实现精益生产评估变化【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文翻译原文ASSESSINGCHANGESTOWARDSLEANPRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISARTICLEISTODEVELOPANOPERATIONALIZEDMODELWHICHCANBEUSEDTOASSESSTHECHANGESTAKINGPLACEINANEFFORTTOINTRODUCELEANPRODUCTIONINKEEPINGWITHTHETHEMEOFTHISSPECIALISSUE,WEHAVELIMITEDOURSELVESTOTHEFACTORSTHATCONCERNTHEWORKORGANIZATIONINTHEMA

2、NUFACTURINGPARTOFACOMPANYTHISMODELHASBEENDEVELOPEDUSINGAVAILABLETHEORY,ANDHASALSOBENEFITEDFROMANEMPIRICALTESTANDCONCURRENTDEVELOPMENTINALONGITUDINALFIELDSTUDYTOBEABLETOSTUDYACHANGEPROCESS,ITISIMPORTANTTOHAVETHEANCHOROFANOUTCOME,ORPUTANOTHERWAYTHECONTENTOFTHECHANGEISIMPORTANT1THISMEANSTHATIFWELOOKATL

3、EANPRODUCTIONASCONSTITUTINGADETERMINANTOFPERFORMANCE,WENEEDTOOPERATIONALIZEITINDETAILINORDERTOSTUDYTHECHANGEPROCESSESPROPERLYWENEEDAWAYTOMEASUREPROGRESSMADEINANEFFORTTOBECOMELEANTHECHOICEOFTHEWORD“PROGRESS”ISIMPORTANT,SINCELEANCANBESEENASANINTENDEDDIRECTION,NOTASASTATEORASANANSWERTOASPECIFICPROBLEM2

4、THERESEARCHINTOPROCESSESINFIRMSHASTHEPOTENTIALOFDEVELOPINGKNOWLEDGEWHICHISOFVALUETOPRACTITIONERS3INTHISVEIN,ANOPERATIONALIZEDMODELOFLEANPRODUCTIONCANBEUSEDBYMANAGERSASATOOLTOFOLLOWPROGRESSINANEFFORTTOINTRODUCELEANPRODUCTIONITCANPROVIDEANSWERSTOQUESTIONSSUCHASARETHEACTIONSTAKENINTHEDIRECTIONOFLEANPRO

5、DUCTIONWHATPROGRESSAREWEMAKINGONDIFFERENTVARIABLESMETHODOLOGYINORDERTODEVELOPANOPERATIONALIZEDMODELOFLEANPRODUCTION,WEHAVETAKENTHEDESCRIPTIONINTHEMACHINETHATCHANGEDTHEWORLDASASTARTINGPOINT4WITHTHATASABASISWEHAVEDEVELOPEDAMODELWHICHSUMMARIZESTHEIMPORTANTPRINCIPLESCONTAINEDWITHINLEANPRODUCTIONTHESEDIF

6、FERENTPRINCIPLESHAVETHENBEENELABORATEDUSINGAVAILABLETHEORYBEHINDALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTHEPURPOSEISTOFINDMEASURABLEDETERMINANTSOFWHATCONSTITUTESSUCHASYSTEMINAMANUFACTURINGCOMPANYTHEMODELDEVELOPEDHASBEENTESTEDANDCONCURRENTLYDEVELOPEDINACLINICALRESEARCHPROJECT5INWHATWILLHENCEFORTHBETERMEDA“TRYOUT”THETES

7、TINGOFTHEMODELHASBEENPERFORMEDINANINTERNATIONALMANUFACTURINGFIRMPRODUCINGMECHANICALANDELECTRONICOFFICEEQUIPMENT,MOSTLYFOREXPORTINLATE1991,THECOMPANYDECIDEDTORESTRUCTURETHEIROPERATIONS,USINGLEANPRODUCTIONASTHEMODELFORTHISENDEAVOURTHEFIRSTYEARWASSPENTONPLANNINGANDPREPARATION,ANDTHEPHYSICALANDORGANIZAT

8、IONALCHANGESSTARTEDIN1993SINCETHEN,THERESEARCHERSHAVESPENTTWOTOTHREEDAYSPERWEEKINTHECOMPANY,OVERAPERIODOFTWOANDAHALFYEARSOURROLEINTHECHANGEPROCESSWASTOINTRODUCEACADEMICKNOWLEDGEANDTHEORIESABOUTPRODUCTIONORGANIZATIONINTOTHECOMPANY,MAINLYINTHEFORMOFSEMINARS,BUTALSOTHROUGHDAILYINTERACTIONLEANPRODUCTION

9、EVERSINCEITSINTRODUCTION,THECONCEPTOFLEANPRODUCTIONHASGAINEDWIDESPREADATTENTION,BOTHINTHELITERATUREANDINPRACTICEITISPROBABLYFAIRTOSAYTHATITHASBECOMEADOMINANTSTRATEGYFORORGANIZINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSASTEPINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECONCEPTWASTAKENWHENTHERESULTSOFTHEINTERNATIONALMOTORVEHICLEPROGRAMWEREPUBLISHED

10、INTHEBOOKTHEMACHINETHATCHANGEDTHEWORLD4ANIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONMADEBYTHISBOOKWASTHATITTIEDTOGETHERMANYOFTHESEEMINGLYDISPARATEPRINCIPLESTHATHADCAUGHTTHEATTENTIONOFRESEARCHERSANDPRACTITIONERSALIKELEANPRODUCTIONISNOTCONFINEDTOTHEACTIVITIESTHATTAKEPLACEINTHEMANUFACTURINGFUNCTIONOFACOMPANY,RATHERITRELATES

11、TOACTIVITIESRANGINGFROMPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,PROCUREMENTANDMANUFACTURINGOVERTODISTRIBUTIONTHEBOOKEVENDISCUSSESSTRATEGIESFORALEANCOMPANYINASSESSINGCHANGESTOWARDSLEANPRODUCTIONWEFEELTHATITISIMPORTANTTOMAKEADISTINCTIONBETWEENTHEDETERMINANTSANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTHEULTIMATEGOALOFIMPLEMENT

12、INGLEANPRODUCTIONINANOPERATIONISTOINCREASEPRODUCTIVITY,ENHANCEQUALITY,SHORTENLEADTIMES,REDUCECOSTETCTHESEAREFACTORSINDICATINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTHEDETERMINANTSOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMARETHEACTIONSTAKEN,THEPRINCIPLESIMPLEMENTED,ANDTHECHANGESMADETOTHEORGANIZATIONTOACHIEVETHEDESIREDPER

13、FORMANCETHEMODELDEVELOPEDINTHISARTICLEOPERATIONALIZESTHEDETERMINANTSOFALEANPRODUCTIONSYSTEMIMPLICITINTHISISTHENOTIONTHATBYINTRODUCINGLEANPRODUCTION,PERFORMANCECANBEENHANCEDITISALSOIMPORTANTTOREPEATATTHISSTAGETHATWEAREINTERESTEDINASSESSINGTHECHANGESTAKINGPLACEINTHEDETERMINANTS,NOTINTHEIRABSOLUTEVALUE

14、SWHAT,THEN,ARETHEDETERMINANTSOFLEANPRODUCTIONWEFEELTHATITISADVISABLETOSTARTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOURMODELBYUSINGTHESOURCEOFTHECONCEPT4FROMTHESEFINDINGSWEHAVEBASEDOUROWNSTUDIESONACONCEPTUALIZATIONOFLEANPRODUCTIONASCONSISTINGOFANUMBEROFPRINCIPLESCHARACTERIZINGDIFFERENTFUNCTIONALAREASANDTHEOVERALLSTRATEGYOFT

15、HELEANCOMPANY6THESEFUNCTIONALAREASANDFACTORSARESUMMARIZEDINTHEMODELINFIGURE1OURINTERPRETATIONOFTHEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFLEAN,WHICHGOTHROUGHALLFUNCTIONS,ISFOUNDATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEMODELALTHOUGHTHEMODELSPANSOVERDIFFERENTFUNCTIONALAREAS,WEARECONCERNEDHEREWITHTHECONSEQUENCESOFLEANPRODUCTIONFORTHEWORKORGANI

16、ZATIONTHESECONSEQUENCESAREPREDOMINANTLYFOUNDINWHATISTERMED“LEANMANUFACTURING”INTHEMODEL,ANDTOSOMEEXTENTALSOWITHINPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTTHEFOCUSINTHISARTICLEWILLTHEREFOREBEONTHEMANUFACTURINGFUNCTIONOFACOMPANYASSESSINGCHANGESTOWARDSLEANPRODUCTIONTHUSFAR,WEHAVEESTABLISHEDTHEUNDERPINNINGSOFTHEMODELOFLEANPRO

17、DUCTIONWEWILLNOWPROCEEDBYTAKINGTHEPRINCIPLESOFLEANPRODUCTION,ASDESCRIBEDINTHEMODEL,ANDDEVELOPINGEACHPRINCIPLEBYUSINGAVAILABLETHEORYTHEPURPOSEISTOFINDWHATDETERMINESALEANPRACTICEWITHINEACHPRINCIPLETHEIMPORTANTPOINTHEREISTOFINDTHEDETERMINANTSTHATAREABLETOREFLECTCHANGESINANEFFORTTOBECOMELEANTHESEDETERMI

18、NANTSARETHENOPERATIONALIZEDINTOAMEASURABLEFORMATASPREVIOUSLYMENTIONED,THEMODELHASBEENTRIEDOUTINACLINICALFIELDSTUDY,ASARESULTOFWHICHMANYOFTHETHEORETICALLYDEVELOPEDMEASUREMENTSHAVEHADTOBEREVISEDANOUTLINEOFTHEMODELISSHOWNINTABLEIANDTHERESULTINGMEASUREMENTSAREDISPLAYEDINTABLESIIXTHESTRUCTUREISTHATWEFIRS

19、TMAKETHETHEORETICALELABORATIONOFTHEDETERMINANTS,AFTERWHICHFOLLOWSANEXPLANATIONOFTHEMEASUREMENTSTHATWERESIGNIFICANTLYREVISEDASACONSEQUENCEOFTHECLINICALTRYOUTITSHOULDALSOBEKEPTINMINDTHATWEHADTOFINDABALANCEBETWEENDETAILANDSIMPLICITY,INORDERFORTHEOPERATIONALIZEDMODELTOBEUSABLESEEALSO3ELIMINATIONOFWASTET

20、HEPURPOSEOFTHELEANPRODUCTIONPHILOSOPHYTHATWASDEVELOPEDATTOYOTAMOTORCOMPANYFOLLOWINGTHESECONDWORLDWAR,ISTOLOWERCOSTSTHISISDONETHROUGHTHEELIMINATIONOFWASTEEVERYTHINGTHATDOESNOTADDVALUETOTHEPRODUCT7WASTEISSOMETHINGTHATTHECUSTOMERISNOTWILLINGTOPAYFORANDITSHOULDTHEREFOREBEELIMINATEDSEETABLEIIPERHAPSTHEMO

21、STIMPORTANTSOURCEOFWASTEISINVENTORYKEEPINGPARTSANDPRODUCTSINSTOCKDOESNOTADDVALUETOTHEM,ANDSHOULDBEELIMINATEDINMANUFACTURING,INVENTORYINTHEFORMOFWORKINPROGRESSISESPECIALLYWASTEFUL,ANDSHOULDTHEREFOREBEREDUCEDAPARTFROMBEINGWASTEFULINITSELF,INVENTORYALSOHIDESOTHERPROBLEMS,PREVENTINGTHEIRSOLUTION8THEEFFE

22、CTSOFREDUCINGWORKINPROGRESS,THEREFORE,GOBEYONDTHATOFREDUCINGCAPITALEMPLOYED9HOWEVER,ITISNOTADVISABLETOELIMINATEINVENTORYMINDLESSLYINSTEAD,THEREASONSFORTHEEXISTENCEOFINVENTORYMUSTFIRSTBEREMOVEDONEIMPORTANTWAYOFDOINGTHISISBYMINIMIZINGDOWNTIMEINMACHINES10THISISACCOMPLISHEDTHROUGHPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEAN

23、OTHEREFFICIENTWAYOFKEEPINGINVENTORYDOWNISTHROUGHREDUCINGLOTSIZESAREDUCTIONOFLOTSIZESALSOHASOTHERPOSITIVEEFFECTSSUCHASINCREASINGFLEXIBILITY,SINCEITISPOSSIBLETOSWITCHBETWEENDIFFERENTPARTSMOREOFTENHOWEVER,GIVENTHATLOTSIZESAREREDUCED,TOFOLLOWTHEFAMILIARFORMULAONECONOMICORDERQUANTITIES,SETUPTIMESALSOHAVE

24、TOBEREDUCEDFORCOSTPERUNITTOBECONSTANTAREDUCTIONINSETUPTIMESISTHEREFOREESSENTIALIMPORTANTWORKINTHISAREAWASDONEATTOYOTAFOLLOWINGTHESECONDWORLDWARTHROUGHANINGENIOUSMETHODSMED,DEVELOPEDBYSHINGO11,SETUPTIMESINLARGEPUNCHPRESSESCOULDBEREDUCEDFROMSEVERALHOURSTOUNDERTENMINUTESTHISHADDRAMATICCONSEQUENCESONLOT

25、SIZESTHUS,AREDUCTIONINSETUPTIMESISANIMPORTANTWAYOFELIMINATINGWASTEANOTHERSOURCEOFWASTEISTHETRANSPORTATIONOFPARTSTRANSPORTINGPARTSFROMONELOCATIONINTHEFACTORYTOANOTHERDOESNOTADDANYVALUETOTHEPRODUCTITALSOADDSTOMANUFACTURINGLEADTIMEITISTHEREFOREESSENTIALTOREDUCETRANSPORTATIONINTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSHER

26、EITISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHBETWEENRATIONALIZATIONOFTRANSPORTATIONANDAREMOVALOFTHENEEDFORTRANSPORT10AUTOMATINGTRANSPORTISFINE,BUTELIMINATINGTHENEEDFORTRANSPORTISFARBETTERFORINSTANCE,IFMACHINESCANBEGROUPEDTOGETHERINACELLBASEDLAYOUT,THEPHYSICALCONNECTIONOFTHEFLOWOFPRODUCTSRENDERSAFASTERTRUCKUSELESSLACK

27、OFQUALITYISAFURTHERSOURCEOFWASTEMANUFACTURINGPARTSANDPRODUCTSTHATAREDEFECTIVEANDTHEREFORENEEDTOBEREWORKEDISWASTEFULPERHAPSEVENWORSEISTHESCRAPPINGOFPARTSTHEYCERTAINLYDONOTADDANYVALUETOTHECUSTOMERTHEREFORE,ELIMINATINGSCRAPANDREWORKISTHELASTDETERMINANTOFTHEELIMINATIONOFWASTEMANUFACTURINGPARTSWHICHAREFA

28、ULTFREEFROMTHEBEGINNINGHASPROFOUNDCONSEQUENCESFORPRODUCTIVITY9MOSTOFTHEDETERMINANTSANDTHEIRMEASUREMENTHEREAREFAIRLYCOMMONANDEASYTOUNDERSTAND,ASWASCONFIRMEDINTHECLINICALTRYOUTHOWEVER,ONEMEASUREMENTWHICHWASREVISEDASACONSEQUENCEOFTHISTRYOUTWASTHETRANSPORTATIONOFPARTSITWASFOUNDTOBEUSEFULTODIVIDETHEMEASU

29、REMENTINTOTWOFIRST,WEMEASUREDTHENUMBEROFTIMESPARTSWERETRANSPORTEDTHISGAVEANINDICATIONOFTHEREDUCTIONINTHEAMOUNTOFADMINISTRATIVEWORKTHATHADTOBECARRIEDOUTASACONSEQUENCEOFHAVINGPHYSICALLYSEPARATEDPROCESSESSECOND,WEFOUNDITUSEFULTOMEASURETHETOTALPHYSICALDISTANCEOFTHETRANSPORTATIONOFPARTSTHEREASONFORTHISWA

30、STWOFOLDFIRSTOFALL,ITWASMOREEASILYACCESSIBLETHANLENGTHINTERMSOFTIMEAND,SECONDITGIVES,TOGETHERWITHREDUCEDLOTSIZES,AFAIRAPPROXIMATIONOFTHETIMESPENTINTRANSPORTINGPARTSTOGETHER,THETWOMEASUREMENTSOFTRANSPORTATIONWEREFOUNDTOREFLECTTHEPHYSICALCOUPLINGOFPRODUCTIONSTAGESTHATISIMPORTANTINLEANPRODUCTIONSOURCEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFOPERATIONS第二，它与减少批量，在运送的部分所花费的时间公平联系在一起。总之，经过两次测量发现，反映了生产阶段的物理融合，是精益生产的重要部分。来源经营与生产管理国际期刊卷16期1996年2