFJOBOPENINGSANDTHEDAILYDISTRIBUTIONOFNECESSITIESWERENOLONGERMONOPOLIZEDBYTHESTATEMANYJOBSARENOWAVAILABLEINTHENONSTATESECTOR,ANDALMOSTALLDAILYNECESSITIESAREAMPLYAVAILABLEONTHEMARKETSTATESUBSIDIZEDWELFAREFORURBANPEOPLEHASBEENDRASTICALLYREDUCEDSTREETCOMMITTE

30、ESAREMOREINTERESTEDINEARNINGMONEYTHANINPERFORMINGSOCIALSURVEILLANCEWITHOUTTHEAIDOFTHESEINSTITUTIONS,THEHUKOUSYSTEMCANNOLONGERRESTRICTPEASANTSTOTHECOUNTRYSIDETHE1980SANDTHE1990SWITNESSEDWAVESOFMIGRATIONFROMTHECOUNTRYSIDETOTHECITIESSURVEYSCONDUCTEDIN1994ESTIMATEDTHEFLOATINGPOPULATIONINBEIJINGTOBE33MIL

31、LIONANDTHATOFSHANGHAITOBE331MILLIONTHESENUMBERSREPRESENT31PERCENTAND25PERCENT,RESPECTIVELY,OFTHESETWOCITIESOFFICIALLYREGISTEREDPOPULATIONIN19908ATTHEPEAKOFTHEMIGRATION,THEREWEREAPPROXIMATELY80MILLIONMIGRANTSFLOATINGINTHEENTIRECOUNTRYTHEOVERALLNUMBERSOFRURALMIGRANTSWORKINGINCHINASCITIESARELARGE,BOTHA

32、SAPERCENTAGEOFTHELABORFORCEINAGRICULTURE440MILLIONANDASAPERCENTAGEOFTHEPOPULATIONINMAJORURBANDESTINATIONSTHEMASSIVEMIGRATIONHASBEENTHELARGESTINSCALESINCECOMMUNISTRULEINCHINATHEINCREASINGRURALMOBILITYHASGREATLYCHALLENGEDTHEVERYBASISOFTHETRADITIONALHUKOUREGISTRATIONSYSTEMANDHASFORCEDTHEGOVERNMENTTOADJ

33、USTITSPOLICIESTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTHASINTRODUCEDASERIESOFMEASURESDESIGNEDTOIMPROVETHEPOPULATIONREGISTRATIONADMINISTRATIONUNDERNEWCIRCUMSTANCESIN1985,ANEWSETOFREGULATIONSGOVERNINGTEMPORARYRESIDENCEFORWORKERSWITHOUTALOCALHUKOUREGISTRATIONWASINTRODUCEDTHESEREGULATIONSSTATEDTHATPEOPLE,AGESIXTEENANDOLDER,

34、WHOINTENDEDTOREMAININURBANAREASOTHERTHANTHEIRPLACEOFHUKOUREGISTRATIONFORMORETHANTHREEMONTHS,WEREREQUIREDTOAPPLYFORATEMPORARYRESIDENCECERTIFICATEZANZHUZHENGACCORDINGTOTHEMINISTRYOFPUBLICSECURITYMPS,ITWASESTIMATEDTHATAMONGTHEFLOATINGPOPULATIONOF80MILLIONIN1995,ONLY44MILLIONWEREREGISTEREDASTEMPORARYRES

35、IDENTSMANYPEASANTMIGRANTSSIMPLYCIRCUMVENTEDTHERULESANDDIDNOTREGISTERWITHTHEMPSAFTERTHEIRARRIVAL9MEANWHILE，THEPHOTOCITIZENIDENTITYCARDSYSTEMWASAPPLIEDNATIONWIDEITSUSEHASCHANGEDTHEUNITOFADMINISTRATIONOFREGISTRATIONINTHEPREREFORMPERIOD,THEUNITWASONEBOOKPERHOUSEHOLDINCITIESANDTOWNS,ANDONEBOOKPERVILLAGEI

36、NTHECOUNTRYSIDETODAY,EVERYPERSONHASANIDCARDREGARDLESSOFHISHUKOUSTATUSTHISNEWAPPROACH,BETTERSUITEDTOTHENEWCIRCUMSTANCEOFPOPULATIONMOBILITY,REFLECTSTHESTATESDEFACTORECOGNITIONOFMILLIONSOFPEASANTMIGRANTSANDTHEFAILUREOFTHEHUKOUSYSTEMFUTUREOFTHEHUKOUSYSTEMTHEHUKOUSYSTEMISBOTHTHEBASISANDPRODUCTOFCHINASCEN

37、TRALIZEDCOMMANDECONOMYINTHEORY,GIVENTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHISSYSTEMANDITSINTERCONNECTEDNESSWITHSOMANYOTHERSOCIALANDECONOMICCONTROLMECHANISMS,ITSDEMISEWILLCOMEABOUTSLOWLYAFTERAMORETHOROUGHANDFUNDAMENTALRESTRUCTURINGOFCHINESESOCIETYHOWEVER,WHATHASHAPPENEDINTHELASTTWENTYYEARSINCHINAHASALREADYEXCEEDEDWHATTHEO

38、RYMAYHAVEPREDICTEDTHEWEBOFWATERTIGHTSOCIALCONTROLHASALREADYBEENEFFECTIVELYTORNAPARTTHISEXPERIENCEMAYTEACHUSTHATMARKETFORCESMAYEVENTUALLYOVERWHELMALLBARRIERS,THEREBYSENDINGTHEHUKOUSYSTEMTOANEARLYDEMISESOURCEZHANGTINGTING,CHINESELAWANDGOVERNMENT,VOL34,NO3,MAY/JUNE2001,译文户籍制度简介张婷婷在毛泽东时代户籍制度（户口）是政治的一个关键

39、制度。而超过二十多年的时间里，人们在这个系统下没有搬迁的自由。（户籍制度）尤其制裁城乡迁移。虽然感到意外，19世纪70年代后期经济改革的侵入对迁移产生一系列的后果，从那时开始便侵蚀户口系统。这个法律与政府的问题表现在政府规定选择、指令类、户口系统管理改革前后的转换。第一部分包含户口制度相关概念以及官方解释登记程序。第二部分包括二项规则表现在1958年一个大图结构的户口注册改革之前的“中华人民共和国注册”和“转让为干部和工人流动住所的机构注册过户手续。”第三部分介绍新的条例下对日渐扩大的人口流动改革，包括“中华人民共和国身份住所条例”、“临时住所卡申请条例”和“公安管理租金和租约收容条例”。这些

40、条例清楚明白地显示出发生在户口系统的变动和未来。引进这个结构问题，我应该简要地介绍下面的问题户口制度是如何形成的在毛泽东时代是怎样执行的是什么政治、社会的、经济的力量导致变户口制度的变动户口制度的未来是什么户籍制度的来源和意义1949以后，中国采取一个中央集中命令计划体制，一个国家集体经济发展战略。经济计划者主要关注工业产值的最大化。中国政府选择发展工业，给它的限制金融、经济资源，由农业负担。为了促使工业和农业部门之间不平等的交流，中国政府不得不创建这个制度一种不仅人为地把工业和农业、城市和农村分开的政治机制，而且阻止自由资源流动，包括劳工。中国的解决方法是户口制度。在1958年1月9日，第一

41、次全国人民代表大会常务委员会通过中华人民共和国户口登记条例。这些条例正式开始全面的全国户口制度。它要求每家庭在城市地区登记在公安部门，登记一个有效注册小册子。在小册子中记载着姓名、出生日期、占用的每家庭成员、家庭的住所、家庭状况农业或非农。中国将生活在乡村的那些近90的人口划分为农业人口。这些人口不允许改变他们的户口或迁移市区。任何人寻求城乡迁移必须完成一个进程改变定期的地方户口注册和户口地位从农业到非农。改变地方的一个户口注册，获得一个迁移许可证，申请人被要求出示适当的公安机关证明。申请者必须符合“政策”和“配额”指标管理。这个过程常常极其困难。执行户口系统从一开始，户籍制度的功能就明显的表

42、现在其他方面协助控制人口的可能流动性，在整个中国建立集体农场。这些农场拥有同政府行政一样的功能。家在城镇的是城市户口，在乡村的是农村户口。所有家庭和个体必须在村集体登记，为集体日常工作。如果需要迁移，必须得到村里的同意。如果外出，将收到村里的介绍信作为外出时的一个身份证。1956年完成农场部门的集体化，挂钩户口制度。这保证一个县对乡村农民的高度控制。与此同时，1953年正式实行城市配给制。配给产品覆盖几乎所有的食品、其他消费品从布到自行车。采购国有产品，除配给优惠券之外还要求付款。食物配给的分配，其他消费品，以及社会服务，直接链接户籍。国有的工作单位负责分发配给优惠券，只发给城市居民。此外，一

43、个单位也提供的住房，儿童教育，保健，运输，电影剧院等。一些能在城市中心区谋生的农民没有政府分配工作，但由于发放，单位，平均（生活水平），享有一个远胜于农村生活标准，他们还是选择留在城市。在经济改革前，没有城市户口的农民住在城市尽管被限制旅行，但它（户籍制度）不是禁止自由迁移的主要障碍。主要障碍是城市的需求登记为雇用，基本的的输送需要。没有本地户口，一个外来者没有资格从政府分配工作。唯一获得国家的雇用在改革前，因为私人的雇用不存在。任何一个工作单位，想不引起注意下就获得收容是不可能的。甚至就业，收容可用的，它的困难获得在于由于粮食、肉类、蔬菜，因为这些被配给城市居民。此外，维持治安组织，例如本地

44、公安局、居委会，常常进行未经宣布就进入某人家庭。怀疑非法收容。在毛泽东时代，户口，发放，单位形成一个有效卷筒纸的禁止擅自城乡迁移。户口制度改革以来的变动、发展而超过二十多年，户口制度有效地包含农村人口。到1976年毛泽东去世的时候为止，文化革命的经历已经损害了受欢迎的、被信任的中国共产党的优势中共。严重的经济问题，政治的危机明显，据中共所说，必经之路存在强烈经济阵线。1979年，政府开始有限的在农业部门进行改革。每家庭签订合同同生产队，他们承诺提供一些作物或服务从而保留或出售他们的其余。乡村的自由市场支持农业生产的重组。改革当时只是打算刺激农民生产。然而，其中抱怨城市居民配给制的人创建很多产品

45、自由市场。在配给制下，在交货时时常推迟，输送的常常是低质量，而且形式单调。改革给予人们自由市场上货源充足的肉类、副食品以后使得配给制成为更不受欢迎的。第一改变的迹象出现在1980S早期，当货源充足的肉类、副食品食品在自由市场破坏了官方配给优惠券。在1980S中期，配给优惠券正式停止使用。对于1980S后期，肉类等其他消费品的配给券渐渐取消。废除的配给制动摇单位系统的根本。城市的的人不再依靠他们的工作单位为配给优惠券。人民随便从一处迁至另一处，只要他们可以在生存需要在市场上赚钱谋生。与此同时，私营部门提供城市劳动力更大自由选择，或者调动工作。第一步采取行将到来的自由化，在十年之内，配给制被取消。

46、进一步，自从改革以来，工作单位制也被严重削弱。户口制度能有效地控制迁移主要依靠上述正常工作机构的援助。配给制度和工作单位制的削弱已经侵蚀了多层控制结构，而户口制度依靠它的功能。在经济改革后，控制职位空缺，每日的分配的必要性不再被国家垄断。现在多工作在非国家部门是可能的，几乎所有的日用品都在市场上。国家资助福利对城市居民已经是急剧减少。比起履行社会的监视，街道办事处更感兴趣是赚钱。这些机构的援助，户口制度不再限制农村人口。1980S，1990S出现从农村到城市迁移的潮流。1994年北京流动人口估计是330万，上海的331万。这些数目分别代表这些二个城市1990正式地户籍人口的百分之31和百分之2

47、5。在高峰迁移时期，有约8000万人口在整个国家流动。加大乡村的流动性对传统户口登记制度具有非常的挑战性，迫使政府调整了它的政策。中国政府介绍了一系列改善人口注册管理新的措施计划。1985年，发布了关于城镇暂住人口管理的暂行规定。这些条例声明，年龄十六以上的。打算继续留在城市地区超过三月，除了他们的地方的户口注册，必须申请暂住证。据公安部估计，其中的流动人口有8000万1995年，只有4400万被登记作为临时的居民。许多农移民简单地规避规则，不向公安机关登记。与此同时，全国构建照片识别系统，它的用改变了户籍管理的单位注册。在改革前，单位平均每户一本书在城镇，每村一本书在乡村。现在，每个人都有不区别户口地位的身份证。这新方法，更好的诉讼新的人口流动的环境，反映了国家成千上万农民事实上的移民，户口制度的失败。户口制度的未来户口制度是中国的基础和产品的集中指令经济。在理论上，特定的复杂的这个系统，它同其他社会的、经济控制机制相互关联，它的让位会慢慢地经过一个更彻底的过程，根本中国社会的改组。然而，最后二十多年在中国发生了什么已经超过理论可能的预测。网络社会控制已经是有效的撕裂。这经历可能告诉我们，市场力量可能终于压倒所有障碍，从而发送户口制度消亡的信息。出处张婷婷，中国法制与政府，（2001）第3期，P38