GWD-TN-18.doc

1、GWD-TN-18: VERBAL1. GWD-29-Q1More than fifty years after the Second World War, a number of African American soldiers were awarded some of them posthumously with the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nations highest military award, and which was long overdue in recognition of their outstand

2、ing bravery.A. with the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nations highest military award, and which was long overdue inB. with the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nations highest military award for long-overdueC. the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nations highest military aw

3、ard, long-overdue inD. the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nations highest military award for long-overdueE. the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nations highest military award, in long-overdue-2. GWD-27-Q2:Electronic computer chips made of tiny silicon wafers now regularly contain millions of el

4、ectronic switches. Unfortunately, electronic switches that are this small cannot withstand intense radiation. Micro-Mechanics plans to produce a chip that, because it uses only microscopic mechanical switches, will be invulnerable to radiation damage. The switches will, however, be slower than elect

5、ronic switches and the chip will contain only 12,000 switches.For there to be a market for Micro-Mechanics chip as a result of the apparent advantage described above, each of the following would have to be true EXCEPT:A. There will be applications in which the speed attainable by an electronic switc

6、h is not essential.B. Switches used on electronic chips that contain only 12,000 switches are more vulnerable to radiation damage than the switches on Micro-Mechanics chip will be.C. There will be applications for computer chips in environments where the chips may have to survive intense radiation.D

7、. Some devices in which computer chips will be used will have other components that will be able to function during or after exposure to radiation.E. Manufacturers are able to protect electronic computer chips against exposure to intense radiation, where this protection is necessary.-GWD27-Q 3 to Q6

8、:Two opposing scenarios, the “arboreal” hypothesis and the “cursorial” hypothesis, have traditionally been put forward concerning the origins of bird flight. The “arboreal” hypothesis holds that bird ancestors began to fly by climbing trees and gliding down from branches with the help of incipient f

9、eathers: the height of trees provides a good starting place for launching flight, especially through gliding. As feathers became larger over time, flapping flight evolved and birds finally became fully air-borne. This hypothesis makes intuitive sense, but certain aspects are troubling. Archaeopteryx

10、 (the earliest known bird) and its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins have no obviously arboreal adaptations, such as feet fully adapted for perching. Perhaps some of them could climb trees, but no convincing analysis has demonstrated how Archaeopteryx would have both climbed and flown with its forelimbs

11、, and there were no plants taller than a few meters in the environments where Archaeopteryx fossils have been found. Even if the animals could climb trees, this ability is not synonymous with gliding ability. (Many small animals, and even some goats and kangaroos, are capable of climbing trees but a

12、re not gliders.) Besides, Archaeopteryx shows no obvious features of gliders, such as a broad membrane connecting forelimbs and hind limbs.The “cursorial”(running) hypothesis holds that small dinosaurs ran along the ground and stretched out their arms for balance as they leaped into the air after in

13、sect prey or, perhaps, to avoid predators. Even rudimentary feathers on forelimbs could have expanded the arms surface area to enhance lift slightly. Larger feathers could have increased lift incrementally, until sustained flight was gradually achieved. Of course, a leap into the air does not provid

14、e the acceleration produced by dropping out of a tree; an animal would have to run quite fast to take off. Still, some small terrestrial animals can achieve high speeds. The cursorial hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that the immediate theropod dinosaur ancestors of birds were terrestrial, and

15、 they had the traits needed for high lift off speeds: they were small, agile, lightly built, long-legged, and good runners. And because they were bipedal, their arms were free to evolve flapping flight, which cannot be said for other reptiles of their time. - Q 3: The primary purpose of the passage

16、is toA. present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flightB. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flightC. correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight D. refute a challenge to a hypothesis conc

17、erning the origins of bird flightE. evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight- Q 4: The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?A. Feathers tend to become larger over timeB. Flapping flight is thought to have

18、 evolved gradually over timeC. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.D. Plants in Archaeopteryxs known habitats were relatively smallE. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree- Q 5: Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cur

19、sorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?A. A discussion of some of the features of ArchaeopteryxB. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestorsC. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventua

20、lly evolved into flightD. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding abilityE. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne- Q 6: The passage suggests which of the following regar

21、ding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx? A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skil

22、led at climbing trees.D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees-7. GWD27-Q7:Providing initial evidence that airport are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to b

23、e, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at OHare International Airport is twice as much as that which is being emitted annually by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.A. as much as that which is being emitted annually by

24、allB. as much annually as is emitted by theC. as much compared to what is annually emitted by allD. that emitted annually by allE. that emitted annually compared to the-8: GWD-23-Q40Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by t

25、he public via personal computer. Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public, information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any tradit

26、ional news source presents.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?A. Information services are accessible to enough people to ensure that political advocacy groups can use these services to reach as large a percentage of the public as they could through traditiona

27、l news sources.B. People could get a thorough understanding of a particular political issue by sorting through information provided by several traditional news sources, each with differing editorial biases.C. Information on political issues disseminated through information services does not come alm

28、ost entirely from advocacy groups that share a single bias.D. Traditional news sources seldom report the views of political advocacy groups accurately.E. Most people who get information on political issues from newspapers and other traditional news sources can readily identify the editorial biases o

29、f those sources.-9. GWD27-Q9:In order to raise revenue, the federal government planned a tax amnesty program that allows tax delinquents to pay all owed tax without added financial penalty. However, economists projected that the federal government would collect a far lower percentage of total tax ow

30、ed by delinquents than did state governments implementing similar programs.Which of the following, if true, would most contribute to an explanation of the economists projections?A. Tax amnesty programs are only successful if they are widely publicized.B. Most people who honestly pay their state tax

31、are equally honest in paying their federal tax.C. Although federal tax delinquents usually must pay high financial penalties, the states require far lower financial penalties.D. The state tax rate varies considerably from state to state, but the federal tax is levied according to laws which apply to

32、 citizens of all the states.E. Unlike most federal tax delinquents, most state tax delinquents fail to pay state tax because of an oversight rather than a decision not to pay.-GWD27-Q10 to Q12:Astronomers theorize that a black hole forms when a massive object shrinks catastrophically under its own g

33、ravity, leaving only a gravitational field so strong that nothing escapes it. Astronomers must infer the existence of black holes, which are invisible, from their gravitational influence on the visible bodies surrounding them. For example, observations indicate that gas clouds in galaxy M87 are whir

34、ling unusually fast about the galaxys center. Most astronomers believe that the large concentration of mass at the galaxys center is a black hole whose gravity is causing the gas to whirl. A few skeptics have argued that the concentration of mass necessary to explain the speed of the whirling gas is

35、 not necessarily a black hole: the concentration in M87 might be a cluster of a billion or so dim stars.The same hypothesis might have been applied to the galaxy NGC 4258, but the notion of such a clusters existing in NGC 4258 was severely undermined when astronomers measured the speed of a ring of

36、dust and gas rotating close to the galaxys center. From its speed, they calculated that the cores density is more than 40 times the density estimated for any other galaxy. If the center of NGC 4258 were a star cluster, the stars would be so closely spaced that collisions between individual stars wou

37、ld have long ago torn the cluster apart.-Q10: The skeptics mentioned in the first paragraph would be most likely to agree with the astronomers mentioned in line 13 about which of the following statements concerning the galaxy M87?A. The speed of the gas whirling around the center of M87 is caused by

38、 a dense object that is not a black hole.B. The concentration of mass at the center of M87 is probably a large cluster of dim stars.C. The presence of a black hole at the center of M87 is the most likely explanation for the speed of the gas whirling about the galaxys core.D. The speed of the gas whi

39、rling around the center of M87 is caused by a large concentration of mass at the core of M87.E. The gravitational influence of a star cluster would not be strong enough to account for the speed of the gas whirling around the core of M87.-Q11: The passage asserts which of the following about the exis

40、tence of black holes?A. Astronomers first speculated about the existence of black holes when they observed gas whirling around the center of a particular galaxy.B. Evidence used to argue for the existence of black holes is indirect, coming from their presumed effects on other astronomical bodies.C.

41、Recent observations of certain astronomical bodies have offered proof.D. A considerable body of evidence suggests the existence of black holes, even though their behavior is not completely consistent with the laws of physics.E. Many astronomers are skeptical about certain recent evidence that has be

42、en used to argue for the existence of black holes.-Q12: Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the possible explanation for the whirling gas in M87 that is mentioned in the last sentence of the first paragraph?A. The stars in a star cluster at the center of M87 could exert a s

43、trong gravitational force without tearing the cluster apart.B. A cluster of stars at the center would preclude the existence of certain other astronomical phenomena that have been observed at the center of M87.C. The stars within many existing galaxies, such as NGC 4258, are more closely spaced than

44、 are the stars within the core of M87.D. Only one other galaxy has been observed to contain gas clouds whirling about its center as they do about the core of M87.E. The gravitational force of a cluster of a billion or so dim stars would be sufficient to cause a whirling ring of gas and dust to colle

45、ct around the center of a galaxy.-13: GWD-29-Q2The discovery that Earths inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earths outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direct

46、ion of Earths magnetic field.A. core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earths outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earths magnetic fieldB. core rotates independently of and