拉美的教育、民主和发展【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文EDUCATION,DEMOCRACYANDDEVELOPMENTINLATINAMERICAABSTRACTTHEEDUCATIONFIRSTBROUGHTTOAMERICABYEUROPEANSWASHARDLYMORETHANORNAMENTALCULTURE,LITERACYWASGENERALLYUNIMPORTANT,ANDAFRICANSLAVESWERENOTEDUCATEDATALLONLYINTHISCENTURYDIDINDUSTRIALIZATIONCAUSESOMEGOVERNMENTSTOPROVIDEECONOMICANDTECHN

2、OLOGICALSUPPORTTHROUGHTRAININGANDEDUCATIONINTHELASTDECADE,THEDEBTCRISISCURTAILEDSPENDING,WHILENUMBERSOFSTUDENTSANDTEACHERSCONTINUEDTORISEACOMPARISONBETWEENLATINAMERICAANDSOUTHKOREAILLUSTRATESTHEFORMERSRELATIVEDECLINEININVESTMENTTHEADVENTOFPOPULISTANDCORPORATISTDEMOCRACIESDIDNOTALLEVIATETHESITUATION,

3、ALTHOUGHTHEREISNOWSOMEEVIDENCEOFCONCERNFORBASICEDUCATIONFORPOORERCHILDRENWITHECONOMICADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMES,LITTLEELSEHASBEENDONEFORTHOSEWHOHAVESUFFEREDTHEHEAVIESTBURDENS,ANDNOOBVIOUSSOLUTIONSTOPOVERTYANDTECHNOLOGICALOBSOLESCENCEAREINPROSPECTAMAJORREFORMOFSTATEINSTITUTIONSISCALLEDFOR,INCLUDINGACOMMITM

4、ENTTOEDUCATION,ACHANGEINTHEECONOMICMODEL,ANDARECOGNITIONOFGLOBALINTERDEPENDENCEINWARDORIENTEDINDUSTRIALISATIONHASITSPROBLEMSINLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIES,THESEINCLUDEDMODESTLEVELSOFCOMPETITIVENESSANDBALANCEOFPAYMENTPROBLEMSTHEINTIMATERELATIONSHIPSOFCOMPANIESWITHTHESTATELEDTOTHECONSTITUTIONOFACOMPLICATEDN

5、ETWORKOFCONNECTIONSWITHOFFICIALBUREAUCRACIESTHESEOFTENRESULTEDINAMBIGUOUSCONTROLANDSUPPORTRELATIONSHIPSMOREOVER,WHILEFOREIGNECONOMICLIFECHANGEDRAPIDLY,THATOFLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIESGENERALLYDIDNOTANDWHILEINTERNATIONALCREDITHELPEDINTHESHORTTERMTOFINANCESOMEADMIRABLEGROWTH,THEENSUINGPROBLEMOFFOREIGNDEBT

6、BECAMEANIGHTMAREASISWELLKNOWN,THEPOSITIONINMOSTLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIESTHENREVERSEDASTHEYBECAMENETCAPITALEXPORTERSDURINGTHELASTDECADE,THECONTINENTHASREMITTEDAPPROXIMATELYUS200BILLIONTOITSCREDITORSABROADINTHESECIRCUMSTANCES,ECONOMIESWEREFORCEDTODEPENDUPONDOMESTICSAVINGSINVESTMENTCAPACITYWASCORRESPONDIN

7、GLYREDUCEDANDEDUCATIONALSPENDING,LIKEOTHERFORMSOFGENERALSPENDING,FELLDRASTICALLYFURTHERMORE,ALTHOUGHEDUCATIONALEXPENDITUREDECREASED,ENROLMENTINCREASED,MAINLYATSECONDANDTHIRDLEVELSOFEDUCATIONTABLE2INOTHERWORDS,THENUMBEROFSTUDENTS,PARTICULARLYTHEMOSTEXPENSIVEONES,INCREASEDATANINVERSERATETOTHESIZEOFTHE

8、FINANCIALCAKEAVAILABLETOMEETTHEIRNEEDSCURIOUSLY,INSOMECASES,THEPUPIL/TEACHERRATIOIMPROVED,ESPECIALLYATTHEFIRSTLEVELOFEDUCATIONTHENUMBEROFTEACHERSGREWFASTERTHANTHENUMBEROFPUPILS,THOUGHTHEOPPOSITEWOULDBEEXPECTEDDURINGANECONOMICCRISISTHELESSGOVERNMENTSSPENTONEDUCATION,THEMORETHEYRELATIVELYSPENTONPERSON

9、NELTHISMEANTTHATSALARIESWEREDEVALUED,THATEDUCATIONALSYSTEMSHADDIFFICULTIESINTHERECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONOFSTAFF,ANDTHATOTHERRUNNINGEXPENSES,ASWELLASINVESTMENT,DECREASEDADMINISTRATIONSDIDNOTTAKEEFFECTIVEACTIONTOIMPROVEPRODUCTIVITYINSHORT,SERIOUSMANAGEMENTPROBLEMSNEGATIVELYAFFECTEDEFFICIENCY,QUALITYANDE

10、QUITYFISCALCRISISDIDNOTLEADTOANYRATIONALISATIONOFEDUCATIONALEXPENDITUREONTHECONTRARY,RESOURCEALLOCATIONINGENERALDIDNOTCONFORMTOEXPECTEDECONOMICANDFINANCIALCRITERIAINCONTRAST,INTHEEIGHTIES,DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESNOTONLYINCREASEDTHEIRPUBLICEXPENDITUREONEDUCATION,DESPITETHEIRMODESTPOPULATIONGROWTH,BUTALSOIM

11、PROVEDTHEIREDUCATIONALCONDITIONSTABLE3UNIVERSALISATIONREACHEDNOTONLYTHEFIRSTBUTALSOTHESECONDLEVELSOFEDUCATIONTHETHIRDLEVELALSOEXPANDEDNOTABLY,INSPITEOFTHEECONOMICOBSTACLESOFTHELASTDECADEELSEWHERE,THEREPUBLICOFKOREA,OFTENCOMPAREDTOLATINAMERICAINTHE“LOSTDECADE“,OFFERSANALTERNATIVEEXAMPLEBASEDONANOUTWA

12、RDORIENTEDMODELOFINDUSTRIALISATION,THISCOUNTRYINVESTEDHEAVILYINEDUCATIONTABLE4ITSPUBLICEXPENDITUREALMOSTQUADRUPLEDINNINEYEARSANDENROLMENTINHIGHEREDUCATIONINCREASEDENORMOUSLYTHISEXPANSION,HOWEVER,WASNOTMADEATTHEEXPENSEOFBASICEDUCATIONONTHECONTRARY,CURRENTEXPENDITUREONPREPRIMARYANDFIRSTLEVELEDUCATIONP

13、ERPUPIL,HADITSHIGHESTINCREASEBETWEEN1980AND1988THESECOMPARISONSREMINDUSTHATWHENWEADVOCATERATIONALISATIONOFRESOURCEUSE,WENEEDTOASKWHATKINDSOFRATIONALISATIONAREBEINGPROPOSEDTHESTATEISACLUSTEROFCOMPETINGGROUPSWITHDIFFERENTGOALSANDMEANSTHUS,RATIONALITYHASDIFFERENTMEANINGSDEPENDINGUPONTHEPARTICULARELEMEN

14、TSOFTHEPOWERELITEOROTHERMAJORGROUPSOFSOCIETYINVOLVEDWHATRATIONALITYMEANSFORMOSTEDUCATORSANDECONOMISTSMAYMEANIRRATIONALITYFORAPOLITICALGROUPWHOSEPURPOSEITISTOREACHORAUGMENTITSOWNPOWERANDPRESTIGEATTHEEXPENSEOFTHEMAJORITYSINTERESTSITISAMATTEROFVERIFIABLEFACT,THATECONOMICCRISESDEFEATEDMANYAUTHORITARIANR

15、EGIMESINLATINAMERICATHEFRAGILEDEMOCRACIESWHICHOFTENEMERGEDASARESULTGENERALLYDIDSOINASSOCIATIONWITHPOPULISMANDCORPORATISM,INTERESTSWHICHCANONLYBEPROTECTEDONTHEBASISOFPECULIARCRITERIAOFRESOURCEALLOCATIONDEMOCRATICRULEOFTHISKINDDOESNOTNECESSARILYBRINGABOUTTHESTRUCTURALCHANGESOFSOCIALPARTICIPATIONWHICHI

16、TSELECTORSMIGHTHAVEEXPECTEDYET,ATLEASTTHEILLUSIONOFCHANGEISESSENTIALTOPOPULISMTHEREIS,THEREFORE,ASORTOFHIDEANDSEEKGAMEBETWEENPOLITICIANSANDELECTORSTHELATTERLOOKFORSOLUTIONSATALMOSTANYPRICETHEFORMERAREINTERESTEDINSHORTTERMSOLUTIONS,ATTHESAMETIMEDELAYINGUNPOPULARDECISIONSANDHIDINGSTRUCTURALPROBLEMSTHE

17、PORTRAITOFLATINAMERICANEDUCATIONINSUCHCONTEXTSCANNOTBECONSIDEREDAMERERESULTOFMISMANAGEMENT,ANDOFBADADMINISTRATIONOFAVAILABLEMEANSTOUNDERSTANDIT,WENEEDTOTAKEACCOUNTOFENDSASWELLASMEANSINMOSTCOUNTRIESTHEREAREBOTHTECHNICALCAPACITYANDFINANCIALRESOURCESFORDEEPEREDUCATIONALCHANGETHANACTUALLYTAKESPLACEONTHE

18、ONEHAND,MONEYISWASTEDONPERSONNELANDOTHERFORMSOFEXPENDITUREONTHEOTHER,THOSEEMPLOYEDINEDUCATIONAREINGENERALUNHAPPYWITHTHEIREARNINGSREPETITIONANDDROPOUTRATESPERSISTATHIGHLEVELSNEVERTHELESS,SCHIEFELBEIN1991,OLIVEIRAETAL1992ANDOTHERSSUGGESTTHATANINCREASEOFONLYFIVEPERCENTOFTHEAVERAGECOSTPERPUPILCOULDBEENO

19、UGHINMOSTLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIESTOPROVIDETHEADDITIONALRESOURCESFORESSENTIALFACILITIES,EQUIPMENTANDPERSONNELUPGRADINGINSPITEOFALLTHIS,EXISTINGRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENPOLITICALFORCESANDEDUCATIONKEEPTHESTATUSQUOALMOSTUNTOUCHEDGOVERNMENTSDEALEASILYWITHSUCHMATTERSASENROLMENTEXPANSION,SCHOOLBUILDINGANDREFORM,S

20、CHOOLLUNCHPROGRAMMES,ETCATTHESAMETIME,HOWEVER,THEYLEAVECURRICULA,EVALUATIONTEACHEREDUCATION,PRODUCTIVITYANDEQUITYVIRTUALLYUNTOUCHEDASARESULT,REALEDUCATIONALCHANGEINLATINAMERICACANNOTHOPETOOCCURUNTILSERIOUSPOLITICALINTEREST,BACKEDBYPOPULARSUPPORT,CANBEMOBILISEDONLYACLEVERCOMBINATIONOFSTIMULIANDSANCTI

21、ONS,ESTABLISHEDBETWEENALLTHESOCIALACTORS,ONTHEBASISOFSOMECONSENSUS,MAYPROVIDEAWAYOFRECOVERINGEDUCATIONFROMITSPRESENTSITUATIONBUTESTABLISHINGTHISMAYPROVEASDIFFICULTASESTABLISHINGNEGOTIATIONBETWEENTHEPROVERBIALLIONANDTHEANTHOPECOMESFROMTHEEDUCATIONALPREREQUISITESOFTHENEEDFORECONOMICMODERNISATIONTHEDEM

22、ANDFORBASICSKILLSANDCAPACITYTODEALCREATIVELYWITHTHEPROBLEMSOFSOCIALINTERACTIONMAYATLEASTSTIMULATEPRESSUREFORTHEUNIVERSALISATIONANDSUBSTANTIALIMPROVEMENTOFBASICEDUCATIONTHEUNPRECEDENTEDCONCERNFORBASICEDUCATION,RECENTLYEVIDENCEDINBRAZIL,SEEMSTODERIVEFROMTHISKINDOFSTIMULATIONTHUSDESPITETHEIRECONOMICPRO

23、BLEMS,BOTHCENTRALGOVERNMENTANDGOVERNMENTATSTATELEVELHAVECONCENTRATEDTHEIREFFORTSONSOCIALPROJECTSFORLOWERINCOMECHILDREN,BASEDONTHEPOSITIVEDISCRIMINATIONAPPROACHPROSPECTSFORTHEFUTUREWHATARELATINAMERICASHORIZONSFORTHEFUTURETHEREPLYTOTHISQUESTIONRELATESTOBOTHINTERNALANDEXTERNALPROSPECTSFROMTHEINTERNALST

24、ANDPOINTSOFTHEDIFFERENTCOUNTRIES,MUCHWILLCONTINUETODEPENDUPONTHEINTENTIONSOFTHOSEWHOWIELDPOWERTHEREIS,OFCOURSE,NOCLEARANSWERABOUTHOWTHESEWILLBEHAVETHEAPPLICATIONOFNEOLIBERALANDORTHODOXPRESCRIPTIONSFORECONOMICADJUSTMENTHAVESHOWNTHEMSELVESTOHAVEHIGHSOCIALCOSTSTHESTATEHASGENERALLYBEENTOOLARGE,TOORESTRI

25、CTIVEANDTOOINEFFICIENTTOBESUCCESSFULINTHEIRAPPLICATIONREFORMSAREESSENTIAL,BUTCOMPENSATORYPOLICIESTOMINIMISETHEIRADVERSEEFFECTSONTHELOWERINCOMEPOPULATIONHAVEOFTENBEENNEGLECTEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEBENEFITSOFECONOMICRECOVERYHASNOTGENERALLYFAVOUREDTHOSEWHOHAVESUSTAINEDTHEHEAVIERBURDENINADJUSTMENTONTHECON

26、TRARY,GAINSHAVEUSUALLYBEENCAPTUREDBYTHEMOSTPRIVILEGEDGROUPSCONSEQUENTLY,NATIONALISM,POPULARUNREST,MILITARYUNREST,ANDANINCREASEOFDELINQUENCYINALMOSTALLAGEGROUPS,AMOUNTINSOMECOUNTRIESTOASORTOFUNDECLAREDCIVILWARINATLEASTONECASE,THISHASBECOMEOVERTYOUNGDEMOCRACIESAREFACEDWITHSEVERETESTS,SOMEOFWHICHAPPEAR

27、INSOLUBLESUCHINTERNALPERSPECTIVESOFFERLITTLEJUSTIFICATIONFOROPTIMISMWHAT,THEN,ARETHEPROSPECTSONTHEINTERNATIONALSCALETHEMOSTPESSIMISTICVIEWSOFTHE“AFTERCOLDWAR“WORLDREGARDLATINAMERICAASADISREGARDEDREGIONEVENTHECHEAPAVAILABILITYOFMANPOWERDOESNOTHELPINTHISERAOFDECLININGNATIONALECONOMIESWESHOULDNOTBESURP

28、RISEDATTHISEVENINNORTHAMERICANGHETTOSTHEREAREPLENTYOFUNDERQUALIFIEDLABOURERSWHOCANNOTFINDAJOBINANADVANCED“THIRDWAVE“ECONOMY,WHEREASWHATHAVEBEENCALLED“SYMBOLICANALYSTS“AREINHIGHDEMANDANDEARNGOODSALARIESTOFFLER1980REICH1991SO,ITISNOTSURPRISINGTHATLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIESSEEMTOHAVELITTLETECHNOLOGICALANDE

29、CONOMICMODERNIZATION,NOOBVIOUSSOLUTIONSFORPOVERTY,NOHOPE,NOFUTURESINCEDEVELOPMENTWOULDNOTBEGENERALISABLE,RICHCOUNTRIESWOULDINANYCASEPROTECTTHEMSELVESAGAINSTANEWDARKAGERUFIN1991ONTHEOTHERHAND,AMOREOPTIMISTICALTERNATIVESCENARIOSUGGESTSTHATTHEMILITARYSPENDINGDECREASERESULTINGFROMTHEENDOFTHECOLDWARCOULD

30、BEPOSITIVEFOREVERYBODYCOMPETITIONAMONGINDUSTRIALISEDNATIONSWILLBEGOODFORLATINAMERICA,AREGIONWITHAFAVOURABLERATIOOFPOPULATIONTONATIONALRESOURCES,HAVINGPLENTYOFWATER,AGRICULTURALLANDANDMINERALSONTHISHYPOTHESIS,THEDRAINAGEOFCAPITALWHICHTOOKPLACEINTHE“LOSTDECADE“WASONLYFEASIBLEINANINTERNATIONALSYSTEMDIV

31、IDEDINTOTHEAREASOFINFLUENCEWHICHOBTAINEDDURINGTHECOLDWARNOWTHATTHISISOVER,ITSHOULDBEPOSSIBLEFORFOREIGNINVESTMENT,TOGETHERWITHDOMESTICINVESTMENT,TOCONTRIBUTETOECONOMICEXPANSIONBASEDESPECIALLYONTHENATIONALANDREGIONALMARKETSFURTADO1991MERCOSUR,THEFREETRADEASSOCIATIONOFSOUTHERNLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIES,MAY

32、BEASTARTINGMILESTONEWHATEVERMAYBETHENEXTCHAPTERINTHECONTINENTSHISTORY,EXPORTSTRATEGIESANDTHOSEBASEDONINWARDORIENTEDECONOMICGROWTHARENOTNECESSARILYMUTUALLYEXCLUSIVETHEBESTMODELSOFTHENEWLYINDUSTRIALISEDASIANCOUNTRIESPERHAPSSHOWUSAWAYFORWARDINTHEPAST,NATIONALDEVELOPMENTPLANSINLATINAMERICAACTUALLYLEDTOF

33、AILURETOTHEEXTENTTHATTHEIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONMODELSADOPTEDSIMPLYDIDNOTWORKHOWEVER,THEEASTASIANMODEL,THOUGHVERYIMPORTANT,COULDNOTBEGENERALISED,SINCETHEMARKETSWOULDNOTBEACCESSIBLETOEVERYBODYAPROTECTIONISTTRENDININDUSTRIALISEDCOUNTRIESWOULDHAVEDESTROYEDAWIDEMOVEMENTOFEXPANSIONBEYONDTHATOFTHE“GANGOFFOUR“CL

34、INE1988ITISASIFTHELIFTOPENEDITSDOORSANDSOMEPASSENGERSENTEREDBUTLATINAMERICAMISSEDTHEOPPORTUNITYANYWAY,THEREWOULDNOTBEROOMFOREVERYBODYPERHAPS,THEN,THECONTINENTSFUTUREWOULDBEMOREPROMISINGIFDIFFERENTSTRATEGIESWERECOMBINEDIFITWERETOBEINTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVEATTHESAMETIMEASITSTRENGTHENEDINTERNALANDREGI

35、ONALMARKETSOFCOURSE,EDUCATIONANDAWARONPOVERTYWOULDHAVETOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINBOTHSTRATEGIESCONCLUSIONSTATEREFORMINLATINAMERICAISABSOLUTELYNECESSARYNEVERTHELESS,ECONOMICREFORMSDEPENDONSTATEEFFECTIVENESSINTHEPLANNING,IMPLEMENTINGANDEVALUATINGOFITSPOLICIESEDUCATIONISONEOFTHEFIELDSWHERESUCHAGOVERNMENTAL

36、ACTIONISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTASALREADYEXPLAINED,EDUCATIONISFACEDINLATINAMERICAWITHMANYTECHNICAL,MANAGERIALANDFINANCIALPROBLEMSHOWEVER,ITSGREATESTPROBLEMISOFAPOLITICALNATUREANYANALYSISORAPPROACHWHICHIGNORESTHEROLEOFPOLITICSCANNOTSUCCEEDTHECONTINENTSEDUCATIONALDRAMAORTRAGEDYINSOMEAREASREQUIRESAGILEAND

37、EFFECTIVEEFFORTBYTHESTATE,RESULTINGFROMANENLIGHTENEDPACTBETWEENPOLITICIANS,BUSINESSMEN,WORKERS,EDUCATORSANDOTHERSOCIALGROUPSEVERYOPPORTUNITYNEEDSTOBETAKENTOOBTAINSUPPORTFORTHEIMPROVEMENTOFEDUCATIONACCESS,EQUITY,QUALITYANDEFFICIENCYAREALLNECESSARYCONDITIONSTOTHEBREAKDOWNOFLATINAMERICASISOLATIONTHEIRA

38、CHIEVEMENTINLATINAMERICAISASIMPORTANTTOTHEWORLDASISTHEIRACHIEVEMENTINOTHERMAJORREGIONSTHEPRESENTSTATUSQUOISUNTENABLEINTHELONGTERMEVENINTHESHORTANDMEDIUMTERM,ITISONLYSATISFACTORYFORAMINORITYFOLLOWINGEUROPES“INVENTION“OFAMERICA,COLONISATIONANDDEVELOPMENTDIFFERENTIATEDITINTOANGLOSAXONANDLATINSPHERESAFT

39、ERTHESECONDWORLDWAR,ANEWTRIPARTITEDIVISIONAROSEADVANCEDCAPITALISTSOCIETIESINTHEFIRSTWORLD,SOCIALISTSOCIETIESINTHESECONDWORLDANDUNDERDEVELOPEDSOCIETIESINTHETHIRDWORLDTHECONCEPTOFTIERSMONDE,PERHAPSINSPIREDBYTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION,IMPLIESBOTHTHEIDEAOFSTRUGGLEANDTHEHOPEOFEQUALITYNOWTHATTHESECONDWORLDHASLAR

40、GELYCOLLAPSED,THEINTERNATIONALSYSTEMHASRETURNEDTOABIPARTITEDIVISIONTOSOMEEXTENTSIMILARTOHOMERSREGIONSOFTHENORTH,REGIONSOFTHESOUTHAFTERTHECANCUNCONFERENCE1981,DEVELOPMENTPROBLEMSSEEMEDTODISAPPEARFROMTHEINTERNATIONALAGENDAPERHAPSTHISWASARESULTOFFRUSTRATIONANDDISAPPOINTMENTTHENORTHHASEXPRESSEDITSCONCER

41、NWITHDRUGPRODUCTION,POLLUTIONANDEXPLOSIVEDEMOGRAPHICEXPANSIONINTHESOUTHMEANWHILE,THESEPROBLEMSFINDTHEIRCOUNTERPARTSINTHENORTHINTHEFORMOFDRUGABUSE,DERIVEDFROMSERIOUSPSYCHOSOCIALPROBLEMS,COMPLEXECOLOGICALTHREATSANDCONSPICUOUSCONSUMPTIONITISABSOLUTELYUNPRODUCTIVEFORTHESOUTHTOBLAMETHENORTHFORENCROACHMEN

42、TANDTHENORTHTOACCUSETHESOUTHOFIRRESPONSIBILITYFORTUNATELYORNOT,TODAYSWORLDISSOSMALLTHATALLOFUSDEPENDONEACHOTHERCOMPARATIVEANDINTERNATIONALEDUCATIONKNOWSANDTEACHESTHISLESSONWELLIFEUROPESDISCOVERYOFAMERICAWASDISTURBINGTOTHEWORLDOFITSTIME,THEGREATESTFINDINGOFTHISCENTURYISTHEGROWINGUNDERSTANDINGOFOURGLO

43、BALINTERDEPENDENCEEACHOFUSISALINKINACHAINOFBEING,ASOCTAVIOPAZHASSAIDCANDIDOGOMESSANJOSEMERCURYNEWSCA1991O译文拉美的教育、民主和发展摘要第一次欧洲人带入美洲的文化不仅仅是观赏文化，素养普遍不重要，非洲奴隶没有受过一点教育。只是本世纪工业化促使政府通过培训教育提供经济和技术支持。在过去的十年中，债务危机削减开支，然而老师和学生的数量却在不断上升。拉美和韩国之间做的比较说明了前者的投资相对下降。民粹主义和社团主义国家的出现并没有缓解这种局面，虽然现在确实有一些为贫困儿童提供基础教育的方案。随着经

44、济方案的调整，很少有人为那些有着沉重负担的人们做过什么，贫困和技术陈旧依然没有明显的解决方案。一个国家机构的重大改革，包括对教育的承诺，经济模式的改变，以及全球认可的相互依存关系。拉丁美洲的教育危机内向型工业化有它自身的问题。在拉美国家，问题主要包括提高竞争力和支付付款。公司与国家的密切关系导致了宪法与官僚机构的复杂网络关系。这些往往导致模糊了控制和支持之间的关系。此外，虽然对外经济生活发生了迅速的变化，拉美国家发生的变化却不大。尽管在短期内国际借贷能够促进融资，但随之而来的外债问题是一场噩梦。众所周知，大多数拉美国家的立场则相反，它们成为资本净出口国。在过去的十年中，拉美国家已经向其债权国输

45、出2000亿美元。在这种情况下，经济被迫依赖在国内储蓄。投资能力也相对减少，教育支出同其他形式一般支出一样，大幅下跌。此外，虽然教育支出减少，但是招生增加，主要集中在第二和第三级教育。换而言之，学生纷纷去追求这块金融蛋糕的大小来满足他们的需求。奇快的是，在教育的第一层次上，学生或者教师的比例有所提高。教师的数量增长快于学生的数量增长，虽然在经济危机中预期相反。政府的教育开支越少，相对的，他们会越多的把开支放在人员上。这意味着薪金贬值，使教育系统在招募和挑选工作人员中存在困难，其他运行开支也相应减少。主管部门没有采取有效行动，去提高生产力。负面影响产生严重的管理问题，影响效率，质量和公平性。财政

46、危机没有导致任何教育支出的合理性。相反，资源配置一般不符合预期的经济和财务标准。与此相反，在八十年代，发达国家在人口适度增长的情况下，不仅增长了公共教育支出，而且使教育状况也有所改善。达到普遍化不仅是教育的第一级别，也是教育的第二级别的目标。在过去的十年中，尽管经济存在障碍，第三级别也在不断扩大和发展。在其他地方，比如经常与拉丁美洲比较的韩国，提供了另外的一种例子。基于外向型工业化模式，韩国在教育方面投入巨资。九年中，其公共开支几乎翻了两番，高等教育也增加了不少。对提高学前教育学生的水平和一流的教育经常性支出，在1980年和1988年增幅最高。这些比较提醒我们，当我们提倡合理化利用资源时，我们

47、要问什么样的措施和方案是合理的。国家是一个竞争与不同的目标和手段组群。因此，要采取合理性的措施，需要建立在权利精英或社会其他主要群体共同参与讨论的基础上。理性对于教育家和经济学家意味着什么，可能意味着非理性对于一个政治群体，其目的是在牺牲一些人的利益上，达到或者增加自身实力和威望这一目的。经济危机打败许多独裁政权在拉丁美洲是事实。因此，这时候出现的脆弱的民主国家一般都在与民粹主义和社团联合，在建立资源配置标准的基础上，达到保护特殊利益的目的。这种民主规则并不是其选民所期望的社会参与的结构性变化。因此，对于民粹主义来说，必须改变选民与政客之间的关系。后者的解决方法是为达到目的，可以付出任何代价。

48、前者是在对短期解决办法感兴趣的同时，延缓不受欢迎的决定和隐藏结构性问题。拉美教育在这样的情况下不能仅仅认为是管理不善的结果。我们需要考虑结果，就像需要考虑采取何种手段一样。在大多数国家，教育资源的技术能力和财务资源比实际还要进行的更深入。一方面，金钱被浪费在人员和其它形式的支出。另一方面，从事教育的工作者普遍对自己的收入不满意。留级率和辍学率持续在高水平。不过，SCHIEFELBEIN和OLIVEIRA等人提出，增加每名学生百分之五的平均成本，就能够在大多数的拉美国家提供必要的资源设施，设备和人员的升级。尽管如此，教育与政治力量之间的关系几乎保持现状不变。各国政府轻松地处理有关教育方面的事情，

49、如学校的扩招，学校的建设和改革，学校的午餐方案等等。然而，结果却不尽人意。因此，拉美教育并没有如期望中的改变，除非发生由民众支持为后盾的政治变革。只有合理地结合与刺激社会行动者之间的行为，才有可能提供有效的教育方式。但众所周知，建立这一可能是极其困难的。教育的希望来自于教育的现代化。进行基本技能和能力的需求，创造性地处理与社会的互动，至少可以降低刺激带来的压力，改善基础教育。最近巴西的基础教育似乎关注从中获得一种刺激。因此，尽管存在经济问题，中央政府和州级政府都集中在低收入的儿童上，力求公正公平。展望未来拉美教育的未来是什么对这个问题的答复，涉及到内部和外部的前景。从内部立场上来看，在很大程度上取决于谁掌权。现在我们都无法预测到底未来的掌权人。对新自由主义和传统的经济调整已表明要很高的社会成本。国家普遍过大，要求严格，降低了申请的成功率。改革是必要的，但以尽量减少对低收入群体的不利影响的补偿政策往往被忽视。经济复苏的利益者通常不是那些承受较重负担者。相反，利益往往被特殊群体所得。因此，几乎在所有年龄段增加了犯罪，如民族主义，民众骚乱，军事动乱等，尤其是一些内战国家。至少在某种情况下，这已成为公开的事实。年轻的民主国家都面临着严峻的考验，其中一些是很难解决的。这种内部的观点表明了形式不容乐观，那么，以外部来看前景又会怎么样呢最悲观的观点是在冷战后，拉丁美洲将被忽