中学英语中考应考语法全集（41页）.doc

1、中学英语中考应考语法全集中学英语语法网络图一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词 普通名词 国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f

2、 或-fe 结尾的词 变 -f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y 结尾的，加-s toy-toys,

3、 boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboo

4、s, zoo-zoos 8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, cloth

5、es, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪),dr

6、inks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, look

7、ers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws phot

8、o, 复数名词 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys f

9、ather 表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s 所有格的用法： 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry 4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams

10、 victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot 7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year stud

11、ents用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一 ”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同 ”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与

12、某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a

13、girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人 ”

14、或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour

15、. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring

16、 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1 人称代词 主格 I, you, h

17、e, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词 who,

18、 whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any:1) one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句

19、，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时， some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。I have read this art

20、icle in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some 和数词连用表示“ 大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和 every:each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a d

21、ictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are

22、(is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指 “另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the e

23、xam.2) another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，

24、全部否定用 neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定

25、代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a m

26、an difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词前的形容词 冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质状态 大小长短形状 新旧温度 颜色 国籍产地 材料质地 名词 allbothsuch theathisanotheryour secondnext onefour beautifulgoodpoor largeshortsquare newcool blackyellow ChineseLondon silkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1 形容词+名词 +ed kind-hearted 6 名词+ 形容词

27、world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, ne

28、ver 2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why 3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级

29、。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progr

30、ess you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度 “的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介词I.

31、 介词分类：1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：1 表示时间的 in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关 2 表示时间的 since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，f