比较.doc

1、比较 asas。这两个固定搭配肯定不能拆。4. that, those 是核心词指代，it, they 是完全指代。在用代词的时候，代词的【数】一定是和前面出现的名词的【数】是相同的。情形一：一个东西 A 自身的横向比较该情形的特点是，主语就是一样东西，它强调的是，这个东西（或人）的不同的两个方向：比如，该东西更适用于 X 而不是 Y，该人更愿意做 X 而非 Y该情形下，很少需要关注比较对象是否有助动词补出或省略情况的问题，因为更多的是介宾结构或其他不涉及谓语动词结构的部分的比较。因此，在这种情形下，更应关注是否比较对象的 Counter-part 存在，二者是否相辅相成。 (counter-

2、part 必须存在！)Q35 According to a panel of health officials, there has been a great deal of confusion in the medical profession about whether obesity is a biological disorder posing serious health risks or a condition more related to appearance than to health.Q38 According to a recent study, the elderly

3、 in the United States are four times more likely to give regular financial aid to their children than to receive it from them.Q156 Balding is much more common among White males than among males of other races.Q425 Increases in the cost of energy, turmoil in the international money markets, and the s

4、teady erosion of the dollar have altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than those of foreign corporations.Q540 Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than in its government buildings. (终于想起来此题特殊在哪了。其倒装的理由是否定词在句首要倒装，同理

5、适用于 In no historical sighting did Halleys Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911.)Q562 One reason more young people lose their virginity during the summer than at other times of the year is undoubtedly that school vacations give adolescents more free time.Q588 Psycholog

6、ists now contend that the way adults think and feel is determined as much by their early childhood peers as by their parents.综上，这种情形的比较，大部分情况即是前人常说的“状语结构”的比较。但总之，此种情况基本不用考虑助动词的问题，而更应该去关注 Counter-part 的存在问题。情形二：东西 A 和东西 B 的横向比较东西 A 和东西 B 的比较有许多情形，列序如下：1. 主语 A 和主语 B 的比较(涉及是否补出助动词的问题)2. 宾语 A 和宾语 B 的比较(

7、一般省略助动词)3. 宾语 A 自身修饰成分所引发的比较4. 事件 A 和事件 B 的比较一般是【句子对句子】 ，此时要比较的是两句话的核心主谓宾。四种情形的总原则是：一定要保证比较对象的平行。A 和 B 一定是具有同属性的可比的东西。1. 主语比较：主语比较原则上是要补出助动词的，但在不引发歧义的时候，可以不补出助动词。即比较主语，尽量补出谓语，少数情况可省略。 【以下两种情况可省略助动词， （但第 2 条，还有待进一步验证） 。 】主语比较省略助动词的情形：A) 主系表结构，主谓结构：总之在无宾语的情况下助动词可省略（这点是肯定正确的。）Q42 According to a survey

8、of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing in socioeconomically deprived areas.Q71 Aging is a property of all animals that reach a fixed size at maturity, and th

9、e variations in life spans among different species are far greater than those among individuals of the same species: a fruit fly is ancient at 40 days, a mouse at 3 years, a horse at 30, a man at 100, and some tortoises at 150.Q261 During the 1980s it became clear that for environmentalists who soug

10、ht financial aid, it was far more efficient to solicit private funds than to go to state or federal agencies.B) 当后一比较对象主语用 that/those 指代前一比较对象主语的核心词时，助动词可省略。Q32 A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they require less med

11、ication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement. 【those 指代 calves，明确是主语的比较】Q164 Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel.【those 指代 vehicles

12、，所以不会出现 those burning和 certain pollutants 比较的歧义】主语比较不可省略助动词的情形：Q168 Because the Earths crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occur

13、ring in the West. 【后一项比较对象主语是新名词，故补出助动词】Q435 Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.Q461 Judge Forer recognizes that the American judicial system provides more safeguards for accused persons than d

14、oes the legal system of any other country, but she believes there is a great disparity between the systems of justice accorded rich and poor.Q492 Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city.2. 宾语比较：宾语比较一般不用补出谓语动词，保证比较对象性质对等即可。Q250 Domestic automobile

15、 manufacturers have invested millions of dollars in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road.Q365 In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the hu

16、man diet.【此题是好题！对比 E 选项：rice has a protein higher in quality than E 选项的错误就在于 than 后面是 wheat，一个新名词。如果变成 wheat has/do，这个比较就正确了。但没有助动词，有宾语比较之嫌。 】3. 宾语修饰词的比较：此点比较特殊，但因为是修饰词的缘故，所以一般都是名词和名词的比较，很少见到比较对象出现主谓成分。 【有待验证，看题说话】Q177 Bihar is Indias poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower th

17、an that of in the most impoverished countries of the world. Q381 In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city known to Homers heroes.【尤其第二题，a thousand years 后面相当于是 civili

18、zation 的修饰成分。既然是修饰成分，那就直接名词和名词相对称就好了，再补全主谓宾，有喧宾夺主之感。(我说不明白= =，大家意会会不明白就再讨论 .)】4. 句子和句子的比较(这种情况的出现，比较的内容应该是整个句子的句意，是核心主谓宾。)Q384 Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.Q386 In Japan elder

19、ly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries. 其实可以改为：Elderly people are treated with far greater respect in Japan than in most Western countries.Q393 In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, fou

20、r times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. 【这里有个注意点：as, than 有时在连接时可以顺带起代词作用，代指了比较对象主语】Q428 Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect to live better than their parents did, but not s

21、o well as they once thought they could.情形三：纵向比较东西 A 自身在时间纵轴上的比较：因为涉及时间纵轴的时候，往往要涉及到变化助动词，所以并不能简单的状语比较，而应该补出整个句子，体现出助动词时态不同的变化。Q10 A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industrys economi

22、c health much more robust than it was five years ago. Q299 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the states economy far more diversified than it was ten years ago. 【而且这两题，在涉及时间纵轴变化的时候，前面并没有 counter-p

23、art，这也就造成要补出整个句子。所以一个东西古今的比较，应特别对待】情形四 特殊用法特殊用法有几种吧，一一列举。1. than usual/ ever before/ previously expected/previously estimated/ anticipated等注意：这些词和情形三不一样 这里的词都不是具体的时间这些词，并不要求比较对象前后的平行，并不需要第一个比较对象出现状语。Q113 Analysts blamed Mays sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, whi

24、ch was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.Q531 New techniques in thermal-scanning photography, a process that records radiation from surface areas, have made it possible to study in greater detail than ever before the effects of calefact

25、ion, or warming, of a river. 【这题更特别，它用到了长定语要后置更舒服的原则= = 真烦人。 。 。 】2. 对于 numbers dollars, gallons 这样的词以 number 为例，当 number 只是为了表达其自身所代表的数字，比如 1000，比某个数字少时，用 few 等修饰可数的词，而不用 less。 PREP2 Q195Q195 When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United S

26、tates, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.A. there are less than one-quarter that manyB. there are fewer than one-quarter as manyC. there are fewer than one-quarter of that amountD. the number is less than one-quarter the amount E. it is less than one-quarter of that amount这道题 D 错在，

27、less 上，因为这里 number 就是用于表示【数字】 ，而并不是【数字下蕴含的 amount/size】等信息。但是，当 numbers, dollars, gallons 这样的词，是去为了表示【该词数字下蕴含的amount/size】的时候，要用 less 等不可数的词修饰，不能用 few The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT wa

28、s sharply restricted in the early 1970s. . (A)a) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater thanb) extinction; its numbers are now five times more thanc) extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were d) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had e) extinction, now with number

29、s five times greater than 对于纯数字信息的处理，一般直接用 less 而不用 few。937.With a total population of less than two hundred and fewer breeding females than ever before, the American crocodile seemed a decade ago to be in danger of disappearing.(A) of less than two hundred and fewer(B) lower than two hundred and le

30、ss(C) lesser than two hundred and fewer(D) fewer than two hundred and less(E) of fewer than two hundred and of fewer所以，当直接面对纯数字信息时，默认其是在暗指【蕴含在其下的 amount/size】 ，用 less修饰。3. twice 和 double。这个我就不写在这了 twice 即代表了 four times 等一系列的词，在大全里 Q22 就是考的 four times 的用法http:/ daisy 帮助下，我的一个表述不是很清楚的帖子 T Thttp:/ 其他情形

31、number, figure, amount 是可以平行的，而且出现这些词时是一定要平行的。Q613 Sales of United States manufactured goods to non-industrialized countries rose to $167 billion in 1992, which is 14 percent more than the previous year and largely offsets weak demand from Europe and Japan. (E)(A) which is 14 percent more than the p

32、revious year(B) which is 14 percent higher than it was the previous year(C) 14 percent higher than the previous years figure(D) an amount that is 14 percent more than the previous year was(E) an amount that is 14 percent higher than the previous years figurePREP According to surveys by the National

33、Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1979, doubling those reported in the 1977 survey. (E)(A) doubling those reported in the 1977 survey (B) to double the number the 1977 survey reported (C) twice those the 1977 survey reported (D) twice as much as those reported

34、 in the 1977 survey (E) twice the number reported in the 1977 survey PREP 218 Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the moviesless than those killed by bee stings. (B)A. moviesless than thoseB. moviesfewer than have beenC. movies, which is less th

35、an thoseD. movies, a number lower than the people E. movies, fewer than the ones这道题，D 错是因为前面没有与 number 可以对位的名词。而 B 对，是因为 than 可以既做连词，又做主语代词。有时，比较句可以放在句尾，以省略形式表现出来。 【类似 twice the number 的那种用法】652.Since the movie was released seventeen UFOs have been sighted in the state, which is more than had been s

36、ighted in the past ten years together. (B)(A) which is more than had been sighted(B) more than had been sighted(C) more than they had sighted(D) more than had reported sightings(E) which is more than had reported sightings此外，Q90 和 Q359 也值得注意，主要原则就是能省的就省了。找一个能作为比较对象的东西就好了以上原则我觉得比较适用，尤其是看到 Q843, Q866

37、这样奇怪的题，结果正确答案却符合以上总结的时候。 【尤其 Q866，后一个比较对象是新名词，且是主语比较，要补出助动词】 。当然我不排除是小概率事件哈不过我觉得我的总结应该还是科学的哈哈不过后面着实有几道较恶心的题：Q729, 763, 843, 866, 919 等。估计列举不全，还是大家亲手去做吧击败 Comparison!嗷。 。累惨了，累惨了。一天就这么过去了。 。 。后记：下午弄到 5 点多都绝望了，看到 Q600 后的那些变态题。估计也和我好久没做新题有关吧，题都读不明白。吃完晚饭，7 点多回来才发现，原来原则还是适用的，比较开心。所以，绝望是不对的，同志们！前途依旧光明！不过，我得锻炼脑力了，这都得靠第二遍才能看懂题，这样不好，不好= =