农业现代化或单一有机农业的应用【外文翻译】.doc

1、1本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文AGRICULTURALMODERNIZATIONORANORGANICTREADMILLTHEDEVELOPMENTOFORGANICFARMINGAPPLYINGECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYACCORDINGTOONEOFITSFOUNDINGTHEORISTS,ARTHURMOL,FOURCENTRALELEMENTSDEFINEECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYTHEFIRSTCONCERNSTECHNOLOGYFROMTHISPERSPECTIVE,SCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYAREC

2、ENTRALINSTITUTIONSFORECOLOGICALREFORMMOL1997,140UNLIKEEARLIERENVIRONMENTALTHINKING,WHICHPERCEIVEDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTASASOURCEOFECOLOGICALPROBLEMS,ECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORISTSARGUETHAT,INTHECONTEMPORARYERA,TECHNOLOGYISBEINGUSEDTOHELPUSACHIEVEECOLOGICALSUSTAINABILITYSECOND,ECOLOGICALMODERNIZA

3、TIONTHEORISTSIDENTIFYMARKETECONOMIESASBEINGFULLYCOMPATIBLEWITHANDSUPPORTIVEOFPROGRESSTOWARDENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDPRODUCTIONTHEYSTRESSTHEINCREASINGIMPORTANCEOFECONOMICANDMARKETDYNAMICSINECOLOGICALREFORMANDTHEROLEOFNNOVATORS,ENTREPRENEURSANDOTHERECONOMICAGENTSASSOCIALCARRIERSOFECOLOGICALRESTRUCTURINGP14

4、1SUCHACTORSMAYSEEKTOMEETMARKETDEMANDBYCOMPETINGONTHEBASISOFENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE,BYCREATINGSTANDARDSANDCERTIFICATIONPROGRAMS,ANDBYGENERATINGTHEIROWNNICHEMARKETSTHROUGHENVIRONMENTALAPPEALSTOCONCERNEDCONSUMERSTHIRD,ECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYPOSITSAROLEFORTHESTATEINENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,ALBEITA

5、FUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTONEFROMITSTRADITIONALCOMMANDANDCONTROLAPPROACHINSTEADOFIMPOSINGRIGIDREGULATIONSFROMANINSULATEDCENTRALIZEDBUREAUCRACY,INTHEMODERNECOLOGICALERATHESTATEACTSTOSTEERPRIVATEACTORSTOWARDENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDPRACTICE,ALLTHEWHILEALLOWINGFORFLEXIBILITYANDINCORPORATINGTARGETEDPARTIESINTOAP

6、ARTICIPATORYPROCESSOFSITESPECIFICREFORMLASTLY,ECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORISTSIDENTIFYANEWROLEFORENVIRONMENTALMOVEMENTORGANIZATIONSACCORDINGTOMOL,THEROLEOFENVIRONMENTALMOVEMENTSISSLOWLYSHIFTINGFROMTHATOFACRITICALCOMMENTATOROUTSIDESOCIETALDEVELOPMENTSTOTHATOFACRITICALANDSTILLINDEPENDENTPARTICIPANTIND

7、EVELOPMENTSAIMEDATANECOLOGICALTRANSFORMATIONMOL1997,142MOVEMENTSTODAYSERVETOGENERATE2IDEASANDBUILDPUBLICSUPPORTFORENVIRONMENTALPRACTICESWHILEWORKINGWITHSTATEANDPRIVATEACTORSTODEVELOPENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDPOLICIESTHESEARETHEFOURCENTRALFEATURESOFECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORI

8、STSHAVEAPPLIEDTHISPERSPECTIVETOINTERPRETDEVELOPMENTSSUCHASTHEREDUCTIONINPACKAGINGWASTELAUBERANDINGRAM2000,IMPROVEDINDUSTRIALENERGYEFFICIENCYENEVOLDSEN2000,ANDTHEREDUCTIONOFTOXICWASTEWITHINTHECHEMICALINDUSTRYMOL19951997THEINSTITUTIONALIZATIONOFORGANICAGRICULTUREPROVIDESANOTHEROPPORTUNITYTOASSESSHOWWE

9、LLECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYAPPLIESTOTHESOCIALPROCESSESASSOCIATEDWITHTHISDEVELOPMENTTHEGROWTHINORGANICFARMINGBEGINNINGINTHE1970SEMERGEDOUTOFACONFLUENCEOFSOCIALDEVELOPMENTS,SOMEOFWHICHBEGANDECADESEARLIERGUTHMAN2004ATREADWELLETAL2003JIRODALEISCREDITEDWITHADVANCINGORGANICFARMINGINTHEUNITEDSTATESBEGI

10、NNINGINTHE1940STHROUGHHISMAGAZINEORGANICGARDENINGYETITWASTHECOUNTERCULTURALBACKTOTHELANDMOVEMENTOFTHE1960SCOMBINEDWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALANDHEALTHMOVEMENTSTHATDEVELOPEDINTHE1970STHATLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONFORTHEEXPANSIONOFORGANICAGRICULTURESINCETHEN,INTERESTINORGANICMETHODSFROMALARGERSEGMENTOFTHEAGRICULTUREI

11、NDUSTRY,ALONGWITHSTATESUPPORTINTHEFORMOFFEDERALSTANDARDS,HASLEDTORAPIDGROWTHINTHEORGANICSECTORDIMITRIANDGREENE2002ANORGANICTREADMILLINMANYWAYS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFORGANICFOODPRODUCTIONANDTHEINSTITUTIONALIZATIONOFTHESEPRACTICESBYTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTREFLECTTHECENTRALARGUMENTPUTFORTHBYECOLOGICALMODERNIZATI

12、ONTHEORISTSSOCIALMOVEMENTORGANIZATIONSREPRESENTINGFARMERS,CONSUMERS,ANDENVIRONMENTALISTS,MARKETFORCES,ENLIGHTENEDBUSINESSOWNERS,ANDTHESTATEACTEDTOGETHERTOCREATEAPOLICYDESIGNEDTOADVANCEAMOREENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDMETHODOFFARMINGINCONTRAST,TREADMILLTHEORISTSSEEASYSTEMTHATISDRIVENBYTHEUNITEDFORCESOFCAPITA

13、L,LABOR,ANDTHESTATE,ALLOFWHOMHAVEANINTERESTINEXPANDINGPRODUCTIONWITHLITTLEREGARDFORTHEECOLOGICALIMPLICATIONSSCHNAIBERG1980SCHNAIBERGANDGOULD1994FROMTHISPERSPECTIVEORGANICAGRICULTUREIS,ATBEST,ANAUTHENTICSOCIALCHANGEMOVEMENTTHATWASCOOPTEDBYTHEDOMINANTTREADMILLFORCES,WHOREDIRECTEDITINORDERTOINCREASEPRO

14、FITSANDEXPANDPRODUCTIONINEXAMININGTHESECENTRALACTORS,CAPITALISVIEWEDASFULLYCOMMITTEDTOECONOMICEXPANSIONDUETOTHECOMPETITIVEPRESSUREINHERENTINMARKETECONOMIES3OWNERSMUSTCONTINUOUSLYREINVESTINORDERTOREMAINPROFITABLEINACOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTTHISTYPICALLYMEANSEXPANDINGPRODUCTIONORDEVELOPINGLESSCOSTLYMEANS

15、OFPRODUCINGGOODSANDSERVICESALTHOUGHCOSTREDUCTIONSCAN,ATTIMES,ALSOINVOLVEENVIRONMENTALEFFICIENCIES,HISTORICALLYTHISPROCESSHASINVOLVEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFLABORSAVINGTECHNOLOGYTHATRELIESONMORETOXICCHEMICALSANDGREATERENERGYUSAGETHUS,MORERESOURCEWITHDRAWALSANDMOREHAZARDOUSBYPRODUCTSAREGENERATEDASTHEOVERALLR

16、ATEOFPRODUCTIONINCREASESAGRICULTURALMODERNIZATIONORANORGANICTREADMILLINLOOKINGATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFORGANICAGRICULTUREINTHEUNITEDSTATES,THEREISSIGNIFICANTEVIDENCETOSUPPORTBOTHECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONANDTREADMILLTHEORYINTERPRETATIONSINTHISSENSE,WHENCONSIDERINGTHEORGANICCASE,ITISNOTPOSSIBLETODECLAREADEFINI

17、TIVEWINNERBUTEXAMININGTHESOCIALPROCESSESASSOCIATEDWITHSPECIFICECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSPROVIDESUSWITHMOREMATERIALWITHWHICHTOCONSIDEROURENVIRONMENTALFUTUREFROMEACHTHEORETICALPERSPECTIVEDOTHEDEVELOPMENTANDSPREADOFORGANICAGRICULTUREREPRESENTATRENDTOWARDANECOLOGICALLYSUSTAINABLEFOODPRODUCTIONSYSTEMWHILETHEUL

18、TIMATEBENEFITSOFORGANICAGRICULTURECANNOTBEDETERMINEDBASEDONTHISANALYSIS,EVENIFTHOSEBENEFITSWERESIGNIFICANT,ACENTRALTREADMILLTHEORYCRITIQUEOFECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONCANBEAPPLIEDHEREALIMITEDPOSITIVEDEVELOPMENTISBEINGMISTAKENFORTHESTARTOFACONTINUOUSTRAJECTORYDESPITESIGNIFICANTGROWTH,ORGANICFOODISSTILLAN

19、ICHEMARKETANDINACOSTCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRYITWILLLIKELYREMAINSUCHGUTHMAN2004ALYONS1999MICHELSEN2001BTHUS,THEENVIRONMENTALPROMISEOFORGANICPRODUCTIONMAYNOTPROVETOBEASGREATASIMPLIEDBYECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYINADDITION,CRITICSARELIKELYCORRECTINTHATTHEBENEFITSOFORGANICPRODUCTIONWILLBEFARFEWERTHANEXPECTE

20、D,GIVENTREADMILLPROCESSESTHATTENDTOERASEENVIRONMENTALGAINSOVERTIMEBUTONEMIGHTSTILLARGUETHATORGANICPRODUCTIONREPRESENTSALASTINGIMPROVEMENTOVERCONVENTIONALAGRICULTURETHEANALYSISNEEDNOTFOCUSONTHEISSUEOFWHETHERORGANICSAREALLTHEYAREALLEGEDTOBEORWHETHERORGANICPRODUCTIONWILLEVENTUALLYFULLYDISPLACECONVENTIO

21、NALAGRICULTURE,BUTRATHER,ISITBETTERTHANTHEALTERNATIVE,EVENIFLIMITEDTOARELATIVELYSMALLSEGMENTOFTHEOVERALLFOODMARKETGRANTED,TREADMILLPROCESSESFAVORINGGREATERRELIANCEONENERGYANDORGANICCHEMICALINTENSIVEPRODUCTIONCOULDPOSSIBLYMAKETHEORGANICINDUSTRYOF4TOMORROWMOREENVIRONMENTALLYHARMFULTHANMUCHCONVENTIONAL

22、PRODUCTIONTODAYBUTEVENIFSOMEENVIRONMENTALADVANTAGESOFORGANICPRODUCTIONARELOSTOVERTIME,ITSTILLMAYPROVEBETTERTHANTHEPRACTICESTHATWOULDDEVELOPINCONVENTIONALPRODUCTIONTHISREPRESENTSASIGNIFICANTRETREATFROMSOMEOFTHEMOREAMBITIOUSCLAIMSOFECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORY,BUTITDOESSUGGESTTHATREALENVIRONMENTALPRO

23、GRESSCANBEMADE,OR,ATTHELEAST,THATTHEPACEOFECOLOGICALDESTRUCTIONCANBESLOWEDBUTTHENATUREOFTHEFOODINDUSTRYALSORAISESQUESTIONSABOUTTHEAPPLICABILITYOFTHETREADMILLAPPROACHACENTRALCLAIMOFTREADMILLTHEORYISTHATOVERALLPRODUCTIONINCREASESOVERTIMETHUS,OCCASIONALSAVINGSINONESECTOROFPRODUCTIONORCONSUMPTIONDONOTRE

24、PRESENTTRUEENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT,BECAUSETHOSESAVINGSSIMPLYGETDISPLACEDELSEWHEREFOREXAMPLE,CONSUMERSWHOSAVEMONEYBYPURCHASINGMOREENERGYEFFICIENTHYBRIDVEHICLESWILLUSETHOSEFUELCOSTSAVINGSTOPURCHASESOMETHINGELSE,THUSCHANNELINGTHESAVEDENERGYINTOSOMEOTHERFORMOFPRODUCTION,YIELDINGNONETENVIRONMENTALIMPROV

25、EMENTYETWHILEONESCAPACITYTOACCUMULATECONSUMERGOODSISVIRTUALLYUNLIMITED,THEFOODINDUSTRYISUNIQUEINTHATDEMANDCOULDBECONSIDEREDFINITEALTHOUGHGREATERPROCESSINGANDMOREDISTANTTRANSPORTOFEXOTICFOODSARECERTAINLYPOSSIBLE,GIVENFOODSPERISHABLENATUREANDTHELIMITSOFHUMANBIOLOGY,DEMANDFORFOOD,UNLIKEOTHERGOODS,MAYUL

26、TIMATELYBELIMITED3IFSO,THANIMPROVEMENTSINTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFFOODPRODUCTIONMAYPROVETOBEREALGAINSNOTSUBJECTTOTHESAMELIMITATIONSASTHETEMPORARYENVIRONMENTALGAINSMADEINTHEPRODUCTIONOFOTHERCOMMODITIESTHEFACTTHATATLEASTSOMEPORTIONOFTHEOVERALLCONVENTIONALFOODINDUSTRYHASBEENREPLACEDBYMOREENVIRONMENTALLY

27、SOUNDPRODUCTIONPROCESSESARGUABLYREPRESENTSAPERMANENTENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT,EVENIFITDOESNOTSUGGESTAGENERALTRENDTOWARDFULLENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYTHISISINCONFLICTWITHTREADMILLPREDICTIONS,EVENTHOUGHITISLIMITEDTOASINGLE,RATHERUNIQUE,INDUSTRYINADDITION,ECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORISTSMIGHTARGUETHATG

28、IVENTHEGROWINGECOLOGICALSENSIBILITYAMONGCONSUMERSANDPRODUCERS,FURTHERINNOVATIONSARELIKELYTOTAKETHEFORMOFSTILLMOREECOLOGICALLYSOUNDFOODPRODUCTIONINDEED,THEREISEVIDENCEOFTHISINTHEFORMOFANARRAYOFUPSTARTFARMERSMOVEMENTSTHATSEEKTOGOBEYONDORGANICLATROBEANDACOTT2000MINICK2004THECREATIONOFNATIONALORGANICSTA

29、NDARDSCANBECYNICALLYVIEWEDASAMANEUVERTHATCOOPTEDAGRASSROOTSMOVEMENTTHATWASSEEKINGTRUESUSTAINABILITY,BUTTHISMAYREINVIGORATE5THATMOVEMENTANDSETINMOTIONANOTHERROUNDOFENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTSMICHELSEN2001ASOMEMOVEMENTACTIVISTSAREATTEMPTINGTODESIGNNEWPRODUCTIONSTANDARDSTHATMAKEITVIRTUALLYIMPOSSIBLETOPRO

30、DUCEONALARGESCALE,THUSFAVORINGECOLOGICALLYSUSTAINABLESMALLSCALELOCALFARMSECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORISTSCOULDARGUETHATTHISISPARTOFTHEPROCESSORGANICSMAYJUSTBEAWAYSTATIONTOWARDTRULYECOLOGICALLYSUSTAINABLEPRODUCTIONOFCOURSE,THETREADMILLMAYEVENTUALLYOVERTAKEANYMOVEMENTINNOVATION,GIVENTHATTHEPURSUITOFPR

31、OFITDOESCONCLUSIONBOTHTHETREADMILLOFPRODUCTIONANDECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORIESOFFERINSIGHTFULPERSPECTIVESONTHESOCIALPROCESSESASSOCIATEDWITHENVIRONMENTALDEVELOPMENTSWHENLOOKINGATTHESPREADOFORGANICPRODUCTIONPRACTICESANDTHEIRINSTITUTIONALIZATIONINTHEFORMOFSTATESANCTIONEDSTANDARDS,THEREISAGREATDEALOFE

32、MPIRICALEVIDENCETHATCANBEMARSHALEDTOSUPPORTEITHERPERSPECTIVESOCIALMOVEMENTS,CONSUMERS,ENTREPRENEURS,ANDTHESTATEHAVEACTEDINCONCERTTODEVELOPAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONINAWAYTHATREPRESENTSANENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTOVERCONVENTIONALPRACTICES,JUSTASPREDICTEDBYECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORISTSBUTTHEREISALSOEVIDE

33、NCETODEMONSTRATETHATTHEFORCESOFCAPITALINCONJUNCTIONWITHACOMPLIANTSTATEAREUNDERMININGSOMEOFTHEORIGINALENVIRONMENTALPROMISEOFORGANICAGRICULTUREINTHEQUESTTOEXPANDPROFITSANDPRODUCTIONMUCHASTREADMILLTHEORYSUGGESTSWHILETHISANALYSISDOESNOTENABLEUSTODRAWDEFINITIVECONCLUSIONSREGARDINGTHELONGTERMENVIRONMENTAL

34、PROGNOSESOFFEREDBYECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONANDTREADMILLTHEORISTS,THEORGANICCASEPROVIDESAVALUABLEOPPORTUNITYTOCONSIDERTHEIMPLICATIONS,NOTONLYFORTHEAGRICULTUREINDUSTRYBUTFORSOCIETYASAWHOLEALTHOUGHITISDIFFICULTTOSEEHOWTHEGROWTHINORGANICPRODUCTIONANDTHECREATIONOFSTANDARDSALONEHELPTOVERIFYSOMEOFTHEMOREAMBI

35、TIOUSCLAIMSOFECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONTHEORYREGARDINGAWHOLESALESHIFTTOECOLOGICALSUSTAINABILITY,THENATUREOFTHEFOODINDUSTRYMAKESITONEINWHICHACLAIMREGARDINGPERMANENTECOLOGICALGAINSAREDEFENSIBLEIFINFACTDEMANDFORFOODISTRULYFINITE,REALONGOINGENVIRONMENTALLYBENEFICIALIMPROVEMENTSINPRODUCTIONPRACTICESCANBEREA

36、LIZEDBUTINTHEBROADERDEBATE,TREADMILLTHEORYCLAIMSABOUTTHEFAILURESOFECOLOGICALMODERNIZATIONONAMACROLEVELHAVEYETTOBEADEQUATELYREFUTEDTHEOVERALLLOGICOFCAPITALISMSTILLFAVORSCONTINUOUSECONOMICEXPANSIONALTHOUGHTHECASECANBEMADE6THATTHEREAREREALLIMITSWITHINTHEFOODINDUSTRYGIVENTHENATUREOFTHEDEMANDFORFOOD,THIS

37、ISNOTTHECASEFORMOSTOTHERCOMMODITIESINTHESEOTHERCASESTHEDRIVEFORPROFITWILLCONTINUOUSLYFAVORREINVESTMENTANDEXPANDEDPRODUCTIONINSOMECASES,THESEMAYBEMOREENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDTHANPREVIOUSFORMSOFPRODUCTION,BUTUNLESSREALLIMITSTOCONSUMERDEMANDANDTHEQUESTFORPROFITCANBEFOUND,ANYENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTSARELIKE

38、LYTOBEOVERTAKENBYFUTUREINCREASESINWITHDRAWALSOFLIMITEDNATURALRESOURCESANDTHEADDITIONOFSTILLMOREPOLLUTANTSTOTHEECOSYSTEMONTHEMACROLEVELTHEONLYWAYTHATENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTSCANBESEENASREALPROGRESSTOWARDFULLECOLOGICALSUSTAINABILITYISIFSUCHIMPROVEMENTSAREFOUNDINEVERYINDUSTRYANDTHATTHESEENVIRONMENTALGA

39、INSCONSTANTLYOUTPACETHEEXPANSIONOFPRODUCTIONTHATCHARACTERIZESCAPITALISMWEMAYBESEEINGTHISKINDOFINNOVATIONINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONINTHEFORMOFMOVEMENTSSEEKINGTOGOBEYONDORGANICBUTACHIEVINGSUSTAINABILITYINONEINDUSTRYSTILLLEAVESMANYOTHERSINWHICHINADEQUATEPROGRESSISBEINGMADEINADDITION,GIVENHOWQUICKLYECOLOG

40、ICALGAINSAREUNDERMINED,EVENINMODERNIZATIONSUCCESSSTORIESSUCHASTHATOFORGANICAGRICULTURE,ITISVERYDOUBTFULTHATWEAREMOVINGTOWARDECOLOGICALSUSTAINABILITYWITHINTHEPRESENTSOCIALANDECONOMICCONTEXTSOURCENEWPALTZ,2006THEORETICALINTERPRETATIONSOFTHEGROWTHINORGANICAGRICULTUREHARVARDAGRICULMENTREVIEWAUGUSTPP1281

41、317译文农业现代化或单一有机农业的应用农业的发展应用生态现代化理论根据创始理论家亚瑟摩尔的生态现代化的四个核心要素理论，第一，首要关注的就是技术从这个角度看，科学技术是生态改革的重要组成结构（摩尔，1997140）早先的环保意识认为生态问题的根源是科技的发展，生态现代化理论家认为，在当今时代，技术是用来帮助我们实现生态持续发展的。第二,生态现代化理论家认为市场经济体是能和环境完全兼容并支持环保生产的经济。他们强调提高生态经济和市场动态改革及将创新者，企业家和其他经济主体作为社会生态重组载体的重要性,P141。此类措施可以通过环保的竞争，标准和认证方案的建立，对相关消费者环保意识的呼吁，其自身

42、的利基市场的形成来满足其市场需求。第三，生态现代化理论在环保现状中的作用即使是它是一种完全不同于传统的“控制和指导”方法，也不是对集中官僚主义强加硬性规定现代生态引导个人对环境无害行为这允许个人在参与特定改革的灵活性和针对性。最后，生态现代化理论为环保运动组织确立了一个新角色根据摩尔所说，环保运动的位置正慢慢从一于社会发展外的评论员变成一个以生态改革发展为目的的独立的关键参与者。（摩尔1997年，142）今天的运动有助于在国家和个人的合作工作中产生环保意识并为环保实践树立共众支持这些就是生态现代化理论的四个主要特征生态现代化的理论家们应用这一视角解释了一些发展变化包装废弃物的减少LAUBERA

43、NDINGRAM2000产业能源效益的完善ENEVOLDSEN，2000年，化工行业有毒废物的减少摩尔19951997农业的制度化提供了另一个契机，通过这个制度化的发展将生态学现代化理论很好地适用于社会过程。有机耕种的增长了在20世纪70年代涌现出社会发展的合流，其中一些还要更早十几年出现（GUTHMAN2004ATREADWELLETAL2003）。JIRODALE在20世纪40年代的美国通过他的杂志有机园艺让人们相信超前的有机种植。然而就是这20世纪60年代的结合环保和健康的回归土地运动奠定了20世纪70年代有机农业的扩张的基础。从那以后，有机生产方式进入了大部分的农业产业，通过国家支持的

44、形式，导致了产业区域的迅速增长DIMITRIANDGREENE2002。8单一农业在许多方面，有机食品生产的发展和政府出台的有机农业制度化措施反应了生态现代化理论家提出的核心论点。社会运动组织表明了农民，消费者，环保主义者，市场力量，开明的经营业主，和政府团结协作共同创造一个旨在推进环保农作的政策。与此相反，跑步机理论家看到了一个由资本，劳动，政府和那些对扩大生产有兴趣却很少考虑生态影响的人共同组成的驱动系统（SCHNAIBERG1980SCHNAIBERG和古尔德1994年）。从这个角度看，有机农业，至多，是一个由单一力量主宰，以增大利益和扩大生产为目的真正的社会变革运动。这检测这些核心要素

45、的过程中，由于市场经济中固有竞争压力，资金被视为完全致力于经济发展的因素。业主为保持在竞争环境中获利必须不断进行再投资。这通常意味着扩大生产或开发生产低成本的商品和服务虽然成本降低，有时也包括环境效益，但是历史上这一过程所涉及的劳动力的减少，也意味着引进更多的有毒化学品和对提高能源技术的依赖。因此，整体生产速度的提高导致了越来越多的资源提取和有害产品的产生。农业现代化还是单一有机农业放眼看美国农业的发展，可以同时支持农业现代化和单一有机农业的理论阐释在这个意义上说，有机农业中，很难确定一个明确的赢家但是，研究和相关的社会进程有关的经济发展时，它提供了更多从每个理论的角度来考虑我们的未来环境的材

46、料。是否做有机农业的发展和传播代表了一种可持续的粮食生态生产系统的发展趋势虽然有机农业的这些利益显着，但它的最终利益无法在此基础上分析单一生态现代化核心理论的批判仍可以用在这里将有限的积极发展作为可持续发展道路的开始时错误的尽管取得了重大增长，有机食品仍然是一个利基市场，具有成本竞争力的产业，将可能依然存在，例如（GUTHMAN2004A里昂1999年迈克尔逊2001B）。因此，有机生产做出的环境承诺可能被证实和生态现代化理论完全一样。此外，评论家们可能是正确的，因为有机生产的好处将远远少于预期，由于其单一的过程，随着时间的推移，往往会擦除环境利益但仍可能有人认为，有机生产代表了一种相对传统农

47、业而言持续的改善。研究分析的焦点不是有机物是否都是如他们所声称的那样，也不是是机产品是否最9终将完全取代传统农业的问题，而是在整体食品市场中相对有限的选择性当然，单一进程更加有利于增加对能源和集约型（有机）化学产品的依赖，也可能未来的有机产业比现在很多传统农业更有害于环境。即使有机生产的一些优势会随着时间的推移逐渐丢失，但是它仍可以证明比传统农业强。这表明了一些生态现代化大胆理论的失败，但它也表明环境保护能够取得真正的进展，至少，该地区生态破坏的速度可以放慢。但食品业也提出了关于单一操作的应用性问题。跑步机理论的一个核心主张是整体产量随着时间的推移而增加。因此，生产部门一个偶然的储蓄或消费并不

48、代表真正的环境改善，因为那些的储蓄只是转移到了其他地方。例如，消费者用节省的钱购买节能的混合动力汽车，然后用这些燃料成本节省下来的钱购买别的东西，从而引导一些其他形式的产品，这样的节能可以改善环境然而，虽然一个人的能力消耗消费品的能力几乎是无限的，但是食品行业的独特之处就是可以考虑到其有限的需求。虽然高要求处理和远距离的异国食品运输当然是可能的，但是也给了食品的易腐性质和生物的限制性。对粮食的需求，不像其他商品，最终可能是有限的。如果这样，改善粮食生产对环境的影响可能被证明是不遵守与在其他商品生产所取得的环境利益同样的限制的实际收益。事实上至少，在一些传统食品产业的整体部分已被对环境更无害的生

49、产工艺所取代，可以说是代表了环境永久的改善，即使它并不表明一个走向全面可持续发展环境的总趋势。但与单一农业的是不一样的，即使单一农业仅限于一个单一颇为独特的产业。此外，生态现代化理论家会认为，鉴于消费者与生产者之间越来越强的生态敏感性，更合理的食品生产生态形式有可能采取进一步创新。的确，有这方面，具有先进意识的农民寻求超越有机的形式（拉特罗布和阿康特2000米尼克2004）。国家有机标准的制定，可以看作是一种寻求真正的可持续发展草根运动，并能开启了另一个全面改善环境的重振运动（米科尔森2001A）。一些运动积极分子正试图设计新的生产标准，使人们几乎不可能进行大规模生产，从而有利于当地生态可持续的小规模生产。生态现代化理论可以说，是这一进程的一部分。有机对真正的生态可持续生产可能只是一个中途站。当然，有机运动可能最终超过任何创新而追求其利润。10总结单一生产理论和生态现代化理论都为环境改善发展提供了精辟的观点。在有机生产实践和寻找国家认可的标准的形式制度发展过程中，有大量的经验证据可以支持其任何观点。社会运动，消费者，企业家和政府的协同行动比常规做法更有利于环境改善，如生态现代化理论家预测农业生产。但也有证据表明，在国家与资本结合的情况下，在在追求扩大利润和生产的过程中，有机农业破坏了一些对环境的原有的承诺。虽